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AIM: To investigate tomographic features of late corneal ectasia after keratoplasty for keratoconus and compare penetrating keratoplasty (PK) and deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) in terms of incidence, time of onset and risk factors of corneal ectasia. METHODS: Sixty eyes with PK and 30 eyes with DALK operated between 1999 and 2021 were analyzed. Final Pentacam scans were evaluated together with vision and previous topographies. Main outcome measures were vision, K values, apparent thinning on graft-host cornea and the difference between opposing quadrants in the thinnest point measurements. Anterior segment optic coherence tomography was performed for further evaluation. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 127.2mo (24–282mo) in PK, and 64.3mo (24–144mo) in DALK. K max was higher in DALK (60.6 vs 56.7 D, P=0.012). Inferior recipient was thinner (595.9 µm) in PK than DALK (662.2 µm, P=0.021), due to longer follow-up. Overall corneal ectasia rate was 20.0% within 24y. Ectasia rate was the same (6.7%) in DALK 2/30 and in PK 4/60 in 10y and 13.3% in 12y (4/30 and 8/60, respectively). It increased to 23.3% (14/60) in PK over 24y. While ectasia was not seen before 7y in PK, it could be seen in DALK starting from the 5th year. The intervals between keratoplasty and ectasia were 144.5mo in PK and 99mo in DALK. Inferior recipient was significantly thinner in 18 eyes with ectasia (502.7 µm) compared to 76 non-ectasia (649.1 µm, P=0.000). Inferior graft was thinner (561.0 vs 620.4 µm, P=0.006), K max (63.3 vs 56.5 D, P=0.000), and anterior elevation was higher in ectasia (89.1 vs 48.6 µm, P=0.002). Accelerated crosslinking was performed on 5 eyes. CONCLUSION: Inferior-superior recipient and inferior graft thinning on tomography, with high K max and anterior elevation emerge as the most reliable criteria for the diagnosis of late ectasia. The incidence of corneal ectasia increases with the time.

OBJECTIVE: With the significant increase in the life expectancy of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, many individuals now reach adulthood and develop specific coping strategies to maintain their physical and mental well-being. This study aims to evaluate coping styles and their relationship with mental health and Health-Related Quality of Life (H-RQoL) in adult CF patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty adult CF patients completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to assess anxiety and depression, the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire—Revised to evaluate quality of life, and the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced questionnaire to assess coping strategies. RESULTS: Twelve individuals (40%) met the diagnostic criteria for being at risk of experiencing anxiety and/or depression. Anxiety risk group exhibited lower life quality scores in the domains of vitality, emotional functioning, and role limitations (P = .027, P = .001, and P = .001, respectively). Patients reporting depressive symptoms had lower scores in emotional functioning and role limitations domains of quality of life (P = .005 and P = .018, respectively). Multivariate analysis indicated that depression and anxiety scores were significant predictors of emotional quality of life. In terms of coping strategies, “acceptance” was the most commonly preferred, while “substance use” was the least preferred strategy among all participants. Patients at risk of anxiety and/or depression often chose “avoidance” as their coping strategy. CONCLUSION: Anxiety and depressive symptoms are prevalent and associated with poorer H-RQoL in adult CF patients. These patients preferred to employ giving up strategy when dealing with the disease. Therefore, it is essential to screen adult CF patients for mental health risks and to work on improving their coping strategies.

Purpose: This study aims to examine the relationship between perceived social support, insight, and treatment adherence in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted with 110 individuals, including 55 bipolar and 55 schizophrenia patients, who had been hospitalized in our clinic in the last 1 year and were in remission. Participants were administered a sociodemographic and clinical data form, Young Mania Rating Scale (YMDÖ), Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI), Three Components of Insight Rating Scale (IÜBDÖ), Morisky Treatment Compliance Scale (MTUÖ) and Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (MSPSS). Results: The mean age was 40.47±12.96 for bipolar patients and 40.45±11.71 for schizophrenics. Perceived family, friend, significant others support, and total support was found to be higher (p=0.000, p=0.000, p=0.004, p=0.000, respectively) of bipolar patients, and the highest support was perceived from family, followed by friends and significant people. Although the groups did not differ in terms of treatment adherence (p=0.083), the insight score was significantly higher in bipolar patients (p=0.001). Groups were evaluated with hierarchical regression analysis in terms of factors affecting perceived social support. Gender, years of education, insight, and treatment adherence were found to be predictive of social support (p=0.04, p=0.01, p

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and cystic fibrosis (CF) are chronic conditions that profoundly impact quality of life. OSA, characterized by repeated episodes of upper airway collapse, can exacerbate CF symptoms due to nocturnal airway obstruction. Recent studies highlight the prevalence of OSA in CF patients, especially in adults, and its detrimental effects on health and quality of life. From April 2019 to December 2021, we conducted a study with 104 bronchiectasis patients at Marmara University Pendik Training and Research Hospital. After exclusions, 70 participants (35 CF and 35 non-CF) were included. Sleep parameters were assessed with polysomnography, and depressive mood was evaluated using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). Daytime sleepiness was measured using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). The statistical analyses included t-tests, chi-square tests, and logistic regression. Among the CF patients, depressive mood was significantly associated with female sex (OR: 4.28, 95% CI: 1.27–12.04) and anemia (OR: 7.87, 95% CI: 1.50–41.27). Higher ESS scores indicated greater daytime sleepiness in the depressive groups (p = 0.051). Depressive CF patients also had a significantly longer disease duration and more frequent annual exacerbations. No significant differences were found in total sleep time, sleep efficiency, or sleep stages between the depressive and non-depressive groups. A lower forced vital capacity (FVC) was observed in the depressive CF patients, although not significantly. Depression is prevalent among adult CF patients with OSA, with significant associations with female sex and anemia. These findings underscore the need for integrated care addressing both physical and mental health aspects, including interventions for respiratory symptoms, anemia management, and sleep quality enhancement to improve overall quality of life.

Extraoral profile photographs are crucial for orthodontic diagnosis, documentation, and treatment planning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate classifications made on extraoral patient photographs by deep learning algorithms trained using grouped patient pictures based on cephalometric measurements. Cephalometric radiographs and profile photographs of 990 patients from the archives of Kocaeli University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Orthodontics were used for the study. FH-NA, FH-NPog, FMA and N-A-Pog measurements on patient cephalometric radiographs were carried out utilizing Webceph. 3 groups for every parameter were formed according to cephalometric values. Deep learning algorithms were trained using extraoral photographs of the patients which were grouped according to respective cephalometric measurements. 14 deep learning models were trained and tested for accuracy of prediction in classifying patient images. Accuracy rates of up to 96.67% for FH-NA groups, 97.33% for FH-NPog groups, 97.67% for FMA groups and 97.00% for N-A-Pog groups were obtained. This is a pioneering study where an attempt was made to classify clinical photographs using artificial intelligence architectures that were trained according to actual cephalometric values, thus eliminating or reducing the need for cephalometric X-rays in future applications for orthodontic diagnosis.

Mental health literacy (MHL) is defined as information about recognizing, managing, and preventing mental disorders. An increase in MHL in society will allow the behavior of individuals with mental illness to improve, decrease stigma, and allow these individuals to benefit from health services at an optimal level. In line with this information, we intended to investigate the mental health literacy levels of medical faculty students. The study included 179 students aged 18-25 years. The socio-demographic data form, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21) and Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS) were applied. Mean age of the participants was 23.09±3.09, and 66.4% (n=119) were women. The rate of participants who had applied to a psychiatric clinic in the past was 37.4% (n=67). When those with psychiatric admissions were compared with those without psychiatric admission in terms of MHL and DASS-21, the mean scores of recognizing mental disorders (p=0.021), attitude towards individuals (0.004), MHL total scale (0.006), anxiety (p=0.016) and stress (p=0.045) were significantly higher in those with psychiatric admissions. Of the participants, 15.0% (n=27) had a his-tory of psychiatric disease. Recognition of mental disorders (p=0.023), attitude towards individuals (0.01), MHL total scale (0.028), depression (p=0.008), anxiety (p=0.001) and stress (p=0.001) mean scores of those with a history of psychiatric illness were significantly higher. Our findings showed that those with psychiatric admissions and a history of psychiatric illness had higher scores for rec-ognizing mental disorders, attitudes toward individuals, and total scores. Increasing the number of individuals with MHL will be beneficial for recognizing mental disorders, seeking professional help, and receiving appropriate treatment. [Med-Science 2023; 12(2.000): 479-83]

Background: Pulmonary hypertension is a complex syndrome that encompasses a diverse group of pathophysiologies predisposed by different environmental and genetic factors. It is not clear to which extent the universal risk classification schemes can be applied to cohorts in individual pulmonary hypertension centers with differing environmental backgrounds, genetic pools, referral networks. Aims: To explore whether the recommended risk classification schemes could reliably be used for mortality prediction in an unselected pulmonary hypertension population of a tertiary pulmonary hypertension center. Study Design: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods: We retrospectively screened our hospital database for the patients with pulmonary hypertension between 2015 and 2022. The grouping of pulmonary hypertension was made as follows in accordance with current guidelines: Group 1: patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, Group 2: patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with left heart disease, Group 3: patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with lung disease and/or hypoxia, and Group 4: patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with pulmonary artery obstructions. Then, we compared the predicted and observed mortality rates of four different risk classification schemes (REVEAL, REVEAL-Lite, ESC/ERS and COMPERA). Results: We identified 723 cases in our pulmonary hypertension database, the final study population consisted of 549 patients. The REVEAL, REVEAL-Lite and European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society risk scores significantly underestimated the mortality risk in the low-risk stratum (5.3% vs. 1.9%, P < 0.001; 5.3% vs. 2.9%, P = 0.015 and 6.3% vs. 1%, P < 0.001, respectively) and overestimated the mortality risk in the high-risk stratum (11.8% vs. 25.8%, P < 0.001; 10.4% vs. 25.1%, P < 0.001 and 13.2% vs. 30%, P < 0.001, respectively). Although the COMPERA 4-strata model significantly underestimated the risk in low- and intermediate-low risk strata (4.9% vs. 1.5%, P < 0.001 and 6.8% vs. 2.8%, P = 0.001, respectively), it was accurate in intermediate-high and high-risk groups (10.1% vs. 8.7%, P = 0.592 and 15.6% vs. 22%, P = 0.384, respectively). The analyses limited only to group 1 pulmonary hypertension patients gave similar results. Conclusion: The established risk classification schemes may not perform as good as expected in unselected pulmonary hypertension populations and this may have important implications on management decisions. Tertiary centers should not uncritically accept the published risk prediction models and consider modifying current risk scores according to their own patient characteristics.

Background: Right heart functions are affected in patients with bronchiectasis as a result of pulmonary hypertension induced by chronic hypoxemia. Pulmonary artery wall thickness has recently been introduced as a sign of intensive and prolonged inflammation. The aim of this study was to analyze right ventricular and right atrial functions and to mea-sure pulmonary artery wall thickness in patients with cystic fibrosis-bronch iecta sis in comparison to those with noncystic fibrosis-bronchiectasis and healthy individuals. Methods: We studied 36 patients with cystic fibrosis-bronchiectasis, 34 patients with noncystic fibrosis-bronchiectasis, and 32 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Lung function tests were performed. All subjects underwent comprehensive echocardiographic evaluation including conventional, tissue Doppler, speckle-tracking, and pulmonary artery wall thickness measurements. Results: Right ventricular global longitudinal strain and global longitudinal right atrial strain during ventricular systole decreased in cystic fibrosis-bronchiectasis group compared with noncystic fibrosis-bronchiectasis and control groups (P

Lichens are common and resistant organisms consisting of fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. Their components have shown antibacterial, antimutagenic, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancer properties. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the protective effects of Cladonia furcata on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The XTT assay, comet assay, and antioxidant assay were used. The protective effect of C. furcata on MDA-MB-231 cells was determined in control groups and treatment groups (10-200 µg/mL) with an LD50 value of 60 µg/mL. When treatment groups, C. furcata applied to MDA-MB-231 cells at increasing doses were compared with the control group, it was determined that there was a decrease in enzyme activity and an increase in the amount of MDA. DNA damage was revealed by the comet test. It was determined that the cells used PI3K/Akt/mTORmetabolic pathways while entering apoptosis. The anticancer effects of C. furcata were determined according to the dose-dependent deletion and expression on disappearing the band formation obtained from cell DNA. In our study, C. furcata extract showed beneficial effects on breast cancer cells by triggering apoptotic mechanisms at certain doses and led to the elimination of cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The underlying mechanisms for the development of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and prognostic biomarkers are not clear yet. Thus, our aim is to assess and identify new biomarkers for the expression of 84 key genes linked to angiogenesis. Methods: Patients who had levels more than 1000 dynes·sec·cm−5 were included in the test group, and the other patients were included in the control group. Twelve specimens were taken from the patients. RT2 Profiler PCR Array (Qiagen) was used to quantify the expression of the 84 key genes. Results: Eight patients (6 male, 2 female, median age 54.4 ± 13.1 years) who underwent pulmonary endarterectomy were included. Pulmonary vascular resistance improved significantly from 811 ± 390 dyn/s/cm−5 to 413.3 ± 144.9 dyn/s/cm−5 (P .005) after surgery. Median length of hospital stay was 11.62 ± 2.97 days. The test group had a distinct pattern of impaired angiogenic and antiangiogenic genes. The expression levels of TGFA, TGFB1, THBS2, THBS1, TGFBR1, SERPINE1, SERPINF1, TGFB2, TIMP2, VEGFC, IFNA1, TNF, CXCL10, NOS3, IGF1, and MMP14 were downregulated in the specimens from the patients who had higher pulmonary vascular resistance values, whereas some genes, including PDGFA, showed upregulation that was statistically nonsignificant in the same group. Conclusions: These results can lead to the development of new markers that could predict adverse outcomes of patients with CTEPH. Identification of new markers that are related to worse outcomes would enable screening patients for early diagnosis and treatment.

Background: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels predict coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. We investigated LDH isoenzyme levels to identify the tissue responsible for serum LDH elevation in patients with COVID-19. Methods: Hospitalised COVID-19 patients with serum LDH levels exceeding the upper reference limit included. LDH isoenzymes were detected quantitatively on agarose gels. The radiological severity of lung involvement on computed tomography was scored as 0-5 for each lobe (total possible score, 0-25). Disease severity was determined using the World Health Organization (WHO) clinical progression scale. Results: In total, 111 patients (mean age, 59.96 ± 16.14), including 43 females (38.7%), were enrolled. The serum levels of total LDH and all five LDH isoenzymes were significantly higher in the severe group. The levels of all LDH isoenzymes excluding LDH5 positively correlated with the WHO score. LDH3 levels correlated with chest computed tomography findings (r2 = 0.267, p = 0.005). On multivariate analysis, LDH3 was an independent risk factor for the deterioration of COVID-19. Conclusions: LDH3 appears to be an independent risk factor for deterioration in patients with COVID-19. LDH elevation in patients with COVID-19 predominantly resulted from lung, liver and muscle damage.

Background: Antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by the occurrence of venous and/or arterial thrombosis. Chronic thromboembolism is one of the known established pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension, known as chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary endarterectomy is the treatment of choice for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and risk of pulmonary endarterectomy in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome-associated chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Methods: Data were prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed, for patients who underwent pulmonary endarterectomy between March 2011 and March 2020. Results: Seventeen patients (4 male and 13 female) were identified. Thirteen patients had primary antiphospholipid syndrome and 4 had secondary antiphospholipid syndrome. The mean age was 34.82 +- 10.07 years and the mean time interval between the diagnosis and surgery was 26.94 +- 17.35 months. Dyspnea on exertion was the main symptom in all patients. Seven patients had previous deep vein thrombosis, 5 patients had a history of recurrent abortions, and 2 patients had hemoptysis. Following surgery, mean pulmonary artery pressure decreased from 47.82 +- 13.11 mm Hg to 22.24 +- 4.56 mm Hg (P

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of Digital Storytelling (DST) on the (a) academic achievement, (b) attitude towards physics and (c) self efficacy perception of secondary school students. This study consists of an experimental group and a comparison group which are formed by equal number of students. The six-weeks study adopted a pretest and posttest experimental design involving 64 students in two physics classes taught by the same teacher. Digital story telling was additionally applied in experimental group. Non-parametric Tests have been used in the data analysis. Our findings indicate that DST participants performed significantly better than comparison group participants in terms of physics achievement. While in comparison group students' self-efficacy perceptions and attitudes toward physics decreased, in experimental group there was not any difference.

This research studies the morphology and morphometry traits of Aseel chickens raised in various regions of Türkiye. We used Turkish Aseel genotypes to assess the live weight and physical features of 60 female and 58 male subjects of varying ages. We measured brood length, breadth, head and beak width, neck and body length, chest width, depth, and circumference, thigh diameter, length, and depth, and leg length. Males' average live weight, chest circumference, thigh length, and comb length, which affect game efficacy, are 3.23 kg, 37.88 cm, 20.69 cm, and 40.20 mm, respectively. Although there was a statistically significant difference between the gender groups for all evaluated characteristics, there was only a statistically significant difference between the age groups for head width and chest circumference, shank depth, diameter, and length, and live weight (P<0.05). The data showed differences among different areas, particularly about the measurements of the comb, prompting researchers to propose a hypothesis suggesting a potential correlation between these changes and regional temperature disparities. We evaluated Turkish Aseels for feather, comb, eye color, markings, and comb type. Medium-weight breeds with hair, earlobes, beards, and spurs Weight and characteristics determine the Turkish Aseel breed. Comb structures were shorter, and their live weight was lower than that of other game roosters or Aseel kinds. Based on their morphology, domestic Aseel males may have a distinct genotype and subtype. Evaluating morphometric characteristics is an important aspect of the research. However, conducting additional comparative research is crucial. Genotyping studies with larger numbers are necessary for greater accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to expand soft int-group theory by analyzing its many aspects and structural properties regarding soft cosets and soft quotient groups, which are crucial concepts of the theory. All the characteristics of soft cosets are given in accordance with the properties of classical cosets in abstract algebra, and many interesting analogous results are obtained. It is proved that if an element is in the e-set, then its soft left and right cosets are the same and equal to the soft set itself. The main and remarkable contribution of this paper to the theory is that the relation between the e-set and the normality of the soft int-group is obtained, and it is proved that if the e-set has an element other than the identity of the group, then the soft int-group is normal. Based on this significant fact, it is revealed that if the soft set is not normal, then there do not exist any equal soft left (right) cosets. These relations are quite striking for the theory, since based on these facts, we show that the normality condition on the soft int-group is unnecessary in many definitions, propositions, and theorems given before. Furthermore, we come up with a fascinating result, unlike classical algebra that to construct a soft quotient group and to hold the fundamental homomorphism theorem, the soft int-group needs not to be normal. It is also demonstrated that the soft int-group is an abelian (normal) int-group if and only if the soft quotient group of G relative to the soft group is abelian. Finally, the torsion soft-int group and p-soft int-group are introduced, and we show that soft int-group is a torsion soft-int group (p-soft int-group) if and only if the soft quotient group G/fG is a torsion (p-group), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most common obstructive lung diseases observed during clinical practice include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They share similarities in terms of clinical presentation. Asthma-COPD overlap is defined as an obstructive lung condition with clinical and inflammatory characteristics of asthma and COPD or predominantly COPD combined with bronchodilator responsiveness and elevated peripheral eosinophil count. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine the pre-service physics teachers' views on the effect of designing and developing physics digital stories (DST) on improving their 21st century skills. The study is a qualitative research carried out with 13 pre-service physics teachers, who participated in the course of designing and developing DST, during 6 weeks, at Yuzuncu Yil University, Turkey, in the spring term of 2013-2014 academic year. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and were examined by descriptive analysis technique focusing on the themes. The major findings of the study are that they developed their many 21st century skills; such as ICT (information and communication technologies) skills, critical thinking, problem solving; planning, self-control, responsibility, production; communication, cooperation, and collaboration when creating their digital stories. Thus, to design and develop digital stories have a positive effect on pre-service physics teachers' skills, and improve many 21st century skills.

We designed this study with the aim to examine teachers' culturally relevant and sustaining education self-efficacy perceptions in Turkey. For this purpose, we developed a Culturally Relevant/Sustaining Education Self-Efficacy Scale. We obtained the data from 1302 teachers. Data analysis proceeded in three steps: First, we analyzed factor analysis. Second, we conducted a descriptive analysis of the items on the CRESE [Culturally Relevant Education Self-Efficacy] Scale. Finally, we compared teachers' perceptions. The scale consists of a single factor and teachers' scores on the CRESE Scale were highly reliable. The findings revealed that teachers were less efficacious in their ability to revise the teaching-learning materials in terms of cultural diversity, to give culturally relevant examples, to reflect the students' cultural values in the classroom, and to increase in school parents' and families' participation in Turkey. Also, teachers' self-efficacy perceptions differ significantly according to some variables. We discussed the implications for these findings for both further research and future teacher preparation.

Objective: Although the underlying pathology of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is mechanical obliteration of the major pulmonary vessels, high pulsatile stress penetrating into the normal distal pulmonary microvasculature resulting from reduced pulmonary arterial compliance (CPA) may cause progressive deterioration in pulmonary hemodynamics. Hypothetically, balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) may be beneficial in reducing CPA and pulsatile stress in patients with CTEPH. Methods: In total, 26 patients with available pre- and post-BPA right heart catheterization results were included in the study. BPA was performed in a series of staged procedures by 2 experienced interventional cardiologists. Results: The median CPA showed a 59.2% increase (1.03 to 1.64 mL/mm Hg, p=0.005). The median pre-BPA pulsatile stress product decreased by 20.7% (4,266 to 3,380 mm Hg/min, p=0.003). A linear regression model established that the percent change in CPA after BPA accounted for 21.8% of the explained variability in the change in 6-minute walk test (p=0.009). Conclusion: Our results indicate that BPA decreases CPA and pulmonary pulsatile stress. These changes may be partly responsible for the improvement in functional capacity after BPA.

Advances in information and communication technology in 21st century have led to changes in education trends and today new concepts such as computer, multimedia, audio, video, animation and internet have become an indispensable part of life. The storytelling is the one of approach which is allowed to using technology in educational field. The aim of this study is to define the use of digital storytelling in physics instruction as a distance education tool. In this respect, the literature related to digital storytelling was analyzed and for applying it in practice, 13 pre-service teachers from department of physic education were trained on digital storytelling for 6 weeks in spring term of 2013-2014 academic year. Following the process of instruction, pre-service teachers created and shared digital stories in YouTube and evaluated all of them. Furthermore, opinions of the pre-service teachers were asked on digital story telling As a result of the analysing the DST videos and opinions of pre-service teacher, it is expected that using digital storytelling as distance education tool will be efficacious.

The aim of this study is (a) to investigate the usefulness of Bloom's revised taxonomy (RBT) for classification of standards, (b) to examine the differences and similarities between pre-service teachers' and in-service teachers' classification of the same standards and (c) to determine which standards are vague and broad. The 45 standards, in the Turkish 10th Grade Physics Syllabus, were categorized by the 16 participants, who were divided into two groups. The first group included eight pre-service physics teachers and the second group included eight in-service physics teachers in Turkey. Firstly, each participant classified the standards using RBT individually, then, they classified the standards with their group. We compared their all classification of standards. The usefulness of Revised Bloom Taxonomy for classification of standards, the differences between individual classification and the groups, and differences between the pre-service and in-service teachers groups' classifications, the standards which are broad and vague were discussed.

The present study focused on the antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and DNA-protective effects of Usnea lapponica, Usnea intermedia, and Usnea florida, which are distributed in Turkey. The methanol extracts of these three lichen species were subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis to quantify the amount of usnic acid and the highest amount was found in U. lapponica (3345.9±92.18 mg/gextract). Furthermore, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were analyzed. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated by different chemical assays, together with antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and DNA-protective properties. The results of the antioxidant assays showed that U. lapponica exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, whereas the extract that scavenged ABTS radicals more potently was identified as U. intermedia. The disc diffusion method was used to investigate the antimicrobial activity, and the strongest effect was observed in U. intermedia methanol extract with a zone value of 13 mm on Micrococcus luteus. In cytotoxicity experiments, U. florida extract (250 µg/mL; 36.03% viability) exhibited a high antiproliferative effect on A549 cells and U. intermedia (62.5 µg/mL; 23.65% viability) on MDA-MB-231 cells. DNA-protective effects were investigated using pBR322 plasmid DNA, and all the studied species were found to have DNA-protective effects. These results suggest that Usnea species may be potential candidates for the development of new phytopharmaceuticals and functional ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We need to effectively combine the knowledge from surging literature with complex datasets to propose mechanistic models of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, improving data interpretation and predicting key targets of intervention. Here, we describe a large‐scale community effort to build an open access, interoperable and computable repository of COVID‐19 molecular mechanisms. The COVID‐19 Disease Map (C19DMap) is a graphical, interactive representation of disease‐relevant molecular mechanisms linking many knowledge sources. Notably, it is a computational resource for graph‐based analyses and disease modelling. To this end, we established a framework of tools, platforms and guidelines necessary for a multifaceted community of biocurators, domain experts, bioinformaticians and computational biologists. The diagrams of the C19DMap, curated from the literature, are integrated with relevant interaction and text mining databases. We demonstrate the application of network analysis and modelling approaches by concrete examples to highlight new testable hypotheses. This framework helps to find signatures of SARS‐CoV‐2 predisposition, treatment response or prioritisation of drug candidates. Such an approach may help deal with new waves of COVID‐19 or similar pandemics in the long‐term perspective.

Ribavirin is a guanosine analog with broad-spectrum antiviral activity against RNA viruses. Based on this, we aimed to show the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of this drug molecule via in vitro, in silico, and molecular techniques. Ribavirin showed antiviral activity in Vero E6 cells following SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas the drug itself did not show any toxic effect over the concentration range tested. In silico analysis suggested that ribavirin has a broad-spectrum impact on SARS-CoV-2, acting at different viral proteins. According to the detailed molecular techniques, ribavirin was shown to decrease the expression of TMPRSS2 at both mRNA and protein levels 48 h after treatment. The suppressive effect of ribavirin in ACE2 protein expression was shown to be dependent on cell types. Finally, proteolytic activity assays showed that ribavirin also showed an inhibitory effect on the TMPRSS2 enzyme. Based on these results, we hypothesized that ribavirin may inhibit the expression of TMPRSS2 by modulating the formation of inhibitory G-quadruplex structures at the TMPRSS2 promoter. As a conclusion, ribavirin is a potential antiviral drug for the treatment against SARS-CoV-2, and it interferes with the effects of TMPRSS2 and ACE2 expression. Key words: COVID-19, in silico, in vitro, pathway analysis, drug. La ribavirine est un analogue de la guanosine avec une activite antivirale de large spectre contre les virus a ARN. Sur cette base, nous avons tente de montrer l'activite anti-SARS-CoV-2 de cette molecule pharmacologique a l'aide de techniques in vitro, in silico et moleculaires. La ribavirine a presente une activite antivirale contre les cellules Vero E6 a la suite d'une infection par le SARS-CoV-2 tandis que le medicament lui-meme n'avait aucun effet toxique dans la plage de concentrations evaluee. L'etude in silico a laisse entrevoir que la ribavirine a un effet a large spectre sur le SARS-CoV- 2, avec une action sur differentes proteines virales. A l'aide des techniques moleculaires detaillees, nous avons montre que la ribavirine entraine une diminution de l'expression de TMPRSS2 en taux d'ARNm comme de proteines 48 h apres son administration. Nous avons observe que l'effet suppresseur de la ribavirine sur l'expression d'ACE2 en proteines etait dependant du type de cellules. Enfin, les epreuves sur l'activite proteolytique ont montre que la ribavirine presentait aussi un effet inhibiteur sur l'enzyme TMPRSS2. De ces resultats, nous avons tire l'hypothese selon laquelle la ribavirine pourrait permettre d'inhiber l'expression de TMPRSS2 par l'intermediaire d'une modulation de la formation de structures inhibitrices G-quadruplex au niveau du promoteur de TMPRSS2. En conclusion, la ribavirine est un medicament antiviral eventuel pour le traitement contre le SARS-CoV-2, et elle interfere avec l'expression de TMPRSS2 et d'ACE2. Mots-cles: COVID-19, in silico, in vitro, etude de voie de signalisation, medicament., Introduction The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represents the strongest global public health threat since the influenza outbreak in 1918 and has rapidly resulted in significant health and economic burdens worldwide [...]