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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies have increasingly become vital in our everyday lives. Education is one of the most visible domains in which these technologies are being used. Conversational Agents (CAs) are among the most prominent AI systems for assisting teaching and learning processes. Their integration into an e-learning system can provide replies suited to each learner's specific needs, allowing them to study at their own pace. In this paper, based on recent advancements in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and deep learning techniques, we present an experimental implementation of an educational chatbot intended to instruct secondary school learners Logo, an educational programming language. The related chatbot was implemented and evaluated in Moroccan public schools with the support of teachers from the Regional Center for Education and Training Professions of Souss Massa. The experiments included 109 students grouped into three separate classes. One is a control class group that uses a traditional approach, while the other two are experimental groups that employ digital content and the chatbot-based method. Preliminary findings indicate that employing chatbots can greatly enhance student learning experiences by allowing them to study at their own speed with less stress, saving them time, and keeping them motivated. Furthermore, integrating these AI systems into a smart classroom will not only create a supportive environment by encouraging good interactions with students, it will also allow learners to be more engaged and achieve better academic objectives.

In the last few years, the poultry sector in Batna has faced the emergence of atypical diseases. Many professionals suspect unusual viral infections like Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, and avian influenza. These diseases are often associated with colibacillosis and salmonellosis, both of which have developed atypical, multi-drug resistance. combat Escherichia (E.) coli superinfections, a study targeted broiler chickens from 80 flocks and two slaughterhouses in the Batna region. Researchers collected organ samples, including neck skin, from both sick animals and those intended for slaughter, isolating 100 E. coli strains—50 from flocks and 50 from slaughterhouses. antibiotic resistance profiles of E. coli isolated from livestock were 62.5% (50/80), revealing moderate resistance rates to several antibiotics. Specifically, resistance was noted for tetracycline (62%), doxycycline (56%), enrofloxacin (44%), ampicillin (46%), amoxicillin (40%), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (34%). Resistance to colistin showed a lower rate of 20%; amoxicillin-clavulanate and ticarcillin-clavulanate had a resistance of 12% and 8%, respectively. While gentamicin and chloramphenicol had even lower rates at 8% and 6%. Notably, 94% of strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol, and 92% were sensitive to gentamicin. Additionally, 28% of strains were resistant to three antibiotics, and 18% were resistant to four. Escherichia coli isolated from the slaughterhouse was 83.3% (50 / 60) demonstrated higher antibiotic resistance than those from herds. These isolates were resistant to tetracycline, ampicillin, enrofloxacin, and doxycycline, at 82%, 80%, 78%, and 74%, respectively, and had moderate resistance to nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT), and amoxicillin; resistance rates for colistin, gentamicin, and TTC were lower. In terms of multidrug resistance, 42% of the slaughterhouse strains were resistant to five antibiotics, 18% to four, and 14% to two. Nevertheless, these strains remained highly sensitive to colistin and gentamicin.

The present study explored a small-scale English medium instruction (EMI) initiative in Moroccan secondary schools, which is part of a top-down multilingual policy based on teaching science subjects through foreign languages, namely French, English, and Spanish. 18 secondary EMI teachers of math, physics and life and earth sciences were interviewed in order to understand the new policy. Following grounded theory (GT) methodology, the findings show positive attitudes towards the implementation of EMI in Moroccan education, but the teachers seemed unsatisfied with the way it has been implemented. They thought science teachers were not prepared for such a new tendency. The study also revealed that teachers' low English proficiency was considered the major challenge to the successful implementation of EMI in Moroccan secondary schools and the essential reason behind using the first language in the EMI classroom. To prepare future generations for extending EMI in the Moroccan education, the teachers called for a switch to English as the first foreign language, instead of French, in all levels of schooling, and suggested gradual introduction of EMI in primary and middle schools. The study ends with some implications for overcoming the challenges of the new policy.

This study aims to examine the relationship between the productive knowledge of some lexical and phraseological indices and the quality of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners' writing. A sample of 120 expository essays, written by semesters 1 and 5 university students in a less proficient EFL context, are rated by human evaluators and automatically examined for the target indices. The results show that, unlike the index of lexical diversity, both indices of content word frequency and range could significantly discriminate between different proficiency levels. For the phraseological indices, both the proportions of rare and frequent bigrams yielded between-group differences, with higher proficiency students performing significantly better in both categories. Using a regression analysis, the results show that the use of rare and contextually restricted content words and the production of larger proportions of rare and frequent bigrams could be considered indicators of better writing proficiency. The study suggests implications for the teaching of EFL.

The Moroccan Ministry of Education has recently implemented a multilingual programme, called 'language alternation' (LA). The programme aims at improving students' foreign language (FL) proficiency level and promoting plurilingualism by using French, English, and Spanish, for the teaching of math, physics and life and earth sciences at the secondary level, instead of the official language, Arabic. The study sought to understand this new tendency in Moroccan education by examining official educational documents and exploring teachers' perceptions using Grounded Theory (GT), which is a hypothesis-generating methodology. The findings showed a gap between the conceptualised language recommendations in the official documents and the implementation of these recommendations in Moroccan schools. In addition, it seems that the new enacted educational policy has brought about challenges for both students and teachers. The interviewed teachers were concerned about their students' initial FL proficiency, the negative effect of the new policy on students' content learning, the lack of trainings in the methodology of the new medium of instruction (MOI) policy and limited agency of teachers in the conceptualisation and implementation of the new policy.

In 2016, only 7% of French women had received an influenza vaccination during their pregnancy. In this vaccine-averse country, the possibility of reaching the rates of 50% observed in other countries remains unknown. To measure the rate of influenza vaccination in a French university maternity. To study its evolution and determinants over the last 5 years. Single-center observational study of all women who gave birth during March 2020 in this maternity. Comparison with rates observed in 2015 in the same conditions. Of the 337 women included in the study, 202 received a vaccination during pregnancy (59.9%). After logistic regression, the factors significantly associated with achieving vaccination were the offer of vaccination during pregnancy, odds ratio (ORa) 26.2 [7.0; 98.2]; previous vaccination, ORa 20.3 [9.6; 42.6]; high education level, ORa 2.9 [1.3; 6.2]; delivery of a CERFA government reimbursement form, ORa 2.5 [1.3; 4.8]; a vaccination offer made by a general practitioner, ORa 2.1 [1.0; 4.4] and not by a hospital midwife, ORa 0.3 [0.1; 0.6]. The rate of vaccination increased from 35% to 59.9% between 2015 and 2020 (p

Trachoma, caused by ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection, is targeted for global elimination as a public health problem by 2030. To provide evidence for use of antibodies to monitor C. trachomatis transmission, we collated IgG responses to Pgp3 antigen, PCR positivity, and clinical observations from 19,811 children aged 1-9 years in 14 populations. We demonstrate that age-seroprevalence curves consistently shift along a gradient of transmission intensity: rising steeply in populations with high levels of infection and active trachoma and becoming flat in populations near elimination. Seroprevalence (range: 0-54%) and seroconversion rates (range: 0-15 per 100 person-years) correlate with PCR prevalence (r: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.57, 0.97). A seroprevalence threshold of 13.5% (seroconversion rate 2.75 per 100 person-years) identifies clusters with any PCR-identified infection at high sensitivity ( >90%) and moderate specificity (69-75%). Antibody responses in young children provide a robust, generalizable approach to monitor population progress toward and beyond trachoma elimination.

In this paper, we considered a stochastic model of chemical reactive flows acting through porous media under the influence of nonlinear external random fluctuations, where the interchanges of chemical flow across the skeleton's surface are represented by a nonlinear function. We studied the existence and uniqueness of strong probabilistic solutions for the model under consideration. We also show the positivity for the concentration of the solute in the fluid face as well as the concentration of reactants on the surface of the skeleton under extra reasonable assumptions on the data. Initially, we approximated the solution of the nonlinear stochastic diffusion equation using Galerkin's approximation, and obtained important bound estimates along with probabilistic compactness results. Thereafter, we passed the limit and obtained a weak probabilistic solution. This was followed by the path-wise uniqueness of the solution, which leads to the existence and uniqueness of strong probabilistic solutions as a result of Yamada-Watanabe's theorem. Finally, we discuss some important numerical applications such as Langmuir and Freundlich kinetics using the extended stochastic non-conforming finite element method to illustrate the efficiency of this approach and compare it to the deterministic approach in both cases. Let us mention that well-posedness, positivity, and numerical simulations have not been considered so far for such a nonlinear stochastic model.

Abstract We present the open-source SIMUnet code, designed to fit Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT) Wilson coefficient alongside Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs) of the proton. SIMUnet can perform SMEFT global fits, as well as simultaneous fits of the PDFs and of an arbitrarily large number of SMEFT degrees of freedom, by including both PDF-dependent and PDF-independent observables. SIMUnet can also be used to determine whether the effects of any New Physics models can be fitted away in a global fit of PDFs. SIMUnet is built upon the open-source NNPDF code and is released together with documentation, and tutorials. To illustrate the functionalities of the new tool, we present a new global analysis of the SMEFT Wilson coefficients accounting for their interplay with the PDFs. We increment our previous analysis of the LHC Run II top quark data with both (i) the Higgs production and decay rates data from the LHC, and (ii) the precision electroweak and diboson measurements from LEP and the LHC.

Abstract Fish fecundity scales hyperallometrically with body mass, meaning larger females produce disproportionately more eggs than smaller ones. We explore this relationship beyond the species-level to estimate the “reproductive potential” of 1633 coral reef sites distributed globally. We find that, at the site-level, reproductive potential scales hyperallometrically with assemblage biomass, but with a smaller median exponent than at the species-level. Across all families, modelled reproductive potential is greater in fully protected sites versus fished sites. This difference is most pronounced for the important fisheries family, Serranidae. When comparing a scenario where 30% of sites are randomly fully protected to a current protection scenario, we estimate an increase in the reproductive potential of all families, and particularly for Serranidae. Such results point to the possible ecological benefits of the 30 × 30 global conservation target and showcase management options to promote the sustainability of population replenishment.

The forecasting of home energy consumption is a crucial and challenging topic within the realm of artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced energy management in smart grids (SGs). The primary goal of this study is to provide accurate energy consumption forecasts for a smart home. Two deep learning models are implemented: ConvLSTM, which combines convolutional operations with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and the CNN-LSTM model, which synergizes Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and LSTM networks. Both hybrid models offer a comprehensive approach to modeling complex relationships in spatial and temporal patterns. Additionally, two baseline models—LSTM and CNN—are employed for comparative analysis. Utilizing real data from a smart home in Houston, Texas, the results demonstrate that both the hybrid models deliver highly accurate predictions for energy consumption. However, the ConvLSTM model outperforms all proposed models, improving predictions in terms of mean absolute percentage error by 4.52%, 9.59%, and 10.53% for 1 day, 3 days, and 6 days in advance, respectively.

Daboia mauritanica (Gray, 1849), Moorish Viper, is native to North Africa. We update the distribution map for this species in Algeria, providing 19 new locality records, filling distribution gaps and significantly expanding the species’ known range. Our updated distribution map reveals a widespread presence of the species in northern Algeria, extending south into the northern Sahara. We note that some historical records in certain provinces remain unconfirmed and/or questionable, indicating the need for further investigation. Our findings underscore the importance of collaboration between researchers and citizen scientists in Algeria.

This study investigates the bending behavior of functionally graded rectangular plates using the spectral collocation method to offer precise modeling. We apply the First-order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT) to accurately capture the effects of shear deformation in our plate behavior models. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by a comparison of the results obtained with those of literature.

Rationally constructed materials have enabled access to optical capabilities beyond nature’s limitations, thanks to advances made in both theory and experiment. These synthetic composites allow subwavelength confinement of electromagnetic energy and facilitate unparalleled control over different aspects of electromagnetic waves (polarization, amplitude, frequency, etc.). However, the diffraction phenomenon is severely hindering the efficacy and performance of dielectric photonic components. Diffraction causes the electromagnetic wave to spread and deviate from its intended path, thereby, making the collimated light beam scatter, leading to lower power density and inaccurate targeting. This is particularly detrimental for applications requiring precise control of high-frequency with shorter wavelengths. Herein, we report on the effect of anisotropic geometrical scaling of dielectric photonic crystals to alleviate the diffraction barrier along the Γ → X path of the irreducible Brillouin region. Thus, achieving the long-sought goal of high-frequency electromagnetic wave steering. We harness the full weight of modal and harmonic analysis based on the Finite Element Method to demonstrate that scaling the direction perpendicular to the wave’s propagation reduced by fourfold the diffraction limit from 100 THz to 400 THz.

Abstract Introduction - La stratification du risque chez les patients atteints de syndromecoronarien aigu (SCA) sans sus décalage du segment ST est l’étape primordiale dela prise en charge et il n’y a pas de données sur les patients algériens. Nos objectifsétaient l’identification et l’analyse des facteurs prédictifs d’événements cardiovasculaireset cérébrovasculaires majeurs à un an.Matériels et méthodes - Étude prospective incluant tous les patients admis au servicede cardiologie du CHU Oran pour SCA sans sus-décalage du segment ST (ST-) deNovembre 2015 à Octobre 2016 et avec un suivi d’une année. Les caractéristiquesdes patients recueillies individuellement et avec le calcul des différents scores derisque et angiographiques, ont été corrélés aux ECVM (évènements cardiovasculaireset cérébrovasculaires majeurs) à 1 an en analyse univariée et multivariée. Ona procédé également à une analyse des courbes de survie, de survenue des ECVMet à des courbes de ROC .Résultats - Deux cent quatre-vingt-seize (296) patients ont été inclus, les taux deECVM à 30 jours et à 1 an ont été respectivement de 5.1% et 13.2%, les taux demortalité d’origine cardiovasculaire à 30 jours et à 1 an respectivement de 2.4%et 5.4%.Les facteurs pronostiques issus de l’analyse multivariée sont l’angor persistant etrécidivant, les complications tardives, le sous décalage du segment ST descendant,les troubles du rythme ventriculaire, une créatinine sanguine > 12.1 mg/l, un Syntaxscore ? 20 et un traitement médical avec lésions non revascularisées.Conclusion - La promesse d’une médecine personnalisée passe par l’intégrationdes résultats des différentes études dans la prise en charge réelle de nos patients. Aims - Risk assessment in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) is the primordial step of management, and there is no data for Algerian patients. We aimed to identify predictors of major adverse cardiovascular events at one year in NSTE-ACS in our region.Methods - Prospective observational study including all patients admitted in our car-diology department for NSTE-ACS between November 2015 and October 2016 with a follow-up over one-year. Patients characteristics were collected individually and within the calculation of different risk and angiographic scores they were correlated with one-year MACCE (Major adverse cardio and cerebrovascular events :STEMI, NS-TEMI, cerebral stroke and cardiovascular mortality) in an univariate and multivariate analysis, survival Kaplan-Meier curve, curve of occurrence of MACCE and ROC curve.Results - Two hundred and ninety-six (296) patients were included, MACE at 30 days and one-year were respectively 5.1% and 13.2%, the cardiovascular mortality at 30 days and one-year were respectively 2.4% and 5.4%.Prognostic factors were persistent and recurrent angina, late in hospital complica-tions (>48H), down-sloping ST depression, ventricular arrhythmia, blood creatinine> 12.1 mg/l, Syntax score ≥ 20 and medical management for non revascularized lesions.Conclusion - The promise of a personalized medicine goes through the integration of the results of different data in the actual care of our patients.IntroductionDes études observationnelles ont révélé de grandes dispari-tés dans la prise en charge des patients atteints de SCA selon le pays ou voire même la région où on se situe. La mortalité d’origine cardiovasculaire et les principaux facteurs de risque associés varient considérablement d’un pays à l’autre, les pays en voie de développement prévoyant dans un proche avenir une augmentation majeure des ma-ladies cardiovasculaires. Étant donné que ces registres ont été principalement réalisés dans les pays développés, il est nécessaire d’établir des études dans les pays en voie de dé-veloppement pour avoir des données objectives et établir des stratégies appropriées de prévention et de gestion. L’étude ORAN (Oran Risk Assessment in NSTE-ACS) avait pour objectif de mieux comprendre l’épidémiologie, la prise en charge et le pronostic à un an des patients hospitalisés pour syndrome coronarien aigu sans sus décalage du segment ST (SCA ST-) à Oran (nord-ouest de l’Algérie).Population et méthode Sites d’étudeIl s’agit d’une étude observationnelle monocentrique conduite dans le CHU d’Oran le principal hôpital référant en cardiologie interventionnelle au niveau de l’Oranie. PopulationDu 1er Novembre 2015 au 31 Octobre 2016, tous les pa-tients admis pour syndrome coronarien aigu sans sus déca-lage du segment ST ont été évalués de façon prospective pour inclusion dans l’étude. Étaient éligibles, les patients se présentant avec une douleur thoracique de repos évo-luant depuis moins de 24 heures associée à un signe élec-trocardiographique évocateur (sous-décalage du segment ST, sus-décalage transitoire durant moins de 20 minutes du segment ST, ou onde T négative) ou à une élévation des en-zymes cardiaques (troponine T ultrasensible) au-dessus des valeurs normales de référence. Le délai de réalisation de la coronarographie était calculé à partir de l’heure d’admission dans l’établissement.

Abstract Introduction - Les cardiopathies valvulaires demeurent fréquentes malgré l’améliorationdes conditions sanitaires qui ont permis la réduction de l’incidence du rhumatismearticulaire aigu (RAA). Les indications chirurgicales et interventionnellesse sont élargies et nous opérons aujourd’hui à des stades précoces voire asymptomatiques.Une réintervention chirurgicale valvulaire est nécessaire dans environ15% des cas au cours de l’évolution d’une valvulopathie opérée. L’objectif de notreétude est de déterminer la fréquence des réinterventions valvulaires et d’identifierles principales indications de ces réinterventions.Méthodes - Il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective descriptive, portant sur 45 patients,admis au service de cardiologie du Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) d’Oran, dejanvier 2011 à juillet 2013, et présentant une valvulopathie déjà opérée nécessitantune autre réintervention chirurgicale valvulaire.Résultats - La moyenne d’âge est de 41 ans, 73% des patients sont des femmes et27% des hommes (Sex ratio de 0,37). La plupart de nos patients sont symptomatiques(dyspnée stade II de la NYHA). Les réinterventions intéressent la valve mitraledans 69% des cas, la valve aortique dans 37% des cas et la valve tricuspide dans35%. Nous avons constaté l’importance des insuffisances aortiques et tricuspidesnégligées lors de la première intervention (31% et 62% respectivement). Le délaimoyen entre les deux interventions, tout type confondu, est de 21 ans.Conclusion - Les réinterventions cardiaques peuvent survenir au cours de l’évolutiond’une valvulopathie. Une bonne évaluation cardiaque initiale des valvulopathieslors d’une chirurgie portant sur la valve mitrale ou aortique est indispensablepour pallier au problème d’une réintervention pour des valvulopathies négligées. Abstract Background - Valvular heart disease still common despite improved health condi-tions that have reduced the rheumatic fever incidence. Surgical and interventional indications have expanded and today we operate at early stages, sometimes even an asymptomatic stage. Valvular reoperation is required in 15% of cases during the evo-lution of an operated valve disease. The aim of our study is to determine the frequen-cy of valvular reoperations and identify the main indications of these reinterventions. Methods - This is a retrospective study included 45 patients who were admitted to the cardiology department of University Hospital center of Oran, from January 2011 to July 2013 and who had previously operated valvular disease requiring another surgical valvular reoperation. Results - The mean age is 41 years. 73% of patients are women and 27% are men. 95% of patients are symptomatic (NYHA dyspnea stage II). Reinterventions affected the mitral valve in 69% of cases, the aortic valve in 37% cases and the tricuspid valve in 35%. We reporte the importance of neglected aortic and tricuspid regurgitation during the first intervention (31% and 62% respectively). The average time between the two interventions, all types combined, is 21 years. Conclusion - Cardiac reoperations may occur during the course of valvular heart di-sease. A good initial cardiac evaluation before surgery on the mitral or aortic valve is essential to overcome the problem of neglected valvular disease reoperation.IntroductionLes réinterventions valvulaires occupent une place impor-tante dans la chirurgie cardiaque. Il s’agit d’un réel pro-blème de santé publique. Une réintervention valvulaire est nécessaire dans environ 15% des cas au cours de l’évolution d’une valvulopathie [1]. Les causes de ces réinterventions sont diverses et multiples : endocardite infectieuse, dys-fonction de prothèse, détérioration de la plastie, apparition d’une autre valvulopathie, etc... Ces réinterventions s’accompagnent d’une surmortali-té variable en fonction des patients et surtout du type de l’intervention [1,2]. En effet, Le risque d’une réopération augmente après chaque intervention, et diffère pour les pro-thèses mécaniques et biologiques, ainsi que pour les plasties [2]. Il est plus élevé en position mitrale, qu’en position aor-tique [2]. Il est important de ce fait d’étudier les causes des réinterventions en termes de santé publique afin de réduire leur incidence. Les objectifs de notre étude sont de déter-miner la fréquence des réinterventions valvulaires ainsi que leurs principales indications.Matériel et méthodes Il s’agit d’une étude descriptive rétrospective portant sur 45 patients admis au service de cardiologie du Centre Hospita-lo-Universitaire (CHU) d’Oran, de janvier 2011 à juillet 2013, et présentant une valvulopathie déjà opérée nécessitant une réintervention chirurgicale valvulaire. On a noté la présentation clinique et la symptomatologie du patient, les données de l’examen clinique, la date de la première intervention ainsi que le type d’intervention (geste conservateur ou remplacement valvulaire, prothèse méca-nique ou biologique), et le délai entre les 2 interventions. Nous avons collecté également les données de l’électrocar-diogramme et de l’échocardiographie transthoracique voire transoesophagienne: l’atteinte valvulaire (la quantifier et apprécier sa sévérité), l’existence ou non de dysfonction de prothèse, de lésions d’endocardite, la mesure de la frac-tion d’éjection ventriculaire gauche FEVG, la mesure des pressions pulmonaires et l’étude de la fonction ventriculaire droite. Et enfin, il est précisé le traitement du patient et l’indication opératoire retenue par le staff médico-chirur-gical.