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IntroductionFew studies have examined the relationship between education and cognition among the oldest-old.MethodsCognitive assessments were conducted biannually for 803 participants (62.6% women) of LifeAfter90, a longitudinal study of individuals ≥ 90 years old. Gender differences in associations between education (

Background and purposeClinicians use reference values to contextualize physical performance scores, but data are sparse in individuals 90 years and older and racial/ethnic diversity is limited in existing studies. Gait speed provides valuable information about an individual's health status. Slow gait speed is associated with falls, cognitive decline, and mortality. Here, we report gait speed reference values in a racially/ethnically diverse oldest-old cohort.MethodsLifeAfter90 is a multiethnic cohort study of individuals 90 years and older. Participants are long-term members of an integrated healthcare delivery system without a dementia diagnosis at enrollment. We assessed gait speed using the 4-m walk test and calculated means, standard deviations, and percentiles by age, sex, assistive device use, and device type. We used linear regression to compare means by sex, age, device use and type, living situation and arrangement, and race/ethnicity.Results and discussionThe mean age of the 502 participants was 92.9 (range 90.1-102.8) years. Of these, 62.6% were women, 34.7% were college educated, 90.8% lived in a private residence, 20.9% self-reported as Asian, 22.5% as Black, 11.8% as Hispanic, 35.7% as White, and 9.2% as multiple, "other," or declined to state. The overall mean gait speed was 0.54 m/s (women = 0.51 m/s, men = 0.58 m/s). Mean gait speeds were 0.58 m/s, 0.53 m/s, and 0.48 m/s in the 90 to 91, 92 to 93, and 94+ age categories, respectively. In those without a device, mean gait speed was 0.63 m/s compared to 0.40 m/s in those with a device (cane = 0.44 m/s, walker = 0.37 m/s). Mean gait speed was significantly slower in women compared to men, age category 94+ compared to 90 to 91, participants with a device compared to those without, participants with a walker compared to a cane, and Black participants compared to Asian and White participants. However, differences by race/ethnicity were attenuated when chronic health conditions were considered.ConclusionsReference values developed from this multiethnic 90+ cohort will help clinicians interpret gait speed measures and tailor recommendations toward a 90+ population that is growing in number and in racial/ethnic diversity.

BackgroundIntersectionality has rarely been considered in research studies of cognitive ageing. We investigated whether life-course financial mobility is differentially associated with later-life memory function and decline across intersectional identities defined by gender, and race and ethnicity.MethodsData were from two harmonised multiethnic cohorts (the Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences cohort and the Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans cohort) in northern California, USA (n=2340). Life-course financial mobility, measured using a combination of self-reported financial capital measures in childhood (from birth to age 16 years) and later adulthood (at the cohort baseline) was defined as consistently high, upwardly mobile, downwardly mobile, or consistently low. We clustered individuals into 32 strata representing intersectional identities defined by life-course financial mobility combined with gender, and race and ethnicity. Verbal episodic memory was assessed using the Spanish and English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales over four waves from 2017 to 2023. Adjusted mixed-effects linear regression models were estimated with and without fixed effects of gender, race and ethnicity, and financial mobility, to evaluate whether the random effects of the intersectional identity strata contributed variance to memory beyond individual fixed effects.FindingsMean age was 73·6 years (SD 8·1). Of 2340 individuals, 1460 (62·4%) were women, 880 (37·6%) were men, 388 (16·6%) were Asian, 1136 (48·5%) were Black, 334 (14·3%) were Latinx, and 482 (20·6%) were White. Consistently low and downwardly mobile financial capital were strongly negatively associated with later-life memory at baseline (-0·162 SD units [95% CI -0·273 to -0·051] for consistently low and -0·171 [-0·250 to -0·092] for downwardly mobile), but not rate of change over time. Intersectional identities contributed 0·2% of memory variance after accounting for the fixed effects of gender, race and ethnicity, and financial mobility.InterpretationConsistently low and downward life-course financial mobility are associated with lower later-life memory function. Intersectional identities defined by financial mobility in addition to gender, and race and ethnicity, contribute negligible additional variance to later-life memory in this study setting.FundingUS National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health.

IntroductionSchool-based social support for Black students may mediate or modify the association between school segregation and late-life cognition.MethodsStudy of Healthy Aging in African Americans participants (n = 574) reported segregated school attendance and school-based social support. Associations of segregated schooling with domain-specific cognitive outcomes and effect modification or mediation by school-based social support were evaluated with linear mixed models.ResultsSegregated school attendance was associated with increased likelihood of school-based social support. Segregated (vs. desegregated in 6th grade) school attendance was associated with lower executive function (β = -0.18 [-0.34, -0.02]) and semantic memory z-scores (β = -0.31 [-0.48, -0.13]). Social support did not mediate these associations. Estimates for segregated school attendance were attenuated among those who felt supported, although there was limited evidence of statistically significant effect modification.DiscussionEarly-childhood school segregation was associated with poorer cognitive function. Sources of resilience within racialized educational experiences should be further evaluated to bridge inequities.HighlightsSchool segregation is a form of structural racism that affected the educational experiences of Black youth with potentially lasting consequences for healthy brain aging. Black students who attended a segregated school experienced greater school-based social support, which may highlight a potential source of resilience and resistance against the effects of racism-related stressors on cognitive function. The estimated adverse association between attending a segregated school on cognition was larger for students without an adult at school who cared about them versus those with an adult at school who cared about them, but estimates were imprecise.

INTRODUCTION: Although poor glycemic control is associated with dementia, it is unknown if variability in glycemic control, even in those with optimal glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, increases dementia risk. METHODS: Among 171,964 people with type 2 diabetes, we evaluated the hazard of dementia association with long-term HbA1c variability using five operationalizations, including standard deviation (SD), adjusting for demographics and comorbidities. RESULTS: The mean baseline age was 61 years (48% women). Greater HbA1c SD was associated with greater dementia hazard (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.15 [95% confidence interval: 1.12, 1.17]). In stratified analyses, higher HbA1c SD quintiles were associated with greater dementia hazard among those with a mean HbA1c

IntroductionDepressive symptoms are associated with higher risk of dementia, but how they impact cognition in diverse populations is unclear.MethodsAsian, Black, Latino, or White participants (n = 2227) in the Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences (age 65+) and the Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans (age 50+) underwent up to three waves of cognitive assessments over 4 years. Multilevel models stratified by race/ethnicity were used to examine whether depressive symptoms were associated with cognition or cognitive decline and whether associations differed by race/ethnicity.ResultsHigher depressive symptoms were associated with lower baseline verbal episodic memory scores (-0.06, 95% CI: -0.12, -0.01; -0.15, 95% CI: -0.25, -0.04), and faster decline annually in semantic memory (-0.04, 95% CI: -0.07, -0.01; -0.10, 95% CI: -0.15, -0.05) for Black and Latino participants. Depressive symptoms were associated with lower baseline but not decline in executive function.DiscussionDepressive symptoms were associated with worse cognitive outcomes, with some evidence of heterogeneity across racial/ethnic groups.HighlightsWe examined whether baseline depressive symptoms were differentially associated with domain-specific cognition or cognitive decline by race/ethnicity. Depressive symptoms were associated with worse cognitive scores for all racial/ethnic groups across different domains examined. Higher depressive symptoms were associated with faster cognitive decline for semantic memory for Black and Latino participants. The results suggest a particularly harmful association between depressive symptoms and cognition in certain racial/ethnic groups.

Habitualmente, se utilizan diversas metodologías e indicadores para evaluar la capacidad económica de los hogares y determinar su nivel de vulnerabilidad. Los análisis monetarios son ampliamente aceptados debido a su capacidad para abordar fenómenos complejos. Algunos de estos enfoques establecen un valor absoluto de pobreza, sin embargo, en países desarrollados, se prefiere una perspectiva relativa basada en ingresos equivalentes, como es el caso del umbral de riesgo de pobreza de la OCDE. Esto permite comparar la situación económica de los hogares en relación con su entorno. En el ámbito internacional, existen algunas experiencias de acercamiento a la pobreza centradas en el gasto como factor relevante. Estas iniciativas han conceptualizado una canasta básica de bienes y servicios necesarios para una vida digna, asignando un valor económico a cada elemento para establecer presupuestos de referencia adaptados a las condiciones de los hogares. En el caso de España, a través del Presupuesto de Referencia para unas Condiciones de Vida Dignas (PRCVD) se lleva a cabo por primera vez una medición en este sentido. Este presupuesto se divide en ocho partidas de gasto que reflejan dimensiones clave de las condiciones de vida dignas de los hogares y sus miembros, como alimentación, vivienda, educación, salud, transporte, etc. El PRCVD es un marco que cuantifica los gastos necesarios para garantizar condiciones de vida dignas, teniendo en cuenta la composición y las necesidades específicas de cada hogar, proporcionando así una herramienta útil para analizar y evaluar las condiciones socioeconómicas de los hogares en España. Various methodologies and indicators are commonly used to assess the economic capacity of households and determine their level of vulnerability. Monetary analyses are widely accepted due to their ability to address complex phenomena. Some of these approaches establish an absolute poverty threshold; however, in developed countries, a relative perspective based on equivalent income is preferred, as seen in the OECD poverty risk threshold. This allows for a comparison of households' economic situations in relation to their environment. Internationally, there are some approaches to poverty that focus on expenditure as a relevant factor. These initiatives have conceptualized a basic basket of goods and services necessary for a dignified life, assigning an economic value to each element to establish reference budgets adapted to household conditions. In the case of Spain, the Reference Budget for Dignified Living Conditions (PRCVD) represents a measurement in this regard for the first time. This budget is divided into eight expense categories reflecting key dimensions of households' and their members' dignified living conditions, such as food, housing, education, health, transportation, etc. The PRCVD serves as a framework that quantifies the necessary expenses to ensure dignified living conditions, considering the composition and specific needs of each household, thus providing a useful tool for analyzing and assessing the socio-economic conditions of households in Spain.

IntroductionThe prevalence of poor sleep quality and sleep apnea differs by race and ethnicity and may contribute to racial disparities in cognitive aging. We investigated whether sleep quality and sleep apnea risk were associated with cognitive function and decline and whether the associations differed by race/ethnicity.MethodsParticipants from the Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences (KHANDLE; N = 1690; mean age: 75.7 years) study, a cohort of Asian, Black, Latino, and White participants, completed a modified Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index assessing subjective sleep quality, latency, duration, disturbances, sleep medication use, and daytime dysfunction. Sleep apnea risk was measured by questions about snoring, tiredness, and whether apnea was observed. Executive function and verbal episodic memory were assessed at three time points over an average of 2.7 years with the Spanish and English Neuropsychological Assessment Scale. We fit linear mixed-effect models and stratified analyses by race/ethnicity.ResultsHigher sleep apnea risk was associated with faster declines in verbal episodic memory (β^ sleep apnea = -0.02, 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.04, -0.001) but not in executive function. Poorer sleep quality was associated with lower levels of and faster decline in executive function but not in verbal episodic memory. Race/ethnicity modified these associations: compared to estimated effects among White participants, poorer global sleep quality (β^ sleep*time = -0.02, 95% CI, -0.02, -0.01) was associated with larger effects on decline in executive function among Black participants. Estimated effects of some individual sleep quality components were also modified by race/ethnicity; for example, sleep medication use was associated with faster declines in executive function (β^ sleep*time = -0.05, 95% CI, -0.07, -0.03) and verbal episodic memory β^ sleep*time = -0.04, 95% CI, -0.07, -0.02) among Black participants compared to White participants.DiscussionObservational evidence indicates sleep quality is a promising target for addressing racial/ethnic disparities in cognitive aging, especially among Black older adults.HighlightsSleep apnea risk was associated with faster declines in verbal episodic memory but not executive function among all participants.Global sleep quality was associated with lower levels of and faster decline in executive function but not verbal episodic memory among all participants.Black older adults were particularly susceptible to the estimated adverse cognitive impacts of global sleep quality, particularly the use of sleep medication.

Abstract: Background: The oldest‐old are the fastest growing segment of the elderly population but very little is known about cognition in this age group; particularly in diverse populations. Our goal was to evaluate if domain specific cognitive change was different across different ethnoracial groups in those aged 90+. Method: LifeAfter90 (LA90) is an ongoing cohort of participants aged 90+ who are long‐term members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California participants. Participants (n = 984) were interviewed every 6 months for up to 3.5 years (1‐7 visits). Executive Function (EF) and Verbal Episodic Memory (VEM) were measured every six months using z‐standardized Spanish English Neuropsychological Assessment Scale. Racial/ethnic identify (Asian, Black, Latino, or White participants) was used in linear mixed models with random slopes and intercepts adjusting for baseline age, gender, education, interview mode, and practice effects. Result: Participants were 20% Latino, 23% Black, 24% Asian, 27% White, and 7% other individuals with a mean age of 92.4 (SD = 2.3) and a mean follow up time 1.1 years (Table 1). 39% of the cohort were men, 35% were college educated, and 29% were high school or less educated. Average annual change in EF was ‐0.06 (95% CI: ‐0.12, ‐0.00). Stratified models with Latino as the reference group showed White participants had significantly greater decline in EF (β = ‐0.13; 95%CI:‐0.20,‐0.06), followed by Asian participants (β = ‐0.09; 95%CI:‐0.17,‐0.01). EF scores among Black participants and participants who identified as other declined at a similar rate as Latino participants (β = ‐0.03; 95%CI:‐0.11,‐0.05; β = 0.00; 95%CI:‐0.10, 0.11; respectively) (Table 2: model 2). VEM had an annual change of ‐0.26 (95%CI: ‐0.40, ‐0.13), but there were no significant differences across ethnoracial groups in rate of decline. Conclusion: In this population of individuals aged 90+, decline in EF over the study period varied across ethnoracial group with White participants experiencing the fastest decline and Black, Latino, and other participants experiencing the slowest decline. Continued follow up will identify if there are differences in risk of cognitive impairment in this diverse population of oldest‐old. The results suggest the disparities in cognitive aging for those aged 90+ don’t mirror disparities seen in younger‐elderly ages.

Abstract: Background: Neuropathology studies of the oldest‐old have significantly advanced our understanding of the multiple etiologies late in very late life. Most studies, however, have limited ethnoracial diversity with almost exclusively White decedents. Our goal was to characterize neuropathology in a cohort of ethnically and racially diverse oldest‐old decedents. Method: The LifeAfter90 study is an ongoing cohort study of Kaiser Permanente Northern California members, aged 90+ with targeted recruitment of individuals across different racial/ethnic groups with no prior diagnosis of dementia in their medical record. Interviews and cognitive assessments occur approximately every 6 months. Brain donation was available to all interested consenting participants. Neuropathology was assessed using the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center Neuropathology form v.10 and used NIA‐AA guidelines for Alzheimer’s diagnoses. As of January 2023, 304 participants (40%) were enrolled in autopsy (20% Asian, 18% African American, 17% Latino, 9% Multiracial/Other, and 36% White). Result: Of the 304 participants, 59 had died and neuropathological evaluations were completed. The median age of death was 93 years (range 90‐105), 33 (56%) were female, 8 Asian, 5 Black, 10 Latino, 31 White, and 5 Multiracial/Other. At final clinical exam, 17 participants had dementia (29%), 25 questionable/mild cognitive impairment (42%), and 16 were cognitively normal (27%). Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular pathologies were the most frequent findings (Figure). Twenty two percent of participants did not have AD, one lacked neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). The most severe distributions/densities of NFTs and plaques were infrequent, with high likelihood of AD in two participants. For vascular pathologies, 98% had some level of arteriolosclerosis, 97% had atherosclerosis, 70% had amyloid angiopathy, and 26% had at least one old microinfarct. Other pathologies were less common: 27% had Lewy bodies, 18% had TDP‐43 deposits, and only one had Hippocampal sclerosis. Although data is sparse to test for associations, the proportion of individuals with dementia tended to increase with increasing pathology severity especially for AD pathologies. Conclusion: This diverse cohort of oldest‐old individuals reveal numerous brain pathologies are present with advanced age, with AD and select vascular pathologies being the most common. Future analyses will investigate their role with cognitive impairment.

Abstract: Background: Whether subjective evaluations of cognition can accurately predict cognitive decline is not well understood in ethnically diverse populations nor oldest‐old. In a multi‐ethnic cohort of adults aged 90+, we aim to investigate the association between self‐perceived memory concerns and objectively measured cognitive change. Method: LifeAfter90 is an active longitudinal cohort study of Kaiser Permanente Northern California members ages 90+ with no prior dementia diagnosis. Verbal episodic memory (VEM) and executive function (EF) were assessed every 6 months between July 2018 and March 2022 using the Spanish and English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales (SENAS). At baseline, participants answered the question “Are you concerned that you have a memory or other thinking problem?” We evaluated associations between memory concerns and domain‐specific cognition at baseline and over time using linear mixed models with random intercepts and slopes, adjusted for baseline age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, interview mode (in‐person or phone), and practice effects. Sensitivity analyses stratified by 1) gender and 2) age (+/‐ 95 years). Result: At baseline, participants (n = 975) had a mean age of 92.4 (SD = 2.3) years, 61% were women, 73% were racial/ethnic minorities, and 36% reported memory concerns (Table 1). Memory concerns were associated with worse baseline VEM (b = ‐0.17, 95% CI ‐0.27,‐0.07; Table 2) and EF (b = ‐0.08, 95% CI ‐0.15,‐0.01; Table 3), but not associated with rate of change for either domain. When stratified by gender, both men and women with memory concerns had worse baseline VEM (b = ‐0.21, 95% CI ‐0.36,‐0.06 and b = ‐0.15, 95% CI ‐0.27,‐0.02, respectively; Table 2). Additionally, men with memory concerns had worse baseline EF (b = ‐0.19; 95% CI ‐0.30,‐0.08; Table 3). Among participants younger than 95 years, memory concerns were associated with worse baseline VEM (b = ‐0.15, 95% CI ‐0.25,‐0.04; Table 2) and EF (b = ‐0.10, 95% CI ‐0.17,‐0.02; Table 3). Conclusion: In this diverse cohort of oldest‐old, those with subjective memory concerns had worse baseline VEM and EF. Although memory concern may suggest objective cognitive impairment, it is not associated with decline over the short term; (an average follow up time of 1.05 years). Additional follow up will identify how changes in memory concerns may be associated with cognitive change.

Background and objectivesThe associations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) with dementia risk in later life may be complex, and few studies have sufficient data to model nonlinearities or adequately adjust for statin use. We evaluated the observational associations of HDL-C and LDL-C with incident dementia in a large and well-characterized cohort with linked survey and electronic health record (EHR) data.MethodsKaiser Permanente Northern California health plan members aged 55 years and older who completed a health behavior survey between 2002 and 2007, had no history of dementia before the survey, and had laboratory measurements of cholesterol within 2 years after survey completion were followed up through December 2020 for incident dementia (Alzheimer disease-related dementia [ADRD]; Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia, and/or nonspecific dementia) based on ICD-9 or ICD-10 codes in EHRs. We used Cox models for incident dementia with follow-up time beginning 2 years postsurvey (after cholesterol measurement) and censoring at end of membership, death, or end of study period. We evaluated nonlinearities using B-splines, adjusted for demographic, clinical, and survey confounders, and tested for effect modification by baseline age or prior statin use.ResultsA total of 184,367 participants [mean age at survey = 69.5 years, mean HDL-C = 53.7 mg/dL (SD = 15.0), mean LDL-C = 108 mg/dL (SD = 30.6)] were included. Higher and lower HDL-C values were associated with elevated ADRD risk compared with the middle quantile: HDL-C in the lowest quintile was associated with an HR of 1.07 (95% CI 1.03-1.11), and HDL-C in the highest quintile was associated with an HR of 1.15 (95% CI 1.11-1.20). LDL-C was not associated with dementia risk overall, but statin use qualitatively modified the association. Higher LDL-C was associated with a slightly greater risk of ADRD for statin users (53% of the sample, HR per 10 mg/dL increase = 1.01, 95% CI 1.01-1.02) and a lower risk for nonusers (HR per 10 mg/dL increase = 0.98; 95% CI 0.97-0.99). There was evidence for effect modification by age with linear HDL-C (p = 0.003) but not LDL-C (p = 0.59).DiscussionBoth low and high levels of HDL-C were associated with elevated dementia risk. The association between LDL-C and dementia risk was modest.

ObjectivesAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with higher risk of chronic disease, but little is known about the association with late life cognitive decline. We examined the longitudinal association between ACEs and late-life cognitive decline in the Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans (STAR).DesignLinear mixed models with random intercepts and slope examined the association of individual and composite ACEs with cognitive change adjusting for years from baseline (timescale), baseline age, sex, parental education, childhood socioeconomic status and childhood social support. Participants reported whether they had experienced nine types of ACEs. Executive function and verbal episodic memory were measured up to three times over a 3-year period using the Spanish and English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales.SettingsKaiser Permanente Northern California members living in the Bay Area.ParticipantsSTAR is a cohort study of cognitive ageing launched in 2018 that has enrolled 764 black Americans ages ≥50 years (mean age=67.5; SD=8.5).ResultsTwenty-one per cent of participants reported no ACEs, 24% one ACE, 20% two ACEs, 17% three ACEs and 17% four or more ACEs. Compared with no ACEs, two ACEs (β=0.117; 95% CI 0.052 to 0.182), three ACEs (β=0.075; 95% CI 0.007 to 0.143) and four or more ACEs (β=0.089; 95% CI 0.002 to 0.158) were associated with less decline in executive function. There were no significant associations between number of ACEs and baseline or longitudinal verbal episodic memory or between individual ACEs and executive function or verbal episodic memory.ConclusionIn this cohort of older black Americans, there was no association between ACEs and baseline cognition or cognitive change in verbal episodic memory; however, experiencing ≥ 2 ACEs was associated with less decline in executive function. These results may indicate that participants who survived to age 50+ and experienced ACEs may have cognitive resilience that warrants further investigation.

This paper addresses an experience that integrates research and teaching with a gender-based perspective in the qualifying Master of Architecture at the University of Alicante. This experience interweaves heuristic and hermeneutic strategies with the purpose of providing students with methodologies and tools for analysis that encourage a critical approach to the built environment. The study of collective housing complexes created by women architects in Spain is the catalyst for a biographical inquiry and personal encounters with their works and with the residents, in which the interview becomes an instrument to overcome the condition of architecture as an object and explore its epistemic and political fecundity.

IntroductionHigher occupational complexity has been linked to favorable cognitive outcomes, but rarely examined in racially and ethnically diverse populations.MethodsIn a diverse cohort (n = 1536), linear mixed-effects models estimated associations between main lifetime occupational complexity and domain-specific cognitive decline (z-standardized). Occupational complexity with data, people, and things were classified using the Dictionary of Occupational Titles.ResultsFor occupational complexity with data, highest tertile (vs. lowest) was associated with higher baseline executive function (β = 0.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.00-0.22) and slower annual rate of decline (β = 0.03; 95% CI 0.01-0.06), and higher baseline semantic memory (β = 0.14; 95% CI 0.04-0.25). Highest tertile of occupational complexity with people was associated with higher baseline executive function (β = 0.29; 95% CI 0.18-0.40), verbal episodic memory (β = 0.12; 95% CI 0.00-0.24), and semantic memory (β = 0.23; 95% CI 0.12-0.34).DiscussionIn a diverse cohort, higher occupational complexity is associated with better cognition. Findings should be verified in larger cohorts.HighlightFew studies have examined associations of occupational complexity with cognition in diverse populations. Racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately exposed to lower occupational complexity. Occupational complexity with data and people are associated with better cognition.

IntroductionThe challenge of accounting for practice effects (PEs) when modeling cognitive change was amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic, which introduced period and mode effects that may bias the estimation of cognitive trajectory.MethodsIn three Kaiser Permanente Northern California prospective cohorts, we compared predicted cognitive trajectories and the association of grip strength with cognitive decline using three approaches: (1) no acknowledgment of PE, (2) inclusion of a wave indicator, and (3) constraining PE based on a preliminary model (APM) fit using a subset of the data.ResultsAPM-based correction for PEs based on balanced, pre-pandemic data, and with current age as the timescale produced the smallest discrepancy between within-person and between-person estimated age effects. Estimated associations between grip strength and cognitive decline were not sensitive to the approach used.DiscussionConstraining PEs based on a preliminary model is a flexible, pragmatic approach allowing for meaningful interpretation of cognitive change.HighlightsThe magnitude of practice effects (PEs) varied widely by study. When PEs were present, the three PE approaches resulted in divergent estimated age-related cognitive trajectories. Estimated age-related cognitive trajectories were sometimes implausible in models that did not account for PEs. The associations between grip strength and cognitive decline did not differ by the PE approach used. Constraining PEs based on estimates from a preliminary model allows for a meaningful interpretation of cognitive change.

IntroductionBlack students attending predominantly White institutions (PWIs) versus historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) report more harmful discrimination and develop worse mental health outcomes, potentially offsetting the established benefits of college for lowering dementia incidence.MethodsBlack participants in two cohorts (the Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences [KHANDLE] and the Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans [STAR]) who had attended college (N = 716) self-reported the college name (classified as HBCU vs. PWI) and completed three waves of executive function (EF) and verbal episodic memory (VEM) assessments. HBCU effects on cognitive level and decline were estimated using adjusted linear mixed-effects models.ResultsHBCU (vs. PWI) attendees averaged better EF (β = 0.05 [-0.22, 0.32]) and VEM (β = 0.21 [-0.06, 0.46]) at age 70 though neither association was statistically significant. HBCU attendance was associated with slightly faster VEM decline (β = -0.03 [-0.05, 0.00]).DiscussionHarmonized analyses with larger studies are needed to estimate important effects of HBCU attendance.HighlightsHigher education is robustly linked to lower dementia risk, yet Black-White inequities persist among college-educated adults. Black students attending predominantly White institutions (PWIs) versus historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) report more harmful discrimination and develop worse mental health outcomes, which may offset the established benefits of college for lowering dementia incidence. HBCU (vs. non-HBCU) attendees averaged better executive function and verbal episodic memory (VEM) at average age 70, though confidence intervals were wide and associations were not statistically significant, and averaged slightly faster decline in VEM. Harmonized analyses using larger nationally representative studies are likely needed to avoid underestimating the health effects of HBCU attendance.

Objective: Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection is the most devastating adverse event related to any invasive CIED procedure. Our study investigates the adjunct use of a novel taurolidine containing antimicrobial solution during cardiac implantable electronic device placement to prevent cardiac implantable electronic device infection. Methods: The authors prospectively evaluate all consecutive CIED procedures performed with adjunct use of the taurolidine containing antimicrobial adjunct in our centre. Cardiac implantable electronic device, procedure and patient related risk factors are recorded. Primary endpoint was major CIED infection. Patients were followed-up three months after implantation for acute CIED infections and one year after for subacute CIED infections. Results: From September 2023 to January 2024, 26 high-risk CIED procedures were conducted with the taurolidine-based antimicrobial adjunct. Throughout the 3-month follow-up period, no infections were observed. Additionally, only one adverse event related to the CIED was recorded, with no adverse events of any severity related to the procedures or the antimicrobial adjunct, nor was any all-cause mortality reported during the follow-up period. Conclusions: The use of the taurolidine containing antimicrobial adjunct for any CIED procedure is safe. No adverse event in relation could be recorded.

Las fuentes son el fundamento de toda investigación, tal y como se enuncia en el prólogo, y es imprescindible ‘navegar’ a través de su diversidad. Su condición múltiple, fluida y mutable hace que trabajar con ellas sea una labor similar a la de la tejeduría. Las arquitecturas construidas y las imaginadas en diversos soportes, los materiales gráficos, los testimonios orales, los recursos bibliográficos y digitales o los archivos, por citar algunas, se entretejen como si fuesen trama y urdimbre para elaborar el armazón de la investigación. Tejer —del lat. texere, de cuyo participio pasado, textus, procede la palabra ‘texto’— es la acción de componer, ordenar y colocar con método en sentido material y, también, figurado mediante ideas y pensamientos. Una actividad vinculada desde los orígenes a la arquitectura (en ella cifró Semper la tienda como arquetipo y ella explica la reverberación de ciertos motivos decorativos a lo ancho de la geografía y a lo largo de la historia) y al quehacer de las personas, como bien reivindica Irene Vallejo a través de sus tejedoras de palabras e historias (los textos son, de hecho y según el Dle, enunciados o conjuntos coherentes de enunciados orales o escritos).

Abstract: Background: SuperAgers are individuals who maintain superior cognitive performance despite advanced age. Most studies define SuperAgers as superior performers only in episodic memory. Our aim was to assess in a diverse oldest‐old cohort if superior performance in one domain indicates superior performance in other domains and explore demographic characteristics. Methods: The LifeAfter90 study is a multi‐ethnic cohort of members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California aged 90 or older. Baseline verbal episodic memory (VEM), semantic memory (SM), and executive function (EF) were evaluated using the Spanish and English Neuropsychological Assessment Scale (SENAS). SuperAgers were individuals who scored above the mean of domain and race‐specific SENAS scores from a reference cohort aged 65‐70 years. The reference group were similar participants from the Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences (KHANDLE) study. To assess the association between age, sex, education, and being a SuperAger, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using multiple logistic regression. Results: The 617 study participants (236 men and 381 women) had a mean age of 92.9 years (Table1). 53.6% of individuals were SuperAgers in one domain, 22.8% in any two domains, and 7.7% in all three domains. 7.0% of individuals were SuperAgers in SM and EF, 4.5% in VEM and EF, and 3.5% in VEM and SM (Figure1). SuperAgers were younger than non‐SuperAgers. Women were more likely to be SuperAgers in VEM (OR = 2.13; 95%CI: 1.43,3.18) and EF (OR = 2.18; 95%CI: 1.44,3.30) and less likely in SM (OR = 0.49; 95%CI: 0.34,0.71) compared to men. Higher education was related to being a SuperAger in SM (OR = 1.85; 95%CI: 1.28,2.67) and EF (OR = 2.56; 95%CI: 1.74,3.78) but not VEM (Table2). Conclusion: In this diverse cohort of oldest‐old SuperAgers we found that exceptional episodic memory performance does not indicate exceptional performance in other cognitive domains. Education was not a predictor of exceptional performance in all domains. Future work should investigate predictors of exceptional cognitive aging after age 90.

BackgroundThough dementia rates vary by racial or ethnic groups, it is unknown if these disparities remain among those aged 90 or older.AimsTo test this hypothesis, we used baseline clinical evaluation of 541 ethnically and racially diverse individuals participating in the LifeAfter90 Study to assess how associations between core demographic characteristics and measures of physical and cognitive performance differ across the racial/ethnic groups.MethodsParticipants in this study were long-term non-demented members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California. They were clinically evaluated and diagnosed with normal or impaired cognition (mild cognitive impairment and dementia) through an in-person comprehensive clinical assessment consisting of a detailed medical history, physical and neurological examination, functional, and cognitive tests.ResultsThe average age at enrollment was 93.0 ± 2.6 years, 62.4% female and 34.2% non-Hispanic White. At initial evaluation 301 participants had normal cognition and 165 had mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and despite screening, 69 participants were determined to have dementia. Age, education, 3MS, FAQ and CDR scores were significantly associated with cognitive impairment (normal versus MCI and dementia), but not gender. There was a significant univariate association between race/ethnicity and cognitive impairment (p

This paper reveals the first results of the study carried out within the framework of the research project «A Situated View: Women’s Architecture in Spain from Peripheral Approaches, 1978-2008», in the context of the regions of Valencia and Murcia in Eastern and Southeastern Spain. It deals with the architectural production effectuated exclusively by women architects—alone or together with other women—in the period spanning from 1978 to 2008, i. e., between the democratic transition and the global financial and economic crisis beginning late in 2007. The research brings together bibliographical survey and fieldwork based on direct contact and conversations with women architects, many of whom were absent from the specialised media. Works of different type, use and scale are explored to reveal their increasing production in the last decade of the study, a record of diversity of uses in which residential buildings and works with an average surface area between 1,000 m2 and 10,000 m2 prevail, as well as new buildings as opposed to renovations or refurbishments. This research vindicates the names of women architects, such as Pilar Amorós, Lola Alonso, Lourdes García Sogo, Anna Bofill, and Rufina Campuzano, among other women architects from several generations, and architecture from the Spanish geographic periphery, with the aim of exposing and highlighting a plurality in the ways of making and understanding architecture that completes the historiography. This paper thus consists of a historiographical review open to new contributions and to fill the gaps detected to date.

Resumen: En los últimos años se ha modificado el significado de adecuación en diálisis peritoneal. Hemos asistido a una transición desde un concepto de adecuación enfocado esencialmente a la obtención de unos objetivos en determinados parámetros —aclaramiento de solutos y ultrafiltración— a una aproximación más holística centrada en la calidad de vida del paciente. El propósito de este documento es proporcionar a sus destinatarios recomendaciones, actualizadas y centradas en nuestro entorno sociosanitario, para la adecuación y la prescripción de la diálisis peritoneal. El documento se ha estructurado en tres grandes apartados: adecuación, función renal residual y prescripción en diálisis peritoneal continua ambulatoria y diálisis peritoneal automática. Recientemente se ha publicado una guía sobre el mismo tema, elaborada por un Comité de Expertos de la Sociedad Internacional de Diálisis Peritoneal (ISPD) (2020). En consideración a las aportaciones del grupo de expertos de la ISPD y a la cuasi simultaneidad de los dos proyectos se hacen referencias a esta guía en los apartados pertinentes. Se ha seguido una metodología sistemática (GRADE), que especifica el nivel de evidencia y la fuerza de las sugerencias y recomendaciones propuestas, y facilita actualizaciones futuras de la guía. Abstract: In recent years, the meaning of adequacy in peritoneal dialysis has changed. We have witnessed a transition from an exclusive achievement of specific objectives —namely solute clearances and ultrafiltration— to a more holistic approach more focused to on the quality of life of these patients. The purpose of this document is to provide recommendations, updated and oriented to social and health environment, for the adequacy and prescription of peritoneal dialysis. The document has been divided into three main sections: adequacy, residual kidney function and prescription of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and automated peritoneal dialysis. Recently, a guide on the same topic has been published by a Committee of Experts of the International Society of Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD 2020). In consideration of the contributions of the group of experts and the quasi-simultaneity of the two projects, references are made to this guide in the relevant sections. We have used a systematic methodology (GRADE), which specifies the level of evidence and the strength of the proposed suggestions and recommendations, facilitating future updates of the document.

IntroductionSome evidence suggests that neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with dementia-related outcomes. However, prior research is predominantly among non-Latino Whites.MethodsWe evaluated the association between neighborhood disadvantage (Area Deprivation Index [ADI]) and dementia incidence in Asian American (n = 18,103) and non-Latino White (n = 149,385) members of a Northern California integrated health care delivery system aged 60 to 89 at baseline. Race/ethnicity-specific Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for individual-level age, sex, socioeconomic measures, and block group population density estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for dementia.ResultsAmong non-Latino Whites, ADI was associated with dementia incidence (most vs. least disadvantaged ADI quintile HR = 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02-1.15). Among Asian Americans, associations were close to null (e.g., most vs. least disadvantaged ADI quintile HR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.85-1.21).DiscussionADI was associated with dementia incidence among non-Latino Whites but not Asian Americans. Understanding the potentially different mechanisms driving dementia incidence in these groups could inform dementia prevention efforts.

ObjectivesWe examined the association of generational status and age at immigration with later life cognitive outcomes in a diverse sample of Latinos and Asian Americans.DesignBaseline data were obtained from the Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences (KHANDLE) study, and a prospective cohort is initiated in 2017.SettingOlder adults in Northern California.ParticipantsOur cohort consisted of Asians (n = 411) and Latinos (n = 340) who were on average 76 years old (SD = 6.8).MeasurementsWe used multivariable linear regression models to estimate associations between generational status and age at immigration (collapsed into one five-level variable) with measures of verbal episodic memory, semantic memory, and executive function, adjusting for age, gender, race and ethnicity, and own- and parental education.ResultsGenerational status and age at immigration were associated with cognitive outcomes in a graded manner. Compared to third-generation or higher immigrants, first-generation immigration in adulthood was associated with lower semantic memory (β = -0.96; 95% CI: -1.12, -0.81) than immigration in adolescence (β = -0.68; 95% CI: -0.96, -0.41) or childhood (β = -0.28; 95% CI: -0.49, -0.06). Moreover, immigration in adulthood was associated with lower executive function (β = -0.63; 95% CI: -0.78, -0.48) than immigration in adolescence (β = -0.49; 95% CI: -0.75, -0.23). Similarly, compared to third-generation individuals, first-generation immigrants had lower executive functioning scores.ConclusionsOur study supports the notion that sociocontextual influences in early life impact later life cognitive scores. Longitudinal studies are needed to further clarify how immigration characteristics affect cognitive decline.

BackgroundModifiable risks for dementia are more prevalent in rural populations, yet there is a dearth of research examining life course rural residence on late-life cognitive decline.MethodsThe association of rural residence and socioeconomic status (SES) in childhood and adulthood with late-life cognitive domains (verbal episodic memory, executive function, and semantic memory) and cognitive decline in the Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences cohort was estimated using marginal structural models with stabilized inverse probability weights.ResultsAfter adjusting for time-varying SES, the estimated marginal effect of rural residence in childhood was harmful for both executive function (β = -0.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.32, -0.06) and verbal episodic memory (β = -0.22, 95% CI = -0.35, -0.08). Effects of adult rural residence were imprecisely estimated with beneficial point estimates for both executive function (β = 0.19; 95% CI = -0.07, 0.44) and verbal episodic memory (β = 0.24, 95% CI = -0.07, 0.55).ConclusionsChildhood rurality is associated with poorer late-life cognition independent of SES.

Sex or gender differences in the risk of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) differ by world region, suggesting that there are potentially modifiable risk factors for intervention. However, few epidemiological or clinical ADRD studies examine sex differences; even fewer evaluate gender in the context of ADRD risk. The goals of this perspective are to: (1) provide definitions of gender, biologic sex, and sexual orientation. and the limitations of examining these as binary variables; (2) provide an overview of what is known with regard to sex and gender differences in the risk, prevention, and diagnosis of ADRD; and (3) discuss these sex and gender differences from a global, worldwide perspective. Identifying drivers of sex and gender differences in ADRD throughout the world is a first step in developing interventions unique to each geographical and sociocultural area to reduce these inequities and to ultimately reduce global ADRD risk. HIGHLIGHTS: The burden of dementia is unevenly distributed geographically and by sex and gender. Scientific advances in genetics and biomarkers challenge beliefs that sex is binary. Discrimination against women and sex and gender minority (SGM) populations contributes to cognitive decline. Sociocultural factors lead to gender inequities in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) worldwide.

We evaluated overall and race-specific relationships between social integration and cognition in older adults. Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences (KHANDLE) cohort participants included 1343 Asian, Black, Latino, or non-Latino White Kaiser Permanente Northern California members. We estimated the effect of social integration on verbal episodic memory, semantic memory, and executive function derived from the Spanish and English Neuropsychological Assessment (SENAS) Scales. Social integration scores included marital status; volunteer activity; and contact with children, relatives, friends, and confidants. We estimated covariate-adjusted linear mixed-effects models for baseline and 17-month follow-up cognition. Social integration was associated with higher baseline cognitive scores (average  β = 0.066 (95% confidence interval: 0.040, 0.092)) overall and in each racial/ethnic group. The association did not vary by race/ethnicity. Social integration was not associated with the estimated rate of cognitive change. In this cohort, more social integration was similarly associated with better late-life cognition across racial/ethnic groups.

IntroductionMost dementia studies are not population-representative; statistical tools can be applied to samples to obtain critically-needed population-representative estimates, but are not yet widely used.MethodsWe pooled data from the Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences (KHANDLE) study and the California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (CA-BRFSS), a population-representative study. Using weights accounting for sociodemographic/health differences between KHANDLE and CA-BRFSS, we estimated cognitive impairment prevalence and age- and sex-adjusted racial/ethnic inequalities in California adults 65+ without prior dementia diagnosis.ResultsAfter weighting KHANDLE, the estimated cognitive impairment prevalence in California was 20.3% (95% confidence interval 17.8-23.0); unweighted prevalence was 24.8% (23.1%-26.6%). Inequalities (larger prevalences) were observed among Black and Asian groups versus whites.DiscussionWe used a novel statistical approach to estimate population-representative cognitive impairment prevalence and inequalities. Such statistical tools can help obtain population-representative estimates from existing studies and inform efforts to reduce racial/ethnic disparities.

IntroductionLiterature shows lower dementia incidence in Asian American groups versus whites, varying by Asian ethnicity. One hypothesized driver is nativity differences (eg, healthy immigrant effect).MethodsWe followed a cohort of 6243 Chinese, 4879 Filipino, 3256 Japanese, and 141,158 white Kaiser Permanente Northern California members for incident dementia (2002 to 2020), estimating age-adjusted dementia incidence rates by ethnicity and nativity, and hazard ratios (HR) for nativity on dementia incidence using ethnicity-stratified age- and sex-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsDementia incidence appeared higher in foreign- versus US-born Filipinos (HR, 95% confidence interval: 1.39, 1.02 to 1.89); differences were small in Japanese (1.07, 0.88 to 1.30) and Chinese (1.07, 0.92 to 1.24). No nativity differences were observed among whites (1.00, 0.95 to 1.04).DiscussionNativity does not explain lower dementia incidence in Asian Americans versus whites, but may contribute to heterogeneity across Asian ethnicities. Future research should explore differential impacts of social and cardiometabolic factors.

Resumen: Introducción: durante los últimos años, la especialidad de anestesia y reanimación ha mantenido una popularidad alta. Para investigar esta tendencia, esta encuesta evaluó sus conocimientos teóricos de nuevos residentes y las motivaciones de esta elección. Métodos: los 70 residentes de la comunidad autónoma de Madrid que entraron en la especialidad en 2022 fueron seleccionados en la encuesta. Se evaluó el entorno, la exposición a la especialidad en el periodo formativo y las motivaciones, junto con una evaluación de conocimientos de 15 preguntas de tipo test. Resultados: se obtuvieron 60 de 70 (85,7%) respuestas. El 58,3% de los residentes completaron sus estudios universitarios en Madrid y el 98,3% escogieron anestesia como primera elección. Durante su formación académica, el 65% habían cursado una asignatura de Anestesia y el 66,7% habían realizado prácticas clínicas. Haber realizado prácticas influenció en los residentes en su elección para la especialidad (p < 0,001), pero no para cursar una asignatura (p=0,88). En cuanto a factores que motivaron su elección, la variedad de técnicas disponibles influyó en la elección del 76,7%, la amplitud de conocimientos requeridos para el 75% y las salidas profesionales para el 73,3% de los residentes. La mediana de resultados en el tipo test fue de 13 de 15 respuestas correctas. Conclusión: la mayoría de los residentes realizaron prácticas clínicas, estando expuestos a su futura especialidad, lo cual orientó hacia su decisión final. Entre los factores que participaron en su elección, la variedad de técnicas fue el principal. Abstract: Background: Over the past years, choice of specialization in Anaesthesiology and intensive care has become more popular in Spain among medical students. We designed a survey to study this trend, assessing theoretical knowledge and factors which participated to the choice of anaesthesia, among first-year residents in the region of Madrid. Methods: A survey was designed to evaluate the background, exposure to anaesthesia during medical school training, and motivation, followed by a test of knowledge based on 15 multiple choice questions. The questions were proposed to the seventy residents of the Madrid Autonomous Region who started their training program in 2022. Results: 60/70 (85,7%) residents answered the survey. Only 58,3% of respondents had studied in Madrid and 98,3% had chosen anaesthesia as their first option. During their medical degree, 65% of them had received theoretical lectures in anaesthesia and 66,7% did a clinical rotation. Choosing to specialize in Anaesthesiology was influenced by doing clinical rotations (p < 0,001), but not by receiving lectures (p=0,88). When asked about the main reasons for selecting anaesthesia, the variety of technical skills available had influenced 76,7% residents, the width of knowledge 75% and the career opportunities 73,3% of residents. The median score for the knowledge test reached 13/15 of correct answers. Conclusion: Most of our first-year residents did a clinical rotation during their medical degree and were exposed to their future specialty, which oriented their choice. When considering anaesthesia as a choice, technical skills was the most influencing factor.

El sentido original del archivo radica en el griego arkheîon, palabra que designaba la residencia de los arcontes, quienes tenían el derecho de interpretar los documentos confiados en depósito desde su condición de dominio. Lugares de poder y control que no garantizan la verdad, como advertía Orwell. No obstante, Michel Foucault nos señaló en los inicios de la posmodernidad que los archivos dejaban de estar circunscritos a un espacio físico y asumían una condición abstracta de dispositivo transformador de enunciados y discursos. Además, aquellos cambios en el orden y las dinámicas del archivo se han visto acentuados por las nuevas tecnologías digitales, como apunta Wolfang Ernst, y han afectado a cómo se produce y se consume el conocimiento y, consecuentemente, reconfigurado sus estructuras de poder. Entonces, ¿qué debemos conservar si asimilamos el archivo a un ‘depósito de significados’ tal y como lo enuncia Eric Ketelaar?

ObjectiveCognitive functioning is associated with instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) performance among older adults. The present study examines potential differences in the prevalence of IADL difficulty and association with cognition across diverse groups.MethodParticipants included 455 non-Hispanic Whites, 395 Blacks, 370 Asians, and 296 Latinos aged 65 years and older without a current dementia diagnosis from the Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experience cohort. Participants' self-reported IADL functioning and cognition was measured across episodic memory and executive functioning.ResultsOlder age, male gender, and being Black were associated with more IADL difficulties. Executive functioning showed a stronger association with IADLs than memory, and it was independent of health status, whereas memory was not. In joint models including both cognitive domains, executive functioning remained a significant predictor of IADL difficulty, but memory did not. Results for both cognitive domains were attenuated with self-rated health added to the joint model. These relationships did not significantly differ across racial/ethnic groups.ConclusionsOur study supports previous work suggesting that Black older adults are at increased risk for IADL disability. This is the first study we are aware of that examined the association between specific cognitive domains and IADL performance across multiple racial/ethnic groups. Findings indicate that cognitive functioning has similar associations with self-reported IADL disability across diverse groups, and that executive functioning plays a particularly important role in IADL disability among older adults without dementia; however, health status largely attenuates the relationship between IADL difficulty and cognition.

OBJECTIVE: To compare dementia incidence and prevalence after age 50 years by HIV status. DESIGN: Observational cohort, 2000-2016. METHODS: People with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and demographically similar people without HIV (PWoH), all aged 50 years and older, were identified from Kaiser Permanente healthcare systems in Northern California, Southern California, and Mid-Atlantic States (Maryland, Virginia, Washington DC). Dementia diagnoses were obtained from electronic health records. Incidence and prevalence of dementia, overall and by time period (i.e. 2000-2002, 2003-2004, …, 2015-2016), were calculated using Poisson regression. Trends were examined using Joinpoint regression. Rate ratios were used to compare dementia by HIV status with adjustment for sociodemographics, substance use, and clinical factors. RESULTS: The study included 13 296 PWH and 155 354 PWoH (at baseline: for both, mean age = 54 years, 89% men; for PWH, 80% with HIV RNA

IntroductionThe incidence of both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing. Life expectancy is improving in T1D, resulting in a growing population of elderly adults with diabetes. While it is well established that older adults with T2D are at increased risk of cognitive impairment, little is known regarding cognitive aging in T1D and how their cognitive profiles may differ from T2D.Research design and methodsWe compared baseline cognitive function and low cognitive function by diabetes status (n=734 T1D, n=232 T2D, n=247 without diabetes) among individuals from the Study of Longevity in Diabetes (mean age=68). We used factor analysis to group cognition into five domains and a composite measure of total cognition. Using linear and logistic regression models, we examined the associations between diabetes type and cognitive function, adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, depression, and sleep quality.ResultsT1D was associated with lower scores on total cognition, language, executive function/psychomotor processing speed, and verbal episodic memory, and greater odds of low executive function/psychomotor processing speed (OR=2.99, 95% CI 1.66 to 5.37) and verbal episodic memory (OR=1.92, 95% CI 1.07 to 3.46), compared with those without diabetes. T2D was associated with lower scores on visual episodic memory. Compared with T2D, T1D was associated with lower scores on verbal episodic memory and executive function/psychomotor processing speed and greater odds of low executive function/psychomotor processing speed (OR=1.74, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.92).ConclusionsOlder adults with T1D had significantly poorer cognition compared with those with T2D and those without diabetes even after accounting for a range of comorbidities. Future studies should delineate how to reduce risk in this vulnerable population who are newly surviving to old age.