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With the expansion of wireless mobile networks into both the daily lives of individuals as well as into the widely developing market of connected devices, communication is an increasingly attractive target for attackers. As the complexity of mobile cellular systems grows and the respective countermeasures are implemented to secure data transmissions, the attacks have become increasingly sophisticated on the one hand, but at the same time the system complexity can open up expanded opportunities for security and privacy breaches. After an in-depth summary of possible entry points to attacks to mobile networks, this paper first briefly reviews the basic principles of the physical layer implementation of 4G/5G systems, then gives an overview of possible attacks from a physical layer perspective. It also provides an overview of the software frameworks and hardware tool-software defined radios currently in use for experimenting with 4G/5G mobile networks, and it discusses their basic capabilities. In the final part, the paper summarizes the currently most promising families of techniques to detect illegitimate base stations—the machine-learning-based, localization-based, and behavior-based methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Revolutionary changes in how people interact while travelling at a distance have given rise to several mobile communication tactics. Numerous generations of Mobile telecommunications/telephony have progressed as 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, and 6G (now under research). However, in the context of India, mobile telephony can be realized from 2G. The sector has directly or indirectly been impacted by political, social, economic, technological, legal, and environmental (PESTLE) aspects. Therefore, the study objectives are first to discuss the (mobile) telecom sector evolution outline and, second, the factors that contributed to sectoral development by the PESTLE framework. The conceptual foundation of the work is secondary sources.

Summary: This paper presents a compact (20 × 20 × 1.59 mm3), (0.34λg × 0.34λg × 0.01λg at 2.4 GHz) triple band monopole antenna for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The geometry of the antenna consists of (i) U‐shape monopole with feed line, (ii) stubs, and (iii) modified ground to achieve three independent operating bands ranging from (i) 2.4–2.48 GHz for industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM)/3G; (ii) 3.4–3.6 GHz for 4G/5G; and (iii) 5.725–5.825 GHz for 5.8G Wi‐Fi/extended 5G. Various parameters, input impedance, and current distribution of the proposed structure are carried out to investigate the effects of stub, ground plane and analyze the radiation. The measured result covers the three individual bands in range of 2.38–2.48 GHz, 3.41–3.61 GHz, and 5.76–6.04 GHz, respectively, and exhibits stable omnidirectional radiation patterns, acceptable antenna gain, and efficiency in the operating bands. The experimental result of the fabricated antenna closely matches with the simulated result. Therefore, satisfactory result ensures its ability to work for 3G/4G/5G/extended 5G IoT portable applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate and analyze the behavior of 4G and 5G OFDMA cellular networks in real time, it is essential to have a real‐time testbed to emulate these cellular networks. We developed the experimental testbed in this work and proposed a real‐time approach to emulating these networks. We take real‐time measurements in indoor and outdoor environments. From the results, we say the proposed testbed can be used to identify the activity of spectrum occupancy of 4G and 5G cellular systems within a specified time, and one can also test their algorithm, protocols, and solutions using our developed testbed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid advancement of communication technologies underscores the urgent need for robust and adaptable emergency communication systems (ECSs), particularly crucial during crises and natural disasters. Although network-based ECSs have been extensively studied, integrating open-source technologies, such as software-defined wide area networks (SD-WAN) with private long-term evolution (LTE) base stations, is a relatively unexplored domain. This study endeavors to fill this gap by introducing an experimental ECS platform that utilizes a hybrid network, incorporating a VoIP network to enhance open-source and on-premises communications in targeted areas. Our hypothesis posits that a hybrid network architecture, combining SD-WAN and private LTE, can substantially improve the reliability and efficiency of ECSs. Our findings, supported by the open-source OMNeT++ simulator, illuminate the enhanced communication reliability of the network. Moreover, the proposed platform, characterized by autonomous wireless 4G/LTE base stations and an Asterisk VoIP server, demonstrates improved quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE), with minimal data loss. This research not only has immediate practical applications but also bears significant implications for the development of cost-effective, open-source communication networks, optimized for emergencies, critical infrastructure, and remote areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrοund: In mοdern sοciety, the use οf sοurces that emits electrοmagnetic radiatiοn (EMR) such as televisiοn, radiο, mοbile telephοny, etc. cοnstantly increases, resulting in a parallel increase in the stress οf the general pοpulatiοn, abοut the effects that may be caused tο health. Fοr this reasοn, EMR measurements and their evaluatiοns shοuld be cοmmunicated tο the pοpulatiοn tο reduce misinfοrmatiοn and undue stress. The purpοse οf this wοrk is tο is tο Geοreferencing οf Expοsure tο 4G and 5G Radiοfrequency Electrοmagnetic Fields frοm mοbile phοnes in Thessaly Regiοn (Central Greece). Methοds: 220 measurements were perfοrmed in the regiοn οf Thessaly, in οrder tο cοmpare the electrοmagnetic expοsure befοre and after 5G installatiοn. A pοrtable field strength analyzer (SRM 3006, Narda Safety Test Sοlutiοns, Pfullingen, Germany) and a three-axis isοtrοpic antenna were used, and 4G and 5G electrοmagnetic radiatiοn measurements were perfοrmed in 3 cities οf Central Greece, in the regiοn οf Thessaly. We used GIS, especially Kriging algοrithm tο create electrοmagnetic envirοnment maps. Results: Befοre the installatiοn οf 5G, measurements cοnducted in the Thessaly regiοn, in all cities (Larisa, Karditsa, Vοlοs) shοwed an mean expοsure ratiο οf 0.0003, with a median value οf 0.0001. After the installatiοn οf 5G, measurements shοwed an mean and median expοsure ratiο οf 0.0008. Cοnclusiοns: The recοrded expοsure values within the Thessaly regiοn cοnsistently remained belοw the internatiοnally recοmmended benchmark levels established by the ICNIRP. Cοnsequently, there is nο significant risk οf electrοmagnetic radiatiοn frοm mοbile phοnes and base statiοns in sensitive lands (schοοls, kindergarten etc) lοcated in the cities οf Thessaly.

The rapid advancement of communication technologies underscores the urgent need for robust and adaptable emergency communication systems (ECSs), particularly crucial during crises and natural disasters. Although network-based ECSs have been extensively studied, integrating open-source technologies, such as software-defined wide area networks (SD-WAN) with private long-term evolution (LTE) base stations, is a relatively unexplored domain. This study endeavors to fill this gap by introducing an experimental ECS platform that utilizes a hybrid network, incorporating a VoIP network to enhance open-source and on-premises communications in targeted areas. Our hypothesis posits that a hybrid network architecture, combining SD-WAN and private LTE, can substantially improve the reliability and efficiency of ECSs. Our findings, supported by the open-source OMNeT++ simulator, illuminate the enhanced communication reliability of the network. Moreover, the proposed platform, characterized by autonomous wireless 4G/LTE base stations and an Asterisk VoIP server, demonstrates improved quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE), with minimal data loss. This research not only has immediate practical applications but also bears significant implications for the development of cost-effective, open-source communication networks, optimized for emergencies, critical infrastructure, and remote areas.

In this paper a very compact design of a dual-band band pass filter (D-BPF) using dual composite right-/left-handed (D-CRLH) and open-loop ring (OLR) resonators is presented. To overcome the frequency ratio limitations of D-CLRH resonators technique, the D-BPF design combines D-CRLH and OLR resonators to finally perform a D-BPF. The filter covers the 2.6 and 3.5 GHz spectrums for 4G and 5G applications, respectively. The reported D-BPF is designed and optimized using ADS software, and is implemented on a Rogers RO5880 substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 2.2 and thickness of 0.787 mm. The overall compact size is 8×8×0.787 mm^3. To our knowledge, this design is considered as the most compact and smallest size dual-bandpass filters.

Alleviating poverty remains a significant global challenge necessitating effective interventions. While Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is widely acknowledged as a contemporary solution for addressing socioeconomic issues, the impact of supply-side factors, notably mobile broadband expansion, remains uncertain. Our study bridges this gap by analyzing the effects of 3G and 4G coverage on poverty rates and gaps in 109 underdeveloped regions in Indonesia from 2017–2021. Through quantitative analysis and map charts, we ascertain that increased 3G and 4G coverage is associated with decreased poverty rates and gaps. Specifically, a 1 percent rise in 3G coverage corresponds to a 0.019 percent decrease in poverty rates and a 0.011 point reduction in the poverty gap. Similarly, a 1 percent increase in 4G coverage reduces poverty rates by 0.009 percent and the poverty gap by 0.004 points. These findings offer valuable theoretical and practical insights to inform future research and policy initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the evolving landscape of Industry 4.0, the integration of advanced wireless technologies into manufacturing processes holds the promise of unprecedented connectivity and efficiency. In particular, the data transmission in a heavy industry environment needs stable connectivity with mobile operators. This paper deals with the performance study of 4G and 5G mobile signal coverage within a complex factory environment. For this purpose, a cost-effective and portable measurement setup was realized and used to provide long-term measurement campaigns monitoring and recording several key parameter indicators (KPIs) in 4G/5G downlink and upload. To support the reproducibility of the provided study and other research activities, the measured dataset is publicly available for download. Among others findings, the obtained results show how the performance of 4G/5G is influenced by a heavy industry environment and of the time of day on the network load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a very compact design of a dualband band pass filter (D-BPF) using dual composite right- /left-handed (D-CRLH) and open-loop ring (OLR) resonators is presented. To overcome the frequency ratio limitations of D-CLRH resonators technique, the D-BPF design combines D-CRLH and OLR resonators to finally perform a D-BPF. The filter covers the 2.6 and 3.5 GHz spectrums for 4G and 5G applications, respectively. The reported D-BPF is designed and optimized using ADS software, and is implemented on a Rogers RO5880 substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 2.2 and thickness of 0.787 mm. The overall compact size is 8 × 8 × 0.787 mm³ . To our knowledge, this design is considered as the most compact and smallest size dual-bandpass filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kebutuhan para pengguna akan layanan komunikasi maupun informasi yang dibutuhkan meningkat dengan cepat sehingga menyebabkan penyedia jasa pada layanan telekomunikasi seluler dituntu untuk berkembang guna memenuhi kebutuhan pengguna atau konsumennya dan terus mengembangkan kemampuan dan teknologi terkini. Dengan memanfaatkan teknologi komunikasi generasi keempat yaitu tekonologi 4G mengharapkan kecepatan jaringan yang cepat. Namun, teknologi 4G ini memiliki beberapa kendala yang menyebabkan kecepatan jaringan menjadi optimasi jaringan untuk memperbaiki kualitas jaringan agar dapat dipakai dengan optimal. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan proses optimasi untuk memperbaiki kondisi level sinyal Reference Signals Received Power (RSRP) di Jalur Tol Cikopo-Palimanan (Cipali). Proses optimasi dilakukan dengan menganalisis kondisi level sinyal RSRP berdasarkan data yang didapatkan dari operator dan di simulasikan di Atoll Planning Software dengan menggunakan metode physical tuning. Berdasarkan hasil data yang didapatkan dari simulasi menggunakan Atoll Planning Software, terdapat beberapa area yang memiliki coverage yang kurang baik dengan level RSRP dibawah -90 dBm, dan area tersebut merupakan area jalur tol yang rawan kemacetan kendaraan karena arus mudik lebaran atau perbaikan jalan. Optimasi dilakukan di 4 spot yang mempunyai kondisi level sinyal yang buruk dan setelah dilakukan optimasi terdapat perbaikan level sinyal dengan warna ungu (sekitar -100 dBm) berubah menjadi warna kuning (sekitar -90 dBm). Hal ini juga mempengaruhi presentase Coverage sinyal di area jalan tol cipali, yaitu terjadi perbaikan dan kenaikan persentase untuk level sinyal diatas -90 dBm yaitu dari 88,73% menjadi 90,67% dan juga mengalami penurunan persentase untuk level sinyal dibawah -90 dBm yaitu dari 11,27 menjadi 9,33%.

Emerging cellular networks integrate diverse technologies like millimeter wave (mmWave) to deliver high capacity but face challenges like blockage sensitivity. Dual connections (DC) enhance throughput but ensuring information freshness (Age-of-Information, AoI) is crucial for real-time applications. This paper proposes a novel approach for AoI optimization in DC cellular networks (4G/5G) with TCP multipath transport. We address the stochastic nature of AoI and channel conditions with a combined random and stochastic optimization approach. Modeling the system as a multi-queue system with LTE and mmWave connections, we propose a difference learning-based algorithm that dynamically selects the optimal queue for each packet. This eliminates the need for statistical information like packet arrival rates, enabling real-time adaptation. Compared to existing methods, our algorithm significantly reduces AoI under various network conditions (over 40%), demonstrating its effectiveness for real-time applications.

In the early phase, the number of new radio (NR) users is considerably low compared to the long-term evolution (LTE) users. Hence, allocating the LTE spectrum to a small number of NR users will have a detrimental effect on the LTE users. To overcome this backdrop, dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) between LTE and NR has become an emerging technology where both systems can coexist on the same LTE spectrum. However, the most critical factor for LTE and NR coexistence is to share the spectrum resources of LTE systems with data and control signals necessary to operate NR systems subject to not impacting LTE operations. In line with this, a comprehensive understanding of DSS for LTE and NR coexistence taking into account diversified concerns is presented in this paper. First, an overview of the technological background of essential signals and channels of both LTE and NR systems to enable DSS for their coexistence is given. Numerous deployment options and potential design considerations of DSS are then discussed. The application of DSS to both multicast-broadcast single-frequency network (MBSFN) and non-MBSFN LTE subframes under NR with and without synchronization signal/ physical broadcast channels (PBCH) block (SSB) transmissions is examined. Further, the third-generation partnership project (3GPP) standardization activities towards DSS in its different releases are discussed, numerous use cases are highlighted, and the significance and limitations of DSS are identified. To provide additional insights, the relative comparison of potential aspects of several DSS concerns including, deployment options, design considerations, DSS applications, and 3GPP standardization efforts, is carried out. Finally, a summary of key lessons learned is provided in terms of numerous facts and figures.

In some areas the distribution of telecommunications networks is not evenly distributed, one example is in the city of Ternate. Several areas in the city of Ternate. The purpose of this study is to determine the quality of the 4G LTE network from providers in the city of Ternate, namely (Telkomsel and Indosat) using the G-Nettrack Pro application, the parameters measured are rsrp or network strength, The method used in this study is the drive test, The results showed that the RSRP distribution of Telkomsel operators in Sasa Village had a percentage of 43.05% with a sample of 155. Meanwhile, Indosat operators had a percentage of 34.83% with a sample of 117, the RSRP distribution of Telkomsel operators in Gambesi Village had a percentage of 42.02% with a sample of 133. While Indosat Operators have a percentage of 24.64% with a sample of 70, RSRP Distribution of Telkomsel Operators in the Stadium Village has a percentage of 64.29% with a sample of 117. Meanwhile, Indosat Operators have a percentage of 53.05% with a sample of 87, Distribution of RSRP Telkomsel Operators in Kelurahan Stadiums have a percentage of 57.76% with a sample of 145. Meanwhile, Indosat Operators have a percentage of 37.18% with a sample of 87. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ever-increasing number of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) requires appropriate electric vehicle grid integration (EVGI) for charging coordination to maintain grid stability and enhance PEV user convenience. As such, the widespread adoption of electric mobility can be successful. EVGI is facilitated through charging stations and empowers PEV users to manage their charging demand by using smart charging solutions. This makes PEV grids assets that provide flexibility to the power grid. The Internet of Things (IoT) feature can make smooth EVGI possible through a supporting communication infrastructure. In this regard, the selection of an appropriate communication protocol is essential for the successful implementation of EVGI. This study assesses the efficacy of the UK's 4G network with TCP and 4G UDP protocols for potential EVGI operations. For this, an EVGI emulation test bed is developed, featuring three charging parking lots with the capacity to accommodate up to 64 PEVs. The network's performance is assessed in terms of data packet loss (e.g., the data-exchange capability between EVGI entities) and latency metrics. The findings reveal that while 4G TCP often outperforms 4G UDP, both achieve latencies of less than 1 s with confidence intervals of 90% or greater for single PEV cases. However, it is observed that the high penetration of PEVs introduces a pronounced latency due to queuing delays in the network including routers and the base station servers, highlighting the challenges associated with maintaining efficient EVGI coordination, which in turn affects the efficient use of grid assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A small-size multiband antenna with 14 bands is presented in this paper for wireless applications. The studied antenna mainly consists of a folded monopole antenna and an M-shaped structure. Furthermore, the antenna has a simple design with a compact dimension of 26.8 × 10.8 mm2. The studied antenna is printed on FR4 substrate with a depth of 0.8 mm and fed by a coaxial cable. The −10 dB bandwidths measured are 210 MHz (1200–1410 MHz), 100 MHz (2200–2300 MHz), 193 MHz (3000–3193 MHz), 180 MHz (3330–3510 MHz), 390 MHz (4110–4500 MHz), 4971 MHz, 577 MHz (5300–5877 MHz), and 700 MHz (7100–7800 MHz), which can cover 3G/4G/5G/Wi-Fi/WiMAX, C, and S bands. The gain and efficiency of the presented antenna are 1.3–4.00 dBi and 46%–60.2%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

6G, the next evolution in wireless networks, is driven by the demand for ultra-fast data speeds, low latency, massive device connections, and reliability. It aims to revolutionize communication with THz transmission, advanced antennas, AI, and quantum computing, offering terabit-per-second data transfer rates for data-intensive applications and immersive experiences. AI is vital in intelligent resource allocation and predictive analytics, while quantum computing ensures secure communications. 6G's potential impacts healthcare, transportation, manufacturing, and entertainment with advancements like remote surgery and intelligent factories. Challenges in spectrum availability, energy efficiency, and regulations must be addressed for successful implementation. 6G promises faster, more secure, and innovative communication across industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the expansion of wireless mobile networks into both the daily lives of individuals as well as into the widely developing market of connected devices, communication is an increasingly attractive target for attackers. As the complexity of mobile cellular systems grows and the respective countermeasures are implemented to secure data transmissions, the attacks have become increasingly sophisticated on the one hand, but at the same time the system complexity can open up expanded opportunities for security and privacy breaches. After an in-depth summary of possible entry points to attacks to mobile networks, this paper first briefly reviews the basic principles of the physical layer implementation of 4G/5G systems, then gives an overview of possible attacks from a physical layer perspective. It also provides an overview of the software frameworks and hardware tool-software defined radios currently in use for experimenting with 4G/5G mobile networks, and it discusses their basic capabilities. In the final part, the paper summarizes the currently most promising families of techniques to detect illegitimate base stations—the machine-learning-based, localization-based, and behavior-based methods.

En el presente trabajo implementamos un prototipo de estación base para una red 4G-LTE, como herramienta experimental para el estudio y análisis de las redes móviles para la Carrera de Ingeniería en Telecomunicaciones de la Universidad Nacional de Loja. Se ha detectado que a los estudiantes de nuestra carrera le falta experiencia práctica con tecnologías inalámbricas de última generación, por lo que mediante este prototipo los estudiantes podrán comprender de mejor manera el funcionamiento de las redes 4G-LTE, ya que el mismo permite observar el funcionamiento, la comunicación, los servicios y los diferentes tipos de datos que se intercambian entre las diferentes entidades de la red. Para su ejecución, se realizó el análisis sobre los diferentes softwares de implementación de código abierto de LTE, como para el resto de las tecnologías/dispositivos que son complementarias en el despliegue de la red LTE. El proyecto, por lo tanto, se desarrolló mediante la plataforma de software OpenAirInterface (OAI) y el hardware BladeRF Micro 2.0 xA9, que son los elementos principales que permiten emular el funcionamiento de una red 4G LTE comercial y se lo implementó en el Centro de Investigación, Innovación, Desarrollo de Prototipos Tecnológicos y Pruebas Electroenergéticas I2TEC de la Facultad de Energía de nuestra Universidad. Finalmente, para determinar el desempeño de la red, realizamos diferentes pruebas en el laboratorio de telecomunicaciones mediante la utilización de herramientas y/o servicios que se pueden implementar en la red. Con esto, entregamos un prototipo adecuado para una mejor compresión de esta tecnología y un mayor conocimiento practico acerca del funcionamiento de la misma.

Abstract4 G mobile networks have evolved to meet the ever-increasing demand and requirements of users. 4 G will provide comprehensive IP solutions, allowing users to access voice, data, and streaming multimedia services at any time, from any location. Nonetheless, this transition will introduce new vulnerabilities and threats to service providers and customers. With the introduction of machine-to-machine (M2M) communication and the Internet of Things (IoT), malicious actors now have more attack ground. Attackers have an easier time sneaking into 4 G networks in developing countries because outdated and unprotected devices are still in use. Many startups and individuals did not invest in protecting their devices, owing to financial constraints and a lack of fundamental cyber security awareness. Because many network devices in developing countries are old and poorly protected, they could serve as a launching pad for perpetrators. This work thoroughly investigates and discusses fundamental security flaws in the 4 G network. These flaws could provide a path for malicious actors. Several factors exist in developing countries that expose them to perpetrators have been explained and elaborated on this work. Additionally, potential solutions to combat these issues are proposed.

The growth in the popularity of reconfigurable antennas has been observed recently. Because of the fast progress of wireless communication technology in current wireless applications with large data rates, multimode and cognitive radio operations are implemented with reconfigurable antennas. These antennas are well-suited for wireless applications, including 4G and 5G mobile devices, due to their versatile capabilities. These include requiring minimal front-end processing, providing strong isolation, and effectively rejecting signals outside the desired frequency bands. In this article, we reviewed some of the latest reconfigurable antenna designs that have recently been proposed for use in wireless communications, including cognitive-ratio, MIMO, ultra-wideband, and 4G and 5G mobile terminals. It investigated the fundamental properties and characteristics of reconfigurable antennas with single and multiple reconfigurability modes. This study examines related publications on reconfigurable antennas across a variety of platforms to determine methodologies. In the present year, the examination of reconfigurable antennas involves addressing various complexities in their development and analysis. The existing methodologies exhibit certain advantages and constraints, which are studied upon. Furthermore, emerging research hurdles in this domain are identified and proposed. Each concept and its design techniques are analysed, with merits, limitations, and future improvement highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fifth–generation (5G) network is developing rapidly. The network coverage directly influences the quality of service (QoS) of vertical industries. Coverage capability is a crucial and indispensable indicator when evaluating the performance of a network. However, the results of the current algorithm fall short in terms of accuracy. To restore the current status of 5G network coverage more realistically, in this study, we design a new optimization algorithm for coverage calculation based on the traditional coverage algorithm combined with fourth–generation (4G) coverage reference signal receiving power (RSRP) in management report (MR) and adopt a multisystem collaborative analysis method. The algorithm corrects the coverage results and restores the true value of 5G coverage. Based on this, we provide a practical analysis of the largest standalone (SA) commercial network in the world, which confirms the viability of the algorithm. Both theoretical and practical analyses show that the algorithm can effectively detect hidden weak coverage areas, providing a further reference for future 5G construction and improving the 5G user experience. The proposed approach can be broadly generalized and applied to multifrequency, multioperator, or even sixth–generation (6G) networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) incur considerable capital investments towards the acquisition of spectrum, deployment of mobile networks, and marketing and advertising of their mobile services to potential mobile subscribers. The extant literature, which is mainly conceptual, suggests that such capital investments impact the individual mobile subscriber base of MNOs. However, the extant literature lacks in quantitative explanation of such impacts. We address this lacuna by proposing an empirical framework using a novel panel dataset of the four largest MNOs of India, during the years 2009–2017. We find that capital investments in the spectrum (both contemporaneous and lagged) and mobile networks (lagged) positively impact the mobile subscriber base of MNOs in India. We observe that a "triggering effect," such as the market rollout of 4G (fourth generation) services, leads to an initial slump in the mobile subscriber base of MNOs, which is counterintuitive and signifies the importance of early network-preparedness on the part of MNOs. We also find that, in the event of the aforementioned market triggers, MNOs' firm-size and potential to invest in the spectrum, in addition to network-preparedness, are crucial for its survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the evolving landscape of Industry 4.0, the integration of advanced wireless technologies into manufacturing processes holds the promise of unprecedented connectivity and efficiency. In particular, the data transmission in a heavy industry environment needs stable connectivity with mobile operators. This paper deals with the performance study of 4G and 5G mobile signal coverage within a complex factory environment. For this purpose, a cost-effective and portable measurement setup was realized and used to provide long-term measurement campaigns monitoring and recording several key parameter indicators (KPIs) in 4G/5G downlink and upload. To support the reproducibility of the provided study and other research activities, the measured dataset is publicly available for download. Among others findings, the obtained results show how the performance of 4G/5G is influenced by a heavy industry environment and of the time of day on the network load.

This work proposes a multiband structure for cell devices, as well as a microstrip patch antenna array for 5G and 4G implementations. For a square-shaped slot, the multiband array structure is expected to function at resonant frequencies of 20.5 GHz, 25.5 GHz, 32.5 GHz, and 40.5 GHz. The intended antenna was constructed on a FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.4 and a thickness of 1.6 mm. An antenna array composite consists of a 4*2 component of the multiband construction for tapered line feeding. The array antenna's dimensions are 28.24mm*16.48 mm. The suggested antenna's length and breadth are computed to enhance the antenna array element's size. The antenna presented is appropriate for both 4G and 5G applications. In this article, several characteristics such as reflection coefficient, gain, and radiation pattern are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The close-up visual inspection of bridges faces several problems, including a lack of financial resources and human personnel. Hence, there has been increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) and information and communications technology (ICT) to solve them. We previously investigated remote inspection—in which skilled engineers provided on-site support from a remote location—with the aim of reducing the labor required for on-site work and addressing the lack of personnel through the use of AI and ICT. Sharing images of bridges from inspection sites to remote locations via the Internet enables remote assessment of the sites and the ability to consider and diagnose damage. Mobile communications can be used to upload images, although the volume of image data required for inspection can be enormous and take considerable time to upload. Consequently, in this study, we investigated image uploads using 5G communication—that is, the fifth-generation technology standard for broadband cellular networks. Moreover, we measured the upload times when using 4G and 5G services and examined their operation based on differences in the communication environments. We concluded that the simulated remote inspection can be efficiently performed by adjusting the inspection method to the communication environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a compact 4-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system is presented for sub-6 GHz applications. A modified M-shaped strip is used to form each antenna element in the MIMO system. To improve performance, a rectangular-shaped area is etched on the opposite side of each element in the ground plane. The antenna size is 100 × 60 mm2. Most interestingly, the port isolation is improved by rotating the etched areas and the corresponding radiating elements. This one-of-a-kind approach aided in the development of a highly isolated MIMO antenna with a small footprint. The theory of characteristic modes (TCM) is used to analyze the behavior of rotating the etched areas in the ground of the antenna. The antenna provides significant port isolation above 20 dB, stable radiation patterns, and an outstanding ECC less than 0.01. The design is simple and compact, making it suitable for MIMO operation in handheld devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the fast development of wireless mobile communication networks, the 4th and 5th-generation wireless mobile communication systems are now applied in different fields. They can be efficiently used in land–air wireless communication to provide wireless Inter-net services for passengers on civilian aircrafts. The frequency offset estimation (FOE) is an important issue in land–air wireless communication environment. Accordingly, a novel joint FOE scheme based on the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system is pro-posed in this paper. Firstly, this paper proposes a new FOE algorithm based on the peak power ratio (PPR) on the physical random-access channel (PRACH). Secondly, a joint FOE scheme is proposed, which uses the conventional FOE based on the physical uplink shared channel and the proposed PPR FOE based on PRACH. The proposed joint FOE scheme can extend the range of FOE from [−1000 Hz, 1000 Hz] to [−1875 Hz, 1875 Hz] and has better performance than the proposed PPR FOE method and the conventional FOE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A triple-band substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) with dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) for fourth-generation (4G) and fifth-generation (5G) applications is proposed and analyzed in this paper. Loading SIW with DRA allows for a wide bandwidth, low losses, and fabrication ease. The proposed antenna can transmit and receive data independently by covering LTE Band 3 at 1.8 GHz, LTE Band 8 at 2.6 GHz, and 5G n77 at 3.7 GHz. A U-shaped cut is applied to achieve the targeted multi-resonance frequencies. The antenna obtains high bandwidths of up to 19.50% with 4.9 dBi gain and 81.0% efficiency at 1.8 GHz, 6.58% bandwidth with 4.4 dBi and 72.7% efficiency at 2.6 GHz, and 8.21% bandwidth with 6.7 dBi and 73.5% efficiency at 3.7 GHz. The simulated and measured results agree well. The proposed antenna is feasible for 4G and 5G applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a real-time surveillance system using Internet of Things technology is proposed for vaccine cold chains. This system fully visualizes vaccine transport and storage. It comprises a 4G gateway module, lowpower and low-cost wireless temperature and humidity collection module (WTHCM), cloud service software platform, and phone app. The WTHCM is installed in freezers or truck-mounted cold chain cabinets to collect the temperature and humidity information of the vaccine storage environment. It then transmits the collected data to a gateway module in the radiofrequency_physical layer (RF_PHY). The RF_PHY is an interface for calling the bottom 2.4-GHz transceiver, which can realize a more flexible communication mode. The gateway module can simultaneously receive data from multiple acquisition terminals, process the received data depending on the protocol, and transmit the collated data to the cloud server platform via 4G or Wi-Fi. The cloud server platform primarily provides data storage, chart views, short-message warnings, and other functions. The phone app is designed to help users view and print temperature and humidity data concerning the transportation and storage of vaccines anytime and anywhere. Thus, this system provides a new vaccine management model for ensuring the safety and reliability of vaccines to a greater extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]