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Riassunto Questo contributo tratta degli studi danteschi in lingua tedesca nel XIX secolo. Anche se tutta l’Europa riscopre Dante con entusiasmo a partire dal 1800, la Germania può essere considerata, insieme all’Italia, come il paese in cui ha inizio la ricerca scientifica sulla sua opera, sulla sua vita e sulla sua epoca e in cui si gettano le basi per gli studi del XX secolo. Attraverso l’analisi di alcuni studi significativi il saggio cerca di illustrare i principali temi e orientamenti della ricerca dantesca del periodo in lingua tedesca. Le ricerche sul contesto storico di Dante e l’analisi del suo pensiero politico si rivelano temi particolarmente importanti, ai quali vengono dedicati numerosi studi approfonditi.

Der Beitrag behandelt den Begriff der Klassik als Erscheinung der Nachhaltigkeit und beleuchtet die Affinität der beiden Konzepte am Beispiel Ciceros. Der lateinische Schriftsteller gilt nicht nur als Musterklassiker, sondern hat sich auch selbst um Klassizität bemüht. Was aus seinen schriftstellerischen Strategien, die auf Ressourcenvielfalt setzen, abgeleitet wurde, ergänzt in diesem Beitrag der Blick auf Überlegungen, die er in der Verteidigungsrede für den Dichter Archias, einem Brief an Atticus und einem Brief an Lucceius formuliert. Diese drei Texte machen ersichtlich, wie für Cicero, dem der Klassik-Begriff noch nicht zur Verfügung stand, in seinen Reflexionen das nachhaltige Andenken der Nachwelt im Blick stand. Die zentrale Rolle im Streben danach weist er dem raumzeitlich entgrenzenden Geist (animus) und der diesen ansprechenden Literatur und Philosophie gleichermassen zu.

Dieses Buch handelt von Magister «Gerardus», der 1451 auf von der ehemaligen Insel Wieringen in Nordholland geboren wurde. Er war einer von über 70’000 Studenten und Gelehrten, die mit ihren Studien- und Lebenswegen Aufnahme in das Repertorium Academicum Germanicum (rag-online.org) gefunden haben. Aber nur wenige von ihnen haben ein Selbstzeugnis hinterlassen, ein Notiz- und Rechnungsbuch, das für die Zeit von 1464 bis 1501 von Spuren gelehrter Bildung und einem nuancenreichen Leben kündet. Gerhard von Wieringen war wie viele seiner Landsleute, denen in diesem Buch erstmals Beachtung geschenkt wird, ein Absolvent der Kölner Universität, hatte es zu akademischen Ehren und danach dank vor allem seiner gelehrten Onkel zu einer auskömmlichen geistlichen Tätigkeit in der rheinischen Stadt Jülich gebracht. Sein Buch, geschrieben in lateinischer Sprache, durchsetzt von niederländischen und rheinischen Wörtern, wird zusammen mit einer deutschen Übersetzung ediert (Teil II) und dessen Inhalt (Teil I) einordnend kommentiert. Es handelt sich um private Aufzeichnungen, die gleichwohl etwas zur Geschichte Wieringens, der Kölner Universität sowie der Stadt Jülich in der zweiten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts beitragen. Zentrales Thema ist sein ‘Lebenswerk’, die Übernahme und Reparatur des Jülicher Stationshauses der Karmeliten. Dazu finden sich Notizen über Bau- und Waldarbeiter, Handwerker, Gehilfen, Mägde, Boten und Botinnen, über Essen und Trinken, Geben und Nehmen von Geschenken sowie über Erfahrungen, die er mit Vernetzungen gemacht hat, mit einem trotz auch kritischer Begegnungen gut funktionierenden Freundes- und Bekanntenkreis. Im Anhang (Teil III) stösst man u.a. auf Familienmitglieder, auf Wieringer an Universitäten (1389–1524) sowie auf Karten und Fotographien.

The term Medieval Latin refers to Latin from c. 500 until c. 1500 ce. In the first few centuries, Medieval Latin defines texts which contrive to follow the rules of formal literary language, in contrast to Vulgar Latin, which describes the non-formal registers of spoken language. Throughout its history, Medieval Latin texts often deviate from the usage of the canonical classical literature that was closely studied. The departures are owing partly to changes already evident in the grammatical writings and Christian poetry of Late Antiquity. Later developments reflect the influence of spoken languages (especially the Romance vernaculars) and the need of denominations for new realities. Most medieval authors received instruction in ecclesiastical institutions and many became clerics. Consequently their Latin was shaped by their daily readings and recitations from the Bible, liturgy, and Church Fathers. From the fourteenth century onward, the humanists endeavored to describe the usage of classical authors and to reestablish Classical Latin as a literary language. Medieval Latin orthography differs markedly from Classical. The differences may reflect the pronunciation of authors and scribes, but some variation also seems to have been tolerated. Some changes even became the new accepted norm (for instance e instead ae/oe from the twelfth century on). Morphological and syntactical changes mostly represent late antique developments which are continued and intensified, either through the influence of the spoken language or of the late antique readings. The greatest innovation, however, can be observed in vocabulary. The word stock was expanded through semantic adaptation and morphological changes, as well as through the incorporation of foreign words and neologisms. Medieval texts present a great range of linguistic variation, depending on the linguistic competence of the author, the register (for example administrative, literary, and legal language), and the style. Regional differences depend on the language spoken and school traditions, while other changes evolve over time. Moreover, many authors do not hesitate to depart from classical models by creating new genres, styles, and registers, sometimes by combining old ones. They adopt and further develop Late Antique innovations, such as the use of rhythm and rhyme.

Twitter is nowadays a powerful means of political propaganda. Its effectiveness can be easily appreciated in the large amounts of messages exchanged by politicians every day. This wealth of data, together with the interactive nature of the social medium, provides an ideal basis for the analysis of a striking feature of political messages, i.e., their implicitness, often achieved using presuppositions, among other strategies. The present work proposes a comparative analysis of British and Italian politicians' use of Twitter by focusing on implicit communication (notably, presuppositions) and the pragmatic functions of tweets. Based on a sample of about 400 tweets, our analysis shows that some of these functions tend to associate either with presuppositional or non-presuppositional communicative devices. Moreover, a critical methodological discussion is offered in order to address the main challenges of quantitative corpus-based pragmatics.

O poeta Washington Cucurto escreveu que a América Latina está em efervescência, cheia de vida, sexo e criação. Ainda que seu mapa político caia aos pedaços, o desejo dos povos se prolifera incessantemente. Essa mensagem está na quarta capa do livro Triple Frontera Dreams, de Douglas Diegues (Rio de Janeiro, 1965), publicado na Argentina em 2017. Segundo Cucurto, Diegues é !ilho deste desejo latino-americano de cruzamentos, de impurezas, de misturas do portunhol ou do “portuñol salvaje” que é praticamente um idioma situado nas zonas de fronteira entre o Brasil e outros países hispano-americanos, mais precisamente o Paraguai e a Bolívia. Diegues acrescentou o “salvaje” que pode ser entendido como uma prática literária e uma poética fundamental para uma aproximação estético-política da América Latina. Trata-se de um idioma “mixturado que hablan los pobres y los ricos miran com desprecio y la classe media no quiere ni oír” (Cucurto in Diegues, 2017).

“Interminável onça!”, remata Micheliny Verunschk no seu mais recente romance, O som do rugido da onça (2021). A partir dessa epígrafe e da onça como Leitmotiv em cada um dos autores aqui convocados, este ensaio aborda primeiro as suas origens dentro da literatura e cultura brasileiras, recorrendo a textos de Ariano Suassuna e Alberto Mussa. Esses textos servirão como chave de leitura, assim como o perspetivismo ameríndio de Eduardo Viveiros de Castro. Propõe-se uma reflexão crítica e comparativa da linguagem metamórfica no conto “Meu tio, o Iauaretê” (1961), de João Guimarães Rosa, e do romance acima mencionado, na qual se aponta para aspetos análogos nestas narrativas, sempre na presença da onça como motivo central: primeiro, ao mostrar um jogo de poder entre a voz domesticada e o silêncio selvagem, composições só aparentemente contraditórias, para depois alcançar o lugar comum da transcendência, o lugar da escuta.

In this paper, we focus on partitive articles (PAs), i.e., determiners which, generally, have an indefinite interpretation, and on one of their potential correlates, i.e., invariable de, in Francoprovençal, a non-standardized, highly endangered Gallo-Romance language (cf. Zulato, Kasstan & Nagy 2018), and show the fine-grained spatial distribution of these elements in the Swiss and Aosta Valley (Italy) varieties. Presenting several maps based on fieldwork data from Valais (Switzerland) and the Aosta Valley (Italy), we demonstrate that the spatial distribution of PAs and de is more complex than reported in the literature: we complement the basic subdivision of Francoprovençal into two types, Francoprovençal A and B (cf. Kristol 2014, 2016), with a more nuanced picture, in which the morphosyntactic features of PAs play a crucial role: in Francoprovençal A, the presence of PAs depends on the syntactic context whereas, in Francoprovençal B, their presence is limited mainly to two areas, in which singular and plural PAs do not occur together (one area only has singular PAs whereas the other one only has plural PAs). We also show that there is no correlation between phonologically overt plural marking on nouns and absence of PAs; however, we found a correlation between overt sigmatic number marking on nouns and absence of PAs.

Résumé : J’appelle protohistoire l’époque située entre la période mythique et la période historique proprement dite, qui débute vers 525 av. J.-C. Dans aucun autre discours conservé de l’Athènes classique, elle n’occupe autant de place que dans le Panathénaïque d’Isocrate. Sur la base de réflexions introductives sur le rapport entre mythe et histoire, historicité et historiabilité, et d’un aperçu des sources de l’époque classique qui traitent des mêmes épisodes protohistoriques que ceux mentionnés dans le Panathénaïque, j’examine en particulier deux passages du discours : le récit qu’Isocrate fait de l’expulsion des Cariens des îles (§ 43-44) et sa réflexion méthodologique sur la problématique des sources historiques (§ 149-150). Abstract : I call protohistory the period between the mythical period and the historical period proper, which begins around 525 BC. In no other preserved discourse of classical Athens does it occupy so much space as in Isocrates’ Panathenaicus. On the basis of introductory reflections on the relationship between myth and history, historicity and historiability, and an overview of classical sources that deal with the same protohistorical episodes as those mentioned in the Panathenaicus, I examine in particular two passages of the speech: Isocrates’ account of the expulsion of the Carians from the islands (§ 43-44) and his methodological reflections on the problematic of historical sources (§ 149-150).