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Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that affect crop production in worldwide. Seed germination is the most sensitive stage affected by salinity. Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is a widely cultivated minor-crop with huge economic importance in China. However, little is known about the effect of plant hormones during seed germination under salt stress. In this study, our results shown the germination rate decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. The effect of four different synthetic phytohormones (ethephon; gibberellin, GA3; 6-benzylaminopurine, 6-BA; and naphthalene acetic acid, NAA) at different concentrations on the germination of seeds under low (50 mmol L−1 NaCl) and high (100 mmol L−1 NaCl) concentration of salt stress have been investigated. Pretreatments with ethephon, GA3 and 6-BA have alleviated the adverse effects of salt stress during seed germination, whereas pretreatment with NAA has aggravated the adverse effects due to salt stress. The most effective treatments for alleviating the adverse effect of salt stress on common buckwheat seed germination were 100 mg L−1 of ethephon, 100 mg L−1 of GA3, and 200 ug L−1 of 6-BA. This study provides a new insight for cultivation of common buckwheat especially the seed germination of common buckwheat in saline environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rocoto (Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.) (Solanaceae) is an endemic herbaceous chili pepper from Peru. Low yields of rocoto production are due to the low availability of certified seeds or the production of superior plant seedlings. Therefore, the present study aimed to establish an in vitro protocol for the regeneration and multiplication of rocoto shoots. The multiplication was carried out on shoot tips excised from rocoto seedlings germinated under in vitro conditions, and then the explants were placed on Murashigue and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Kinetin: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L. For rooting, shoots were obtained from the multiplication phase and placed under different treatments made up of MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of indole butyric acid (IBA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA): 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L. In the multiplication phase, the best results were observed with MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BAP, with 82.22% shoot development, 2.93 shoots per explant and 2.75 cm shoot length. In the rooting phase, the best results were observed with MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L IBA, with 91.11% root development, 9.73 roots per explant and 6.79 cm root length. Here, we show the first evidence and tool for the in vitro regeneration and multiplication of rocoto chili pepper, which could be used for the multiplication of superior genotypes, germplasm in vitro conservation and its use in plant breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waterlogging during the anthesis, exacerbated by continuous rainy weather and heavy soil, has become a primary limiting factor affecting wheat yield in southern China's rice‐wheat rotation regions. Previous research indicates that utilizing exogenous 6‐benzylaminopurine (6‐BA) can effectively alleviate the adverse effects of continuous rain on wheat yield, while the fundamental process is yet to be fully understood. In this research, two wheat varieties with contrasting waterlogging sensitivities were selected, which were exposed to waterlogging and shading for 7, 11, and 15 days after anthesis. Subsequently, three different concentrations of 6‐BA solution (15, 25, and 35 mg L−1) were applied through spraying. The application of 6‐BA significantly increased the total soluble sugar and starch content in grains during the filling process, as well as enhanced the activities of starch synthesis‐related enzymes: sucrose synthase (SuS, EC 2.4.1.13), ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase, EC 2.7.7.21), and starch phosphorylase (Pho, EC 2.4.1.1). Moreover, the application of 6‐BA notably enhanced the transfer and transport rate for non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) in the stem and sheath. It resulted in a notable increase in the distribution ratio of dry matter in the grain, ultimately leading to higher grain weight and yield. Applying 6‐BA through spraying mitigated the adverse effects of waterlogging and shading on starch accumulation and dry matter transport in grains, thereby improving grain weight. The most effective concentration in this experiment was 25 mg L−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rocoto (Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.) (Solanaceae) is an endemic herbaceous chili pepper from Peru. Low yields of rocoto production are due to the low availability of certified seeds or the production of superior plant seedlings. Therefore, the present study aimed to establish an in vitro protocol for the regeneration and multiplication of rocoto shoots. The multiplication was carried out on shoot tips excised from rocoto seedlings germinated under in vitro conditions, and then the explants were placed on Murashigue and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Kinetin: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L. For rooting, shoots were obtained from the multiplication phase and placed under different treatments made up of MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of indole butyric acid (IBA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA): 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L. In the multiplication phase, the best results were observed with MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BAP, with 82.22% shoot development, 2.93 shoots per explant and 2.75 cm shoot length. In the rooting phase, the best results were observed with MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L IBA, with 91.11% root development, 9.73 roots per explant and 6.79 cm root length. Here, we show the first evidence and tool for the in vitro regeneration and multiplication of rocoto chili pepper, which could be used for the multiplication of superior genotypes, germplasm in vitro conservation and its use in plant breeding programs.

Plant molecular farming is currently operating a transition from soil‐based cultures toward hydroponic systems. In this study, we designed a whole‐plant NFT (nutrient film technique) platform for the transient expression of influenza virus‐like particles harboring hemagglutinin H1 proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana. In particular, we examined the effects of plant density during the post‐infiltration expression phase on plant growth and H1 yield in relation to the daily light integral (DLI) received by the crop and the exogenous application of 6‐BAP cytokinin (CK). We expected from previous work that high DLI and CK treatments would stimulate the development of highly productive leaves on axillary (secondary) stems and thereby improve the H1 yield at the whole‐plant scale. Increasing plant density from 35.7 to 61 plants m–2 during the post‐infiltration phase significantly decreased the proportion of axillary leaf biomass by 30% and H1 yield per plant by 39%, resulting in no additional yield gain on a whole‐crop area basis. Adding CK to the recirculated nutrient solution decreased the harvested leaf biomass by 31% and did not enhance the relative proportion of S leaves of the plants as previously reported with foliar CK application. There was a 36% increase in H1 yield when doubling the DLI from 14 to 28 mol m–2 s–1, and up to 71% yield gain when combining such an increase in DLI with the hydroponic CK treatment. Contrary to our expectations, leaves located on the main stem, particularly those from the upper half of the plant (i.e., eighth leaf and above), contributed about 80% of total H1 yield. Our study highlights the significantly different phenotype (~30% less secondary leaf biomass) and divergent responses to light and CK treatments of NFT‐grown N. benthamiana plants compared to previous studies conducted on potted plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Storage & Process is the property of Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Theobroma cacao and T. bicolor are among the most important agricultural crops of the Mexican tropics. Currently, in Mexico, the propagation of these crops is performed via seeds, which indicates that demand exceeds production. In this context, somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an alternative to this approach. Thus, we evaluated the presence of embryogenic genotypes of T. cacao and T. bicolor in the Papaloapan Basin of Mexico with the idea of implementing this technology in the region. The analysis of the phenotypic expression of the floral whorls demonstrated that, unlike T. bicolor, the combination of 6-benzylaminopurine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid induces different morphogenetic responses in the genotypes that were evaluated in the primary callus phase of T. cacao. Staminodia presented with the highest percentage of caulogenesis in T. cacao, whereas T. bicolor presented with the highest frequency of caulogenesis in Staminodia and carpels. Some calli differentiated in the roots to a greater extent than those derived from the staminodes of T. cacao. The calli of T. bicolor did not differentiate. A parallel study using thidiazuron as an inducer demonstrated similar results for calli of both species; however, rhizogenesis from staminodes was 50% lower for the evaluated genotypes of T. cacao. Staminodes were the only structures that demonstrated primary somatic embryogenesis (PSE) in 66% of the T. cacao genotypes that were evaluated by using benzylaminopurine. Finally, secondary somatic embryogenesis (SSE) was evaluated in cotyledons and reached a 60% success rate, of which 95.48% were normal somatic embryos. Both types of embryogenesis were morphologically characterized using optical and/or scanning electron microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (family Asparagaceae) is an endemic plant in China that is valuable for its edible and medicinal uses. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are natural or synthetic compounds that can regulate plant development and metabolism effectively. To explore potential applications of PGRs for improving the yield and bioactivity of this plant, four PGRs, including gibberellic acid (GA3), 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 24-epibrassinolide (EBL), were used in this study and sprayed on the growing seedlings of P. cyrtonema. All of these PGRs did not significantly affect the growth rate of P. cyrtonema, but they had varying effects on the polysaccharide and saponin content in the rhizome. NAA and 6-BA positively affected the polysaccharide content, while most PGR treatments negatively affected the saponin content. Widely targeted metabolomic analysis based on UPLC-MS/MS was conducted and revealed 101 differential metabolites in response to 6-BA, most of which were flavonoids, steroids and lipids. Most of the significantly changed flavonoids decreased under the 6-BA treatment. The study provides insights into the potential use of PGRs for improving the quality of P. cyrtonema, particularly in regulating the content of bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The androgenesis is efficiently used to produce doubled-haploid plants. Currently, the modified NLN medium is the only suggested medium for microspore culture in eggplant. In this study, we have investigated the effects of three different types of media (modified NLN, Gamborg's B5, and Murashige and Skoog (MS)) on the induction of microspore androgenesis in eggplant. B5 medium with 2% sucrose, 0.5 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), and 0.5 mg/L 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) showed the best results for microspore-derived callus formation. The results exhibit the significant role of the B5 medium in improving microspore androgenesis in eggplant and suggest that this medium can be a new way to progress microspore culture in this plant. We also analyzed the potential of several hormone treatments in MS medium for plant regeneration from microspore-derived calli. The five treatments, M28 (4 mg/L BAP), M19 (8 mg/L BAP + 8 mg/L kinetin = Kin), M25 (4 mg/L Kin + 0.2 mg/L NAA), M20 (0.4 mg/L BAP + 0.4 mg/L Kin), and M27 (4 mg/L BAP + 0.2 mg/L Indole-3-butyric acid = IBA) produced the highest number of shoot primordia in the primary culture, respectively. After subculturing, the M28 treatment had the highest number of shoot primordia and shoots with 1–10 mm and 11–30 mm sizes. The 100 microspore-derived plants were randomly selected and analyzed to determine their ploidy level. The percentages of haploid, diploid, and mixoploid plants were 6%, 84%, and 10%, respectively.Key message: Gamborg’s B5 medium can be used to produce large numbers of microspore-derived calli in eggplant. Additionally, haploid plantlets can be regenerated using a BAP and Kin-based protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

6‐benzylaminopurine (6‐BA), a multifunctional plant growth regulator, which is frequently used worldwide to improve qualities of various crops, is an important ingredient in production of "toxic bean sprouts." Although there is no direct evidence of adverse effects, its hazardous effects, as well as joint toxicity with other chemicals, have received particular attention and aroused furious debate between proponents and environmental regulators. By use of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), adverse effects of 6‐BA to human‐derived cells were first demonstrated in this study. A total of 25–50 mg 6‐BA/L inhibited proliferation, migration, and formation of tubular‐like structures by 50% in vitro. Results of Western blot analyses revealed that exposure to 6‐BA differentially modulated the MAPK signal transduction pathway in HUVECs. Specifically, 6‐BA decreased phosphorylation of MEK and ERK, but increased phosphorylation of JNK and P38. In addition, 6‐BA exacerbated atorvastatin‐induced cerebral hemorrhage via increasing hemorrhagic occurrence by 60% and areas by 4 times in zebrafish larvae. In summary, 6‐BA elicited toxicity to the endothelial system of HUVECs and zebrafish. This was due, at least in part, to discoordination of MAPK signaling pathway, which should pose potential risks to the cerebral vascular system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses inflorescence stalk node as explants to establish an efficient and quick Phalaenopsis orchids cloning procedure for the most significant monopodial orchid in floriculture, without callus formation. The current study aimed to develop a rapid and easy regeneration process utilizing flower stalk nodes as explants, while also evaluating the clonal fidelity of the in vitro micropropagated plants through the analysis of RAPD markers. The tissue-cultured plantlets were grown on a solidified half-strength Murashig and Skoog (MS) base medium enriched with 15% coconut water (CW), 150 mg L−1 activated charcoal, and a mixture of 6-benzylaminopurine, BAP (cytokinins) and α-napthalene acetic acid, NAA and indole 3-butyric acid, IBA (auxins). After 14 weeks of growth, the early production of shoot bud was reported in ½ MS medium enriched with 2.5 mg L−1 BAP alone. Maximum shoot bud multiplication was observed in ½ MS fortified with BAP (2.5 mg L−1) + NAA (1.0 mg L−1), while the lowest was observed in 1.5 mg L−1 BAP + 0.5 mg L−1 IBA after 4 months of culturing. In this investigation, roots emerged simultaneously with shoot elongation from the axil, indicating the absence of a distinct rooting stage. The largest number of roots (3.25) was produced by BAP (2.5 mg L−1) + IBA (1.0 mg L−1) compared to NAA. Control, on the other hand, displayed no signs of root growth. Tissue cultured plantlets with well developed root systems while planted in a potting mixture of brick and charcoal (1: 1) resulted in a 70% survival rate during hardening. The clonal faithfulness of in vitro regenerated crop plantlets to the mother plant was demonstrated by the DNA extraction method with ten micropropagated plants’ young leaves as well as the mother plant using random amplification of a polymorphic DNA marker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camelina is an oil seed crop that is enjoying increasing interest because it has a particularly valuable fatty acid profile, is modest regarding its water and nutrient requirements, and is comparatively resilient to abiotic and biotic stress factors. The regeneration of plants from cells accessible to genetic manipulation is an essential prerequisite for the generation of genetically engineered plants, be it by transgenesis or genome editing. Here, immature embryos were used on the assumption that their incomplete differentiation was associated with totipotency. In culture, regenerative structures appeared adventitiously at the embryos' hypocotyls. For this, the application of auxin- or cytokinin-type growth regulators was essential. The formation of regenerative structures was most efficient when indole-3-acetic acid was added to the induction medium at 1 mg/L, zygotic embryos of the medium walking stick stage were used, and their hypocotyls were stimulated by pricking to a wound response. Histological examinations revealed that the formation of adventitious shoots was initiated by locally activated cell division and proliferation in the epidermis and the outer cortex of the hypocotyl. While the regeneration of plants was established in principle using the experimental line Cam139, the method proved to be similarly applicable to the current cultivar Ligena, and hence it constitutes a vital basis for future genetic engineering approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivation of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in subtropical regions faces environmental challenges leading to potential declines in yield. This study explores the efficacy of biostimulants as a solution, specifically investigating spraying treatments with 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), chitosan (Ch), triacontanol (TRIA), and potassium silicate (KSi) on the snap bean cv. Paulista. Over two growing seasons with late sowing and elevated summer temperatures, the research assesses growth, flowering, yield, and quality. Notably, 5 ppm TRIA demonstrates the most significant impact on plant growth and leaf nutrient content. Treatments with 40 ppm 6-BA, 5 ppm TRIA, or 200 ppm KSi exhibit notable effects on inflorescence flower count and flowers per plant. These treatments prove most effective for crucial green pod yield measures, including the number and weight of marketable pods. Moreover, 40 ppm 6-BA or 5 ppm TRIA significantly enhances pod characteristics, such as length, diameter, and weight, consistently improving over both seasons. Particularly, 5 ppm TRIA outperforms in enhancing the chemical quality of pods throughout the study. Overall, the findings suggest that the application of 5 ppm TRIA offers the most favorable enhancements for the growth, flowering, productivity, and quality of snap bean plants in subtropical field conditions.

[Objective] Achieving a rapid, sensitive, and visual detection of 6-benzylaminopurine （6-BA） residues in vegetables. [Methods] Based on the peroxidase-like activity and specific recognition of Fe3O4 magnetic molecularly imprinted nanoparticles （Fe3O4 MMIP NPs）, a simple, rapid and highly selective colorimetric method was established to detect 6-BA residues in vegetables. [Results] Fe3O4 MMIP NPs exhibits optimal peroxidase-like catalytic activity at pH 4.0, 0.02 mol/L TMB, 0.02 mol/L H2O2 and a reaction time of 5 min. 6-BA showed a good linear relationship with the difference between the blank and the sample absorbance value in the mass concentration range of 1~300 ng/mL with a limit of detection at 0.697 ng/mL. The method was successfully applied to the detection of 6-BA residues in vegetables （cucumber, tomato, bean sprouts, mung bean sprouts）. The recovery rate was 83.47%~106.76%, with a relative standard deviation of 0.37%~5.66%. In addition, Fe3O4 MMIP NPs could still maintain good catalytic activity after 60 days of storage at 4 ℃. [Conclusion] The colorimetric method for the detection of 6-BA based on Fe3O4 MMIP NPs has the advantages of simplicity, rapidity, economy, and can be used for the detection of 6-BA residues in vegetables, which has certain reliability and practicability.

Soil salinization severely hinders crop growth and decreases crop yield, and is increasingly an obstacle for the sustainability of agriculture. In this paper, different concentrations of NaCl (0, 50, 100, 150 mmol/L) and 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) (0, 1, 3, 5, 7 mg/L) were mixed together for investigating the mitigative effects of 6-BA on soybean (variety of Zhonghuang 13) germination stage under salt stress. Moreover, in order to quickly monitor the degree of salt stress on soybean, the low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) technology was applied to assay the bonding water content and the dormancy of soybean seedling, and to establish the stress level prediction models of back propagation neural network (BPNN), resilient back propagation with backtracking neural network (RPROP-WBNN), resilient back propagation without backtracking neural network (RPROP-OBNN), and global learning resilient back propagation neural network (GRPROPNN), and thus obtaining the optimal model. The results showed that (1) soybean exhibited strong bound water relaxation peaks under salt stress, thus enhancing their water storage capacity and overall survival; (2) the 6-BA could break the physiological dormancy of soybean seeds and promote germ elongation; (3) the RPROP-WBNN index values, including Precision (87.36 %), Recall (87.34 %), Accuracy (93.80 %), and F1-score (0.88) were outperformed the values of all other models. Overall, it could be concluded that the 3 mg/L 6-BA had the best effect on alleviating salt stress in soybean, and the RPROP-WBNN was more conducive to predicting accurately the salt stress level of soybean seeds with LF-NMR technology and neural network. Therefore, this paper could provide the theoretical support and data reference for the study of the response effects of 6-BA to salt stress during soybean seed germination stage with rapid non-destructive monitoring.

The limited availability of water due to agricultural, industrial, technological, and urban expansion requires a greater effort to make its use more efficient and achieve substantial savings in ornamental productions without affecting the commercial value quality, and final presentation of flowers and plants. Water stress is an environmental factor that causes physiological effects in plants and accelerates the senescence of leaves and flowers on cut stems. Considering crop evapotranspiration (ETc), an alternative way to reducing water consumption in intensive crops is the use of controlled, restricted irrigation, coupled with the application of phytohormones in pre-harvest to mitigate the effects of water stress, i.e. 6- Benzylaminopurine (6-BAP). The objective of this study was to determine the quality and vase life of Lilium stems under restricted irrigation combined with phytohormones application. An experiment with four treatments was designed, concerning normal (NI, 100% ETc) or restricted irrigation (RI, 35% ETc) and with or without application of 6-BAP (300 ppm). A completely randomized ANOVA design with 6 repetitions per treatment was used. The vase life of cut Lilium flowers was not significantly affected (13.9 vs. 12.5 days under NI and RI respectively). The application of 6-BAP had no influence on vase life, but delayed the foliage yellowing and therefore reduced the rate of deterioration of the floral stem. Restricted irrigation and the application of phytohormones can be useful tools to improve the water use efficiency in lily crops.

This study uses inflorescence stalk node as explants to establish an efficient and quick Phalaenopsis orchids cloning procedure for the most significant monopodial orchid in floriculture, without callus formation. The current study aimed to develop a rapid and easy regeneration process utilizing flower stalk nodes as explants, while also evaluating the clonal fidelity of the in vitro micropropagated plants through the analysis of RAPD markers. The tissue-cultured plantlets were grown on a solidified half-strength Murashig and Skoog (MS) base medium enriched with 15% coconut water (CW), 150 mg L−1 activated charcoal, and a mixture of 6-benzylaminopurine, BAP (cytokinins) and α-napthalene acetic acid, NAA and indole 3-butyric acid, IBA (auxins). After 14 weeks of growth, the early production of shoot bud was reported in ½ MS medium enriched with 2.5 mg L−1 BAP alone. Maximum shoot bud multiplication was observed in ½ MS fortified with BAP (2.5 mg L−1) + NAA (1.0 mg L−1), while the lowest was observed in 1.5 mg L−1 BAP + 0.5 mg L−1 IBA after 4 months of culturing. In this investigation, roots emerged simultaneously with shoot elongation from the axil, indicating the absence of a distinct rooting stage. The largest number of roots (3.25) was produced by BAP (2.5 mg L−1) + IBA (1.0 mg L−1) compared to NAA. Control, on the other hand, displayed no signs of root growth. Tissue cultured plantlets with well developed root systems while planted in a potting mixture of brick and charcoal (1: 1) resulted in a 70% survival rate during hardening. The clonal faithfulness of in vitro regenerated crop plantlets to the mother plant was demonstrated by the DNA extraction method with ten micropropagated plants’ young leaves as well as the mother plant using random amplification of a polymorphic DNA marker.

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Effective protocols for in vitro rooting for woody fruit trees are still a challenge for in vitro seedling production, especially when there is a need to insert new cultivars or rootstocks. These protocols are essential to accelerate studies in plant breeding programs and for seedling distribution. This study evaluated the use of 6-Benzylaminopurine (IBA) in in vitro rooting of Pyrus comunnis rootstocks, clones 'OHxF87' and Pyrodwarf. Explant exposure times (0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours) to 20 mg L-1 IBA were tested for in vitro rooting. The exposure to IBA resulted in rooting rates above 80%, surpassing some results reported in the literature. The 24-hour treatment provided 81,81% survival, leading to an average growth of five roots with 19 mm length, for 'OHxF87' rootstock. The same exposure time resulted in the highest survival rate (75%) and the highest mean root number, seven roots per plant with 10 mm length, for 'PDW' rootstock. Root formation did not occur in the absence of synthetic auxin. Therefore, it can be concluded that a 24-hour exposure at 20 mg L-1 IBA was sufficient to promote in vitro rooting in 'OHxF87' and Pyrodwarf rootstocks'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryopreservation is considered to be one of the most effective methods for long-term storage of plant genetic resources, particularly for ornamental species. However, there is a very little research on cryopreservation of lilacs. In this study, for the first time the cryopreservation protocol (a variation of a pregrowth-dehydration method) was successfully applied to two cultivars of Syringa vulgaris: ‘Aucubaefolia’ and ‘Polina Osipenko’. Explants of both cultivars were able to withstand the different steps of the protocol, and high survival and regrowth percentages were obtained after exposure to liquid nitrogen (67–100% and 63–88%, respectively). The current study is mainly focused on the preculture conditions of the applied method. Based on our results, we propose the use of paclobutrazol (PBZ) with the combination of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and thidiazuron (TDZ) in the preculture medium for increasing explant tolerance to subsequent dehydration and freezing. During post-LN recovery, the explants appeared morphologically normal, and after 12–16 weeks after thawing, they were propagated and cultured as normal plantlets. Therefore, the reported method is effective for long-term storage of lilac meristems and could be used to create a cryobank of achievements in lilac breeding.

In order to explore the chemical fruit thinning system suitable for different apple varieties, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) as fruit thinning agents, dioctylsulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) and dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt + methyl oleate (AOT + MO) as tank-mix adjuvants were applied to two apple cultivars, "Yueguan" and "Longfeng". Physicochemical property determination experiments of different assistant systems were carried out to observe their impact, spreading and permeation behaviors on the surface of apple peels. Fruit quality after treatment was determined by spraying different assistant systems in combination with different concentrations of fruit removers at young fruit stage and counting inflorescence fruit set rate, flower fruit set rate, single double fruit rate, for different treatments. The results showed that adding 0.1% AOT (m/m) or 0.3% (AOT + MO) (m/m) adjuvants significantly reduced the dynamic surface tension of the solution and the contact angle at the target interface. This reduced or inhibited the splash and bounce behavior of the droplets on the peel, while promoting deposition, spreading and penetration behavior of the droplets. The addition of 0.1% AOT and 0.3% (AOT + MO) adjuvants to the oil dispersion (OD) could significantly improve the thinning effect of the fruit thinning agent. For "Longfeng" apple, 40 mg/L NAA AS + 0.1% AOT (m/m) treatment shown no difference with artificial thinning, significantly improving the fruit quality, which was better than artificial thinning. For "Yueguan" apple,150 mg/L 6-BA + 12.5 mg/L NAA OD + 0.3% (AOT + MO) (m/m) treatment matched artificial thinning, and significantly improved the fruit quality over artificial thinning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryopreservation is considered to be one of the most effective methods for long-term storage of plant genetic resources, particularly for ornamental species. However, there is a very little research on cryopreservation of lilacs. In this study, for the first time the cryopreservation protocol (a variation of a pregrowth-dehydration method) was successfully applied to two cultivars of Syringa vulgaris: 'Aucubaefolia' and 'Polina Osipenko'. Explants of both cultivars were able to withstand the different steps of the protocol, and high survival and regrowth percentages were obtained after exposure to liquid nitrogen (67-100% and 63-88%, respectively). The current study is mainly focused on the preculture conditions of the applied method. Based on our results, we propose the use of paclobutrazol (PBZ) with the combination of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and thidiazuron (TDZ) in the preculture medium for increasing explant tolerance to subsequent dehydration and freezing. During post-LN recovery, the explants appeared morphologically normal, and after 12-16 weeks after thawing, they were propagated and cultured as normal plantlets. Therefore, the reported method is effective for long-term storage of lilac meristems and could be used to create a cryobank of achievements in lilac breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the importance of olive sprouts, it is crucial to explore their potential as an innovative source of bioactive and nutritive compounds through research. Here, we aimed at investigating the potential role of benzylaminopurine (BAP) in improving the tissue chemical composition and bioactivity of olive sprouts. To this end, seeds of two olive varieties (Olea europaea L. vr. Kroniaki and Coratina) were primed with BAP at 25 µM. A substantial enhancement was observed in biomass accumulation by 35% and 30% in Kroniaki and Coratina varieties, respectively. Likewise, the photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophyll, α- and β-carotene, lutein and β-cryptoxanthin) in both varieties were increased, mainly in Coratina. At primary metabolic level, BAP priming improved sprout lipid composition, particularly in Coratina variety. At antioxidant level, BAP priming improved lipid antioxidants (α-, β- and γ-tocopherols) and water-soluble antioxidants (phenols, flavonoids, ascorbate, glutathione and anthocyanins) in both olive varieties. At the anthocyanins level, their precursors (phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid and naringenin) and key biosynthetic enzyme activity (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), coenzyme A ligase (4CL) and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H)) were improved in olive varieties, but to a greater extent in Coratina variety. Overall, the sprouts of BAP-primed olive seeds could potentially enhance their nutritional value, suggesting that the sprouts of BAP-primed olive seeds can be used as a food ingredient and additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (family Asparagaceae) is an endemic plant in China that is valuable for its edible and medicinal uses. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are natural or synthetic compounds that can regulate plant development and metabolism effectively. To explore potential applications of PGRs for improving the yield and bioactivity of this plant, four PGRs, including gibberellic acid (GA3), 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 24-epibrassinolide (EBL), were used in this study and sprayed on the growing seedlings of P. cyrtonema. All of these PGRs did not significantly affect the growth rate of P. cyrtonema, but they had varying effects on the polysaccharide and saponin content in the rhizome. NAA and 6-BA positively affected the polysaccharide content, while most PGR treatments negatively affected the saponin content. Widely targeted metabolomic analysis based on UPLC-MS/MS was conducted and revealed 101 differential metabolites in response to 6-BA, most of which were flavonoids, steroids and lipids. Most of the significantly changed flavonoids decreased under the 6-BA treatment. The study provides insights into the potential use of PGRs for improving the quality of P. cyrtonema, particularly in regulating the content of bioactive compounds.

Camelina is an oil seed crop that is enjoying increasing interest because it has a particularly valuable fatty acid profile, is modest regarding its water and nutrient requirements, and is comparatively resilient to abiotic and biotic stress factors. The regeneration of plants from cells accessible to genetic manipulation is an essential prerequisite for the generation of genetically engineered plants, be it by transgenesis or genome editing. Here, immature embryos were used on the assumption that their incomplete differentiation was associated with totipotency. In culture, regenerative structures appeared adventitiously at the embryos’ hypocotyls. For this, the application of auxin- or cytokinin-type growth regulators was essential. The formation of regenerative structures was most efficient when indole-3-acetic acid was added to the induction medium at 1 mg/L, zygotic embryos of the medium walking stick stage were used, and their hypocotyls were stimulated by pricking to a wound response. Histological examinations revealed that the formation of adventitious shoots was initiated by locally activated cell division and proliferation in the epidermis and the outer cortex of the hypocotyl. While the regeneration of plants was established in principle using the experimental line Cam139, the method proved to be similarly applicable to the current cultivar Ligena, and hence it constitutes a vital basis for future genetic engineering approaches.

Aloe vera [Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.] is considered a valuable medicinal plant worldwide due to its remarkable beneficial effects on human health. However, challenges in A. vera propagation hinder meeting the increasing demand in the health and beauty sectors. As an alternative method, in vitro propagation is crucial for the mass production of Aloe plants, which is a rapid method as well. Therefore, the present study aimed to establish an efficient micropropagation protocol for A. vera by in vitro optimization of the effect of different plant growth regulators (PGRs). For shoot proliferation, sterilized explants were inoculated on the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and thidiazuron (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/l) in combination with 0.5 mg/l naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Subsequently, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg/l) was used for root induction. It was found that the explants cultured on the MS medium supplemented with 4.0 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l NAA showed the highest percentage of response (90±1.29) for shoot induction within the minimum number of days (5±0.33). The highest number of shoots (2.7±0.36) and length of shoots (4.7±0.42 cm) per explant were also observed with the same concentration of PGRs. However, the highest number of roots (3.2±0.57), length of roots (5.67±0.21 cm), and root induction (80±1.97 %) were noticed within the minimum number of days (11±0.79) on the MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l IBA. Thus, the proposed method is a quick and effective approach for the mass propagation of A. vera with appropriate dosages of auxins and cytokinins, which may allow meeting the increasing commercial demand.

ABSTRACT: Effective protocols for in vitro rooting for woody fruit trees are still a challenge for in vitro seedling production, especially when there is a need to insert new cultivars or rootstocks. These protocols are essential to accelerate studies in plant breeding programs and for seedling distribution. This study evaluated the use of 6-Benzylaminopurine (IBA) in in vitro rooting of Pyruscomunnis rootstocks, clones ‘OHxF87’ and Pyrodwarf. Explant exposure times (0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours) to 20 mg L-1 IBA were tested for in vitro rooting. The exposure to IBA resulted in rooting rates above 80%, surpassing some results reported in the literature. The 24-hour treatment provided 81,81% survival, leading to an average growth of five roots with 19 mm length, for ‘OHxF87’ rootstock. The same exposure time resulted in the highest survival rate (75%) and the highest mean root number, seven roots per plant with 10 mm length, for ‘PDW’ rootstock. Root formation did not occur in the absence of synthetic auxin. Therefore, it can be concluded that a 24-hour exposure at 20 mg L-1 IBA was sufficient to promote in vitro rooting in ‘OHxF87’ and Pyrodwarf rootstocks’.

Delayed or incomplete recovery of gas exchange after water stress relief limits assimilation in the post-drought period and can thus negatively affect the processes of post-drought recovery. Abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation and antagonistic action between ABA and cytokinins (CKs) play an important role in regulation of stomatal conductance under water deficit. Specifically, in pine species, sustained ABA accumulation is thought to be the main cause of delayed post-drought gas exchange recovery, although the role of CKs is not yet known. Therefore, we aimed to study the effects of ABA and CKs on recovery of stomatal conductance in greenhouse-grown 3-year-old Scots pine saplings recovering from water stress. We analysed both changes in endogenous ABA and CK contents and the effects of treatment with exogenous CK on stomatal conductance. Drought stress suppressed stomatal conductance, and post-drought stomatal conductance remained suppressed for 2 weeks after plant rewatering. ABA accumulated during water stress, but ABA levels decreased rapidly after rewatering. Additionally, trans-zeatin/ABA and isopentenyladenine/ABA ratios, which were decreased in water-stressed plants, recovered rapidly in rewatered plants. Spraying plants with 6-benzylaminopurine (0.1–100 µM) did not influence recovery of either stomatal conductance or needle water status. It can be concluded that the delayed recovery of stomatal conductance in Scots pine needles was not due to sustained ABA accumulation or a sustained decrease in the CK/ABA ratio, and CK supplementation was unable to overcome this delayed recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a very diverse structure and small molecules, phytohormones are regulators of plant growth and development. Despite the fact that they are synthesized by plants in small quantities, they are highly active physiologically. According to their action, phytohormones can be divided into two categories, as either activators of plant growth and development or as inhibitors, with auxins and cytokinins belonging to the former group. Auxins are synthesized by plants in the apical meristems of shoots, but also in young leaves, seeds, and fruits. They stimulate the elongation growth of shoots and initiate the production of adventitious and lateral roots. Cytokinins, in turn, are formed in root tips and in unripe fruits and seeds. These hormones are responsible for stimulating the growth of lateral shoots, they also stimulate cytokinesis and, consequently, cell division. The aim of this review paper is to present the progress of the research on the effect of selected auxins and cytokinins on crops, considering the prospect of using them in plant growing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato is one of the most important and highly consumed vegetables in the world. To develop new varieties rapidly or to improve specific plant characteristics traditional breeding methods are combined with biotechnological tools (the cultivation of plant organs, tissues, and cells in vitro). Therefore, it is important to develop an efficient regeneration protocol that can suit most tomato varieties. The current experimental work was conducted in 2022 and aimed to investigate in vitro regeneration potential of seven Bulgarian tomato genotypes. The cotyledon explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with 1.6 mgL-1 IAA and different concentrations of BAP, TDZ, and kinetin. In the studied tomato genotypes, the highest regeneration frequency was obtained in variety Ideal on medium variant contained kinetin (98.33%), followed by the variety Aleno sartse on medium variant with TDZ (88.33%). The highest number of regenerants per explant was observed in a variety Ideal on MS medium supplemented with BAP (4.80) and kinetin (4.67). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing shoot branch numbers of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv. Hangbaiju (Hangbaiju) is crucial for producing high flower yields. Pot experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of foliar application of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) combined with prohexadione-Ca (Pro-Ca) on the yield and quality of Hangbaiju flowers. Foliar application of 6-BA combined with Pro-Ca typically increased leaf chlorophyll content and decreased leaf soluble sugar and soluble protein contents throughout the floral organ growth phase. At the bud formation phenophase stage (August), the contents of gibberellin (GA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and zeatin (ZA) decreased (except for GA content in the 10 mg L−1 6-BA combined with 100 mg L−1 Pro-Ca treatment), but abscisic acid (ABA) content increased. The yield of Hangbaiju flowers was found higher in plants treated with foliar application of 6-BA combined with Pro-Ca. Higher yields were found in the 6-BA5 + Ca100 and 6-BA10 + Ca100 treatments than in the 6-BA5 + Ca50 and 6-BA10 + Ca50 treatments, and the highest yield was observed in the 6-Ba5 + Ca100 treatment both in 2019 and 2020. Nutritional indices such as soluble sugar, soluble protein, total amino acid, and water extract increased, and medicinal indices such as flavonoid, total phenolics, chlorogenic acid, cynaroside, and 3,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid slightly decreased after foliar application of 6-BA combined with Pro-Ca; however, they were all higher than the standards recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopeia. Overall, foliar application of 6-BA combined with Pro-Ca could increase the yield and nutritional quality of Hangbaiju flowers, enhancing its tea quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study introduced an in vitro shoot organogenesis protocol for the medicinal plant Scutellaria araxensis (Lamiaceae). Stem, leaf, and petiole explants were cultured in half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) alone or in combination with thidiazuron (TDZ), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), or α-naphthalene acetic acid. Callus formation occurred from stem and petiole explants in most cultures; however, in leaf explants, it was observed only in cultures containing 0.5 mg/l BAP supplemented with TDZ at all concentrations. The highest frequency of indirect shoot induction (100 and 90%) with an average of 20.33 and 12 shoots per explant was observed in stem-derived calli cultured on half-strength MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l BAP plus 0.5 and 1.5 mg/l TDZ, respectively. The best direct shoot organogenesis (40%) was observed in stem explants cultured on half-strength MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l IBA with a mean of 18 shoots per stem explant. The regenerated micro-shoots were elongated on a medium fortified with 0.5 mg/l gibberellic acid and then successfully rooted in half-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l IBA. The obtained plantlets were acclimatized in a growth chamber with a survival rate of 100%. This study is the first report of a simple and efficient in vitro shoot organogenesis and regeneration protocol for S. araxensis by using stem explants, which could be useful for the conservation, genetic manipulation, and exploitation of biological molecules of this valuable genetic source.

[Display omitted] • A novel 3D-NPG/AuNPs substrate for rapid SERS-based detection was fabricated. • The SERS enhancement effect of 3D-NPG/AuNPs is more than 10 times that obtained with a single substrate. • A rapid and sensitive method based on SERS was developed to detect illegal additives in food. Owing to their nanoscale size and porous structure, both colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and nanoporous gold (NPG) have demonstrated good and stable surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity, and are therefore widely used as SERS substrates for the rapid detection of various components in food, environmental, biological, and other samples. In this study, we fabricated a novel, sensitive, and reproducible composite three-dimensional (3D) substrate for rapid SERS-based detection of illegal additives in food products. AuNPs and NPGs were prepared by chemical reduction and chemical dealloying methods, with the particle size of AuNPs about 60 nm and the pore size of NPG in the range of 5–36 nm. The AuNPs were then assembled on the surface of NPG to form the composite substrate 3D-NPG/AuNPs, which was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and other methods. Finally, the new SERS substrate combined with a portable Raman spectrometer was used to detect the illegal food additives 6-benzylaminopurine and melamine, with detection limits of 1 × 10−9 M and 5 × 10−7 M respectively. We further analyzed the relationship between the dealloying time-controlled morphology and the SERS properties of NPG, demonstrating that 3D-NPG/AuNPs as a novel SERS substrate have strong practical application potential in the rapid detection of food additives and other substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize (Zea mays L.) plants were treated with synthetic cytokinins - 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 6-furfurylaminopurine, or kinetin (KIN) - during the grain filling stage in a field experiment performed in 2020 in Sadovo, central Bulgaria. The objective was to study their effect on plant productivity and seedling viability of maize after cold storage. The morpho-physiological parameters of the leaves assessed 15 days after cytokinin priming showed an increase in biosynthetic processes compared to control plants. Analysis of yield parameters at harvesting revealed improved productivity of cytokinin-treated plants, which was evidenced as 10 mg L-1 KIN, and BAP priming resulted in, respectively, 18% and 16% higher grain mass compared to untreated plants (control). The produced seeds were exposed to cold storage (-18°C) for 12 months and afterwards physiological parameters of 5-day-old seedlings were measured to evaluate exogenous cytokinins' impact upon stress alleviation. The seedlings developed from cytokinin-treated plants accumulated significantly lower amounts of oxidative stress markers (hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde) after cold storage. In a laboratory experiment, maize seeds were subjected to artificially induced senescence (AIS) test for 72 h at 41°C temperature and were subsequently soaked in cytokinin solutions. Cytokinins had a positive effect on both physiological parameters of seedlings of field-grown plants after cold storage and improved the performance of seedlings after AIS test through increased oxidative stress protection and enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micropropagation is an effective way to preserve the gene pool of threatened plants. This study is devoted to the mathematical modeling of nutrient media and the study of the effect of mT (meta-topoline) on the multiplication of shoots of Hedysarum grandiflorum, Hyssopus cretaceus, and Matthiola fragrans in vitro in comparison with benzylaminopurine (BAP) and kinetin (KT). Initiation was performed on an MS medium with 0.5 mg/L BAP. For shoots multiplication, MS, B5, and WPM media were used with the addition of mT, BAP, KT. For H. grandiflorum, the multiplication coefficient of shoots was highest on medium B5 with the addition of mT at a concentration of 1 mg/L—2.90 shoots per plant, for H. cretaceus—B5 + 0.5 mg/L mT, and for M. fragrans—B5 + 1 mg/L KT. A positive effect of mT on H. grandiflorum and M. fragrans in vitro was found. The efficiency of using KT for H. cretaceus shoot multiplication is shown. The effectiveness of the B5 nutrient medium for H. grandiflorum and M. fragrans was determined. The positive effect of WPM for H. cretaceus micropropagation has been demonstrated. It is not recommended to use the MS media for micropropagation of these plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports an efficient protocol for the indirect organogenesis of Sechium edule, a Mesoamerican species with important nutritional and pharmaceutical characteristics. The in vitro establishment was carried out with hypocotyl segments; subsequently, the formation of calluses was induced from leaves and nodal stem segments using different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D; 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg L−1). Then, shoot formation was induced using different concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ; 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg L−1) in medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L−1 benzylaminopurine (BAP). Different concentrations of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg L−1) were assessed to stimulate shoot rooting; chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and total chlorophyll were quantified during this stage. The results showed that callus formation and weight increased in parallel with 2,4-D concentration, with nodal segments responding favorably. Shoot regeneration was higher in medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L−1 TDZ plus 1.0 mg L−1 BAP. Shoot elongation and rooting were greater using 1.0 mg L−1 NAA, while chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and total chlorophyll contents were higher in medium without NAA. A 90% plant survival was recorded after acclimatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the fresh-cut water chestnuts of Guiti NO.3 were used as experimental materials and soaked with 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) of 100 mg/L, 200 mg/L, 400 mg/L for 3 minutes, and then the contents variations of total phenols, flavonoids, quinones, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonium-lyase (PAL), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) were evaluated using pure water treatment as control (CK), aiming to investigate the effects of 6-BA treatments with different concentrations on the browning and reactive oxygen species metabolism. Results showed that 6-BA treatments reduced the accumulation of total phenolics, flavonoids and quinone etc. and decreased PPO, POD and PAL activities compared with the control, resulting in effectively inhibiting browning of fresh-cut water chestnuts and maintaining the color during storage. Moreover, 6-BA treatments also suppressed the contents of MDA and H2O2, while increased CAT and SOD activities, thus improving the qualities of fresh-cut water chestnuts during storage. The 6-BA treatment of 400 mg/L presented superior effects on inhibiting browning and reactive oxygen species metabolism of fresh-cut water chestnuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an essential element, copper (Cu) is involved in various metabolic processes in plants. However, this metal becomes a potential stress factor when the concentration reaches the threshold level. A comparative analysis was conducted to investigate the potential role of two cytokinins [kinetin (KIN) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP)] in Cu stress alleviation in Ricinus communis seedlings by assessing the metal bioaccumulation, antioxidation mechanisms, anatomical changes as well as analysis of various essential elements and bioactive compounds in the cotyledonary leaves. Application of KIN and BAP regulated the Cu toxicity in castor seedlings via modulation of metal uptake and antioxidation mechanisms. The increase in antioxidant enzyme activities during Cu stress was further increased upon exposure to cytokinin treatments, and the enhancement reached up to 25 folds for CAT, 16 folds for POD, and 8 folds for SOD over the control, which helps the plant to alleviate the toxic effects of Cu stress. The FTIR analysis of the cotyledonary leaves revealed that the functional groups associated with cell wall materials contributed to the Cu sequestration in the cell wall, supported by the xylem wall thickening as observed in the SEM analysis. The GCMS analysis revealed that most of the secondary metabolites identified were phenolic and flavonoid compounds with antioxidant properties, which help the castor seedlings withstand the Cu stress, and the presence of these compounds was more prominent in cytokinin-treated seedlings. Findings revealed that BAP was more effective than KIN to withstand the Cu stress effects in castor seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embryo rescue refers to an in vitro technology have been used for propagating plants under in vitro from poorly developed embryos by avoiding embryo abortion. The aim of the present study was to in vitro regeneration of a medicinally wild tree species Buchanania lanzan through embryo rescue method. Isolated immature poorly developed embryo dissected out from de-coded seeds collected from 15 years old trees were cultured an Woody Plant Medium (WPM) was used to test in vitro germination. 100% embryo germination were recorded when the embryos inoculated on the medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 50 mg/L-1 adenine sulphate (AS). Further, a week-old seedling derived explants viz embryo axis and cotyledonary node were selected to study in vitro clonal propagation. On medium augmented with 1.5 mg/L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) showed maximum mean shoots numbers (4.2±1.80) with 4.0±0.98 cm shoot height were achieved in cotyledonary node. Compare to Kinetin (Kn) BAP was to be better in shooting response and multiple shoot induction. Healthy regenerated shoots was separated from multiple shoots cluster and transferred to a rooting medium containing half strength WP medium fortified with Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). IBA at 0.5 mg/L-1 showed 90% rooting response and maximum mean roots (4.9±0.98) per shootlet was obtained. The rooted in vitro plantlets were transferred to polythene bags containing autoclaved humus, red soil and farmyard manure (1:1:1 ratio) for acclimation at 25 ± 2 ᵒC. Later, these plantlets were gradually transferred to field condition. About 70% survival rate was recorded after three months period. The protocol developed in the present study was to restore the viable embryos from poorly developed immature embryos and rapid multiplication can help to ex situ conservation of this threatened tree B. lanzan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The objective of this work was to establish an efficient protocol for the in vitro organogenesis of Dalbergia nigra. For this purpose, 30-day-old seedlings were sectioned at their cotyledonary nodes and nodal segments. These materials were cultivated in a medium with different combinations of the 6-benzylaminopurine and thidiazuron cytokinins. After 60 days in a growth chamber set at 27°C and a 16-hour photoperiod, growth characteristics were analyzed. Explants from the cotyledonary nodes show a greater morphogenetic potential, regardless of the addition of cytokinins. Cotyledonary nodes in the medium supplemented with 2.22 µmol L-1 BAP show the best combination for the in vitro propagation of D. nigra.

Papaya is a heterozygous plant commonly cultivated by seed but, unfortunately, they are not true to type. Moreover, the hybrid seed varieties like the Red Lady are very highly expensive. Hence, tissue culture techniques offer an alternative method to produce a million clones within a short period and a reasonable price. Thus, the current study aimed to optimize the shoot multiplication rate of papaya (Carica papaya L. cv. Red Lady) in vitro. Five concentrations of sucrose (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g.L-1) were applied for the papaya shoot proliferation. Results demonstrated that the 30 g.L-1 sucrose was significantly superior in the rate of shoot numbers (4.1 shoots. explant-1), shoot length (0.90 cm), (2.7 leaves. shoot-1), leaf area (1.40 cm2) and fresh weight (0.192 g) in compared with other sucrose treatments. Whereas, the 40 g.L-1 sucrose treatment was significantly superior in dry weight of shoot compared to the other treatments, which recorded 0.058 g. While the treatment of 10 g.L-1 sucrose recorded the lowest values in shoot numbers, length, and dry weight. Current study conclude that the 30 g.L-1 sucrose is the best concentration treatment that must be used in papaya micropropagation, where it gives the maximum rate of shoot numbers and other morphological traits.

Given the importance of olive sprouts, it is crucial to explore their potential as an innovative source of bioactive and nutritive compounds through research. Here, we aimed at investigating the potential role of benzylaminopurine (BAP) in improving the tissue chemical composition and bioactivity of olive sprouts. To this end, seeds of two olive varieties (Olea europaea L. vr. Kroniaki and Coratina) were primed with BAP at 25 µM. A substantial enhancement was observed in biomass accumulation by 35% and 30% in Kroniaki and Coratina varieties, respectively. Likewise, the photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophyll, α- and β-carotene, lutein and β-cryptoxanthin) in both varieties were increased, mainly in Coratina. At primary metabolic level, BAP priming improved sprout lipid composition, particularly in Coratina variety. At antioxidant level, BAP priming improved lipid antioxidants (α-, β- and γ-tocopherols) and water-soluble antioxidants (phenols, flavonoids, ascorbate, glutathione and anthocyanins) in both olive varieties. At the anthocyanins level, their precursors (phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid and naringenin) and key biosynthetic enzyme activity (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), coenzyme A ligase (4CL) and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H)) were improved in olive varieties, but to a greater extent in Coratina variety. Overall, the sprouts of BAP-primed olive seeds could potentially enhance their nutritional value, suggesting that the sprouts of BAP-primed olive seeds can be used as a food ingredient and additives.

The research aim was to study the influence of sucrose with a combination of growth regulators: Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) on potato in vitro micro tuber formation. Under two levels of sucrose, three potato cultivars, "Nevsky", "Riviera" and "Zefira" were studied for in vitro tuberization response: Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 80 g.L-1 sucrose (8% MS medium) and 100 g.L-1 (10% MS medium). Two concentration (0.05 mg.L-1 and 0.1 mg·L-1) of growth regulators: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) were tested in this work. Potato varieties "Zefira", "Nevsky" reacted positively on high concentration of growth regulators (0.1 mg.L-1 BAP + 0.1 mg.L-1 IBA) on in vitro tuberization process, while the concentration of IBA increased from 0.05 mg.L-1 to 0.1 mg.L-1 potato variety "Riviera" had a negative results on the microtuber germination rate. Finally, the optimal concentration of sucrose (10 g.L-1) and growth regulators (0.1 mg.L-1 BAP + 0.1 mg.L-1 IBA) for tuberization of potato varieties "Zefira" and "Nevsky" has been selected. The best protocol (8% MS medium +0.1 mg.L-1 BAP + 0.05 mg.L-1 IBA) for in vitro tuber induction of varieties "Riviera" was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient direct in vitro plant regeneration protocol has been established for medicinally important red-colored ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) genotypes, namely, northeast red ginger and exotic red ginger. Shoot, root initiation, and growth response of these two genotypes to five different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP; 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 mg L−1) and a control using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium were studied. The two red ginger genotypes responded differently to five concentrations of hormone. Significantly higher shoot multiplication was observed for northeast red ginger cultured on medium containing 3.0 mg L−1 BAP. In the case of exotic red ginger, maximum shoot multiplication was on medium containing 5.0 mg L−1 BAP and was statistically on par with medium supplemented with 4.0 mg L−1 BAP. Maximum shoot length was measured when cultured on medium containing 3.0 mg L−1 BAP in northeast red ginger and medium with 2.0 mg L−1 BAP in exotic red ginger. In exotic red ginger, the highest number of roots was documented on medium containing 5.0 mg L−1 BAP and medium with 3.0 mg L−1 BAP in northeast red ginger, which was on par with medium containing 2.0 mg L−1. The exotic red ginger had significantly longer root length on medium containing 2.0 mg L−1 BAP. However, root length was on par when northeast red ginger was cultured on medium containing 2.0 to 5.0 mg L−1 BAP. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers confirmed the genetic fidelity of the regenerated plantlets. The direct in vitro regeneration protocol may contribute significantly to the development of improved red ginger genotypes using contemporary biotechnological tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

6-BA is a common plant growth regulator, but its safety has not been conclusive. The heart is one of the most important organs of living organisms, and the cardiogenesis process of zebrafish is similar to that of humans. Therefore, based on wild-type and transgenic zebrafish, we explored the development of zebrafish heart under 6-BA exposure and its mechanism. We found that 6-BA affected larval cardiogenesis, inducing defective expression of key genes for cardiac development (myl7, vmhc, and myh6) and AVC differentiation (bmp4, tbx2b, and notch1b), ultimately leading to weakened cardiac function (heart rate, diastolic speed, systolic speed). Acridine orange staining showed that the degree of apoptosis in zebrafish hearts was significantly increased under 6-BA, and the expression of cell-cycle-related genes was also changed. In addition, HPA axis assays revealed abnormally expressed mRNA levels of genes and significantly increased cortisol contents, which was also consistent with the observed anxiety behavior in zebrafish at 3 dpf. Transcriptional abnormalities of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors in immune signaling pathways were also detected in qPCR experiments. Collectively, we found that 6-BA induced cardiotoxicity in zebrafish, which may be related to altered HPA axis activity and the onset of inflammatory responses under 6-BA treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf, a "source of both medicine and food", contains antioxidant ingredients such as flavonoids, alkaloids and polyphenols. The effects of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) treatment on plant growth and flavonoid contents in mulberry leaves were investigated in this study. The expression of rutin (Rut), chlorogenic acid (ChA), isoquercitrin (IQ) and astragaloside IV (Ast) related genes in the flavonoid synthesis pathways was investigated in mulberry leaves. The results showed that 6-BA treatment significantly promoted mulberry differentiation and growth as well as, increased the numbers of new shoots and buds compared to the control. In addition, 30 mg/L 6-BA significantly increased the contents of Rut, IQ and Ast, and it strongly induced the expression of flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes, including flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (F3GT), 4-xoumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), phenylalanine (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS). The dietary risk assessment of mulberry leaves was based on hormone residues 5 days after treatment with 30 mg /L 6-BA, and the results showed that the dietary exposure risk of 6-BA was extremely low without causing any health concern. Thus, treatment with 30 mg/L 6-BA is a new method to improve the medicinal quality and development of high-value mulberry leaf foods without any potential risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]