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Technological advancement is reshaping the ways in which language interpreters operate. This poses existential challenges to the profession but also offers new opportunities. This books moves from the design of the computer-assisted interpreting tool SmarTerp as a case study of impact-driven interpreting technology research. It demonstrates how usability testing was used to achieve an interpreter-centred design. By contextualising the case study within the past and current developments of translation and interpreting technology research, this book seeks to inform and inspire a redefinition of the conceptualisation of interpreting technology research – not just as a tool to understand change but to drive it into a sustainable and human direction.

Previous studies on the neuro-cognition of language have provided a strong case for systematic inter-individual variability in event-related potentials (ERPs) evoked during language processing. In the present study, we aimed at extending this evidence to the processing of morphologically complex words. We focused on German plural forms and tested two types of morphological violations: overapplications of regular plural morphemes (‘regularizations’) and of irregular plural morphemes (‘irregularizations’). The group-level results showed a biphasic LAN-P600 response for regularizations, and a P600 for irregularizations. In line with previous reports, our analyses of inter-individual variability suggested that biphasic responses consisting of a negativity followed by a positivity are unlikely to exist at the individual level. Importantly, when analyzing the scalp distribution of ERPs elicited in participants supposed to show negativity-dominant responses, we found this to vary as a function of the type of morphological form: regularizations elicited a left-hemisphere response (LAN), while irregularizations a more widespread negativity (N400). Our results are consistent with dual-route accounts of morphological processing that distinguish between rule-based processing for regular inflection and memory retrieval for irregular inflection. At a more general level, our study shows that complementing group-level results with analyses of inter-individual variability can crucially contribute to a more detailed understanding of brain signatures of language.

Das interdisziplinäre Foschungsprojekt „Decoding Antisemitism“ dient der Untersuchung von Antisemitismus im Internet. Seit Sommer 2020 ist dieses dreijährige Pilotprojekt am Zentrum für Antisemitismusforschung (ZfA) an der TU Berlin angesiedelt und wird in Zusammenarbeit mit der HTW Berlin und dem King’s College London (KCL) durchgeführt. Beim Untersuchungsgegenstand handelt es sich um Antisemitismus in den Kommentarbereichen von Medien-Webseiten des politischen Mainstream in Deutschland, Frankreich und Großbritannien sowie deren Social Media-Profile. Über einen Mixed Methods-Zugang werden diskursive Trends in den drei europäischen Ländern und unterschiedliche verbale und visuelle Ausformungen von Antisemitismus qualitativ, quantitativ sowie KI-gestützt analysiert. Das Interaktive Web bietet sich aufgrund seiner zentralen Rolle im gesellschaftlichen Diskurs als Untersuchungsgegenstand an. Mit der Analyse von Kommentarbereichen jener Medien, die dem politisch gemäßigten Feld zuzurechnen sind, erschließt das Forscher*innenteam ein bislang wenig beachtetes Feld – zudem eine drängende Aufgabe, da von der Normalisierung abwertender und ausgrenzender Rhetorik in ebensolchen Milieus eine enorme Gefahr ausgeht. Auf der Basis umfangreicher qualitativer Analysen wird ein Überblick über bisher unbekannte Erscheinungsformen und das tatsächliche Ausmaß von Antisemitismus in diesen europäischen Web-Communitys gewonnen. Die Ergebnisse bieten wiederum die Möglichkeit vielfältiger Gegenstrategien., The interdisciplinary research project "Decoding Antisemitism" aims to investigate antisemitism on the internet. Since summer 2020, this three-year pilot project has been based at the Centre for Research on Antisemitism (ZfA) at TU Berlin and is being carried out in cooperation with HTW Berlin and King's College London (KCL) . The object of study is antisemitism in the comment sections of mainstream political media websites in Germany, France and the UK, as well as their social media profiles. Using a mixed methods approach, discursive trends in the three European countries and different verbal and visual forms of antisemitism are analysed qualitatively, quantitatively and with the help of AI. The interactive web presents itself as an object of study due to its central role in social discourse. By analysing the comments sections of media that belong to the politically moderate field, the research team is opening up a field that has received little attention so far - an urgent task, since the normalisation of derogatory and exclusionary rhetoric in such milieus poses an enormous danger. On the basis of extensive qualitative analyses, an overview of previously unknown manifestations and the actual extent of antisemitism in these European web communities will be gained. The results in turn offer the possibility of diverse counter-strategies., «Decoding Antisemitism» est un projet de recherche interdisciplinaire hébergé par le Centre de Recherche sur l’Antisémitisme (ZfA) de TU Berlin, en collaboration avec HTW Berlin et le King’s College London (KCL). Depuis l’été 2020, et pour trois ans, ce projet pilote a pour objectif d’examiner la façon dont les contenus antisémites émergent et circulent dans les sections commentaires des médias mainstream en Allemagne, au Royaume-Uni et en France. S’inscrivant au croisement des Sciences du Langage et de l’Intelligence Artificielle, le projet étudie, d’un point de vue aussi bien qualitatif et quantitatif, les différentes formes verbales et visuelles de l’antisémitisme en ligne. Jouant un rôle central dans le discours social, le web interactif constitue l’objet d’étude de ce projet. Plus particulièrement, l’analyse de l’antisémitisme dans les sections commentaires des médias mainstream permet d’examiner un terrain jusqu’ici peu exploré - une tâche urgente, car la normalisation de la rhétorique dérogatoire et d'exclusion dans ces milieux représente un énorme danger. Sur la base d'analyses qualitatives, une vue d'ensemble des manifestations jusqu'à maintenant inconnues et de l'étendue réelle de l'antisémitisme dans ces communautés web européennes sera acquise. Les résultats offrent à leur tour la possibilité de développer diverses contre-stratégies.

The offer of some cake can be declined by saying "I am on a diet" - an indirect reply. Here, we asked whether certain well-established psychological and conceptual features are linked to the (in)directness of speech acts - an issue unexplored so far. Subjects rated direct and indirect speech acts performed by the same critical linguistic forms in different dialogic contexts. We find that indirect replies were understood with less certainty, were less predictable by, less coherent with and less semantically similar to their context question. These effects were smaller when direct and indirect replies were matched for the type of speech acts for which they were used, compared to when they were not speech act matched. Crucially, all measured cognitive dimensions were strongly associated with each other. These findings suggest that indirectness goes hand-in-hand with a set of cognitive features, which should be taken into account when interpreting experimental findings, including neuroimaging studies of indirectness.

This book provides the first comprehensive grammatical description of Choguita Rarámuri, a Uto-Aztecan language spoken in the Sierra Tarahumara, a mountainous range in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua belonging to the Sierra Madre Occidental. A documentary corpus developed between 2003 and 2018 with Choguita Rarámuri language experts informs the analysis and is the source of the examples presented in this grammar. The documentary corpus, which consists of over 200 hours of recordings of elicited data, narratives, conversations, interviews, and other speech genres, is available in two archival collections housed at the Endangered Languages Archive and at UC Berkeley’s Survey of California and Other Indian Languages. Choguita Rarámuri is a highly synthetic, agglutinating language with a complex morphological system. It displays many of the recurrent structural features documented across Uto-Aztecan, including a predominance of suffixation, head-marking, and patterns of noun-incorporation and compounding (Sapir 1921; Whorf 1935; Haugen 2008b). Other features of typological and theoretical interest include a complex word prosodic system, a wide range of morphologically conditioned phonological processes, and patterns of variable affix order and multiple exponence. Choguita Rarámuri is also of great comparative/historical importance: while several analytical works of Uto-Aztecan languages of Northern Mexico have been produced in the last years (Guerrero Valenzuela 2006, García Salido 2014, Reyes Taboada 2014, Morales Moreno 2016, Villalpando Quiñonez 2019, inter alia), many varieties still lack comprehensive linguistic description and documentation. Audio files for the examples are available at https://zenodo.org/record/7268366 &nbsp

This volume provides a collection of research reports on multilingualism and language contact ranging from Romance, to Germanic, Greco and Slavic languages in situations of contact and diaspora. Most of the contributions are empirically-oriented studies presenting first-hand data based on original fieldwork, and a few focus directly on the methodological issues in such research. Owing to the multifaceted nature of contact and diaspora phenomena (e.g. the intrinsic transnational essence of contact and diaspora, and the associated interplay between majority and minoritized languages and multilingual practices in different contact settings, contact-induced language change, and issues relating to convergence) the disciplinary scope is broad, and includes ethnography, qualitative and quantitative sociolinguistics, formal linguistics, descriptive linguistics, contact linguistics, historical linguistics, and language acquisition. Case studies are drawn from Italo-Romance varieties in the Americas, Spanish-Nahuatl contact, Castellano Andino, Greko/Griko in Southern Italy, Yiddish in Anglophone communities, Frisian in the Netherlands, Wymysiöryś in Poland, Sorbian in Germany, and Pomeranian and Zeelandic Flemish in Brazil.

This volumeexplores and addresses questions related to equitable access for assessment. It seeks to initiate a conversation among scholars about inclusive practices in language assessments. Whether the student is a second language learner, a heritage language learner, a multilingual language speaker, a community member, the authors in the present volume provide examples of assessment that do not follow a single universal or standardized design but an applicable one based on the needs and context of a given community. The contributors in this volume are scholars from different disciplines and contexts in Higher Education. They have created and proposed multiple lower-stakes assignments and accommodated learning by being flexible and open without assuming that learners know how to do specific tasks. Each chapter provides different examples on Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (JEDI) assessment practices based on observation, examination, and integrative notions of diverse language scenarios. It may be of interest to researchers and practitioners in the fields of curriculum and instruction, language learning, and applied linguistics as well as those in the field of language teaching in general. Thus this volume broadens the scope of research in the area of multilingual assessment.

The interdisciplinary research project "Decoding Antisemitism" aims to investigate antisemitism on the internet. Since summer 2020, this three-year pilot project has been based at the Centre for Research on Antisemitism (ZfA) at TU Berlin and is being carried out in cooperation with HTW Berlin and King's College London (KCL) . The object of study is antisemitism in the comment sections of mainstream political media websites in Germany, France and the UK, as well as their social media profiles. Using a mixed methods approach, discursive trends in the three European countries and different verbal and visual forms of antisemitism are analysed qualitatively, quantitatively and with the help of AI. The interactive web presents itself as an object of study due to its central role in social discourse. By analysing the comments sections of media that belong to the politically moderate field, the research team is opening up a field that has received little attention so far - an urgent task, since the normalisation of derogatory and exclusionary rhetoric in such milieus poses an enormous danger. On the basis of extensive qualitative analyses, an overview of previously unknown manifestations and the actual extent of antisemitism in these European web communities will be gained. The results in turn offer the possibility of diverse counter-strategies., Das interdisziplinäre Foschungsprojekt „Decoding Antisemitism“ dient der Untersuchung von Antisemitismus im Internet. Seit Sommer 2020 ist dieses dreijährige Pilotprojekt am Zentrum für Antisemitismusforschung (ZfA) an der TU Berlin angesiedelt und wird in Zusammenarbeit mit der HTW Berlin und dem King’s College London (KCL) durchgeführt. Beim Untersuchungsgegenstand handelt es sich um Antisemitismus in den Kommentarbereichen von Medien-Webseiten des politischen Mainstream in Deutschland, Frankreich und Großbritannien sowie deren Social Media-Profile. Über einen Mixed Methods-Zugang werden diskursive Trends in den drei europäischen Ländern und unterschiedliche verbale und visuelle Ausformungen von Antisemitismus qualitativ, quantitativ sowie KI-gestützt analysiert. Das Interaktive Web bietet sich aufgrund seiner zentralen Rolle im gesellschaftlichen Diskurs als Untersuchungsgegenstand an. Mit der Analyse von Kommentarbereichen jener Medien, die dem politisch gemäßigten Feld zuzurechnen sind, erschließt das Forscher*innenteam ein bislang wenig beachtetes Feld – zudem eine drängende Aufgabe, da von der Normalisierung abwertender und ausgrenzender Rhetorik in ebensolchen Milieus eine enorme Gefahr ausgeht. Auf der Basis umfangreicher qualitativer Analysen wird ein Überblick über bisher unbekannte Erscheinungsformen und das tatsächliche Ausmaß von Antisemitismus in diesen europäischen Web-Communitys gewonnen. Die Ergebnisse bieten wiederum die Möglichkeit vielfältiger Gegenstrategien., «Decoding Antisemitism» est un projet de recherche interdisciplinaire hébergé par le Centre de Recherche sur l’Antisémitisme (ZfA) de TU Berlin, en collaboration avec HTW Berlin et le King’s College London (KCL). Depuis l’été 2020, et pour trois ans, ce projet pilote a pour objectif d’examiner la façon dont les contenus antisémites émergent et circulent dans les sections commentaires des médias mainstream en Allemagne, au Royaume-Uni et en France. S’inscrivant au croisement des Sciences du Langage et de l’Intelligence Artificielle, le projet étudie, d’un point de vue aussi bien qualitatif et quantitatif, les différentes formes verbales et visuelles de l’antisémitisme en ligne. Jouant un rôle central dans le discours social, le web interactif constitue l’objet d’étude de ce projet. Plus particulièrement, l’analyse de l’antisémitisme dans les sections commentaires des médias mainstream permet d’examiner un terrain jusqu’ici peu exploré - une tâche urgente, car la normalisation de la rhétorique dérogatoire et d'exclusion dans ces milieux représente un énorme danger. Sur la base d'analyses qualitatives, une vue d'ensemble des manifestations jusqu'à maintenant inconnues et de l'étendue réelle de l'antisémitisme dans ces communautés web européennes sera acquise. Les résultats offrent à leur tour la possibilité de développer diverses contre-stratégies.

PurposeThis study aims to draw the attention of business process management (BPM) research and practice to the textual data generated in the processes and the potential of meaningful insights extraction. The authors apply standard natural language processing (NLP) approaches to gain valuable knowledge in the form of business process (BP) complexity concept suggested in the study. It is built on the objective, subjective and meta-knowledge extracted from the BP textual data and encompassing semantics, syntax and stylistics. As a result, the authors aim to create awareness about cognitive, attention and reading efforts forming the textual data-based BP complexity. The concept serves as a basis for the development of various decision-support solutions for BP workers.Design/methodology/approachThe starting point is an investigation of the complexity concept in the BPM literature to develop an understanding of the related complexity research and to put the textual data-based BP complexity in its context. Afterward, utilizing the linguistic foundations and the theory of situation awareness (SA), the concept is empirically developed and evaluated in a real-world application case using qualitative interview-based and quantitative data-based methods.FindingsIn the practical, real-world application, the authors confirmed that BP textual data could be used to predict BP complexity from the semantic, syntactic and stylistic viewpoints. The authors were able to prove the value of this knowledge about the BP complexity formed based on the (1) professional contextual experience of the BP worker enriched by the awareness of cognitive efforts required for BP execution (objective knowledge), (2) business emotions enriched by attention efforts (subjective knowledge) and (3) quality of the text, i.e. professionalism, expertise and stress level of the text author, enriched by reading efforts (meta-knowledge). In particular, the BP complexity concept has been applied to an industrial example of Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) change management (CHM) Information Technology (IT) ticket processing. The authors used IT ticket texts from two samples of 28,157 and 4,625 tickets as the basis for the analysis. The authors evaluated the concept with the help of manually labeled tickets and a rule-based approach using historical ticket execution data. Having a recommendation character, the results showed to be useful in creating awareness regarding cognitive, attention and reading efforts for ITIL CHM BP workers coordinating the IT ticket processing.Originality/valueWhile aiming to draw attention to those valuable insights inherent in BP textual data, the authors propose an unconventional approach to BP complexity definition through the lens of textual data. Hereby, the authors address the challenges specified by BPM researchers, i.e. focus on semantics in the development of vocabularies and organization- and sector-specific adaptation of standard NLP techniques.

The complexities of speech production, perception, and comprehension are enormous. Theoretical approaches of these complexities most recently face the challenge of accounting for findings on subphonemic differences. The aim of the present dissertation is to establish a robust foundation of findings on such subphonemic differences. One rather popular case for differences in subphonemic detail is word-final /s/ and /z/ in English (henceforth S) as it constitutes a number of morphological functions. Using word-final S, three general issues are investigated. First, are there subphonemic durational differences between different types of word-final S? If there are such differences, how can they be accounted for? Second, can such subphonemic durational differences be perceived? Third, do such subphonemic durational differences influence the comprehension of S? These questions are investigated by five highly controlled studies: a production task, an implementation of Linear Discriminative Learning, a same-different task, and two number-decision tasks. Using not only real words but also pseudowords as target items, potentially confounding effects of lexical storage are controlled for. Concerning the first issue, the results show that there are indeed durational differences between different types of word-final S. Non-morphemic S is longest in duration, clitic S is shortest in duration, and plural S duration is in-between non-morphemic S and clitic S durations. It appears that the durational differences are connected to a word’s semantic activation diversity and its phonological certainty. Regarding the second issue, subphonemic durational differences in word-final S can be perceived, with higher levels of perceptibility for differences of 35 ms and higher. In regard to the third issue, subphonemic durational differences are found not to influence the speed of comprehension, but show a significant effect on the process of comprehension. The overall results give raise to a revision of various extant models of speech production, perception, and comprehension.

During conversations, speech prosody provides important clues about the speaker’s communicative intentions. In many languages, a rising vocal pitch at the end of a sentence typically expresses a question function, whereas a falling pitch suggests a statement. Here, the neurophysiological basis of intonation and speech act understanding were investigated with high-density electroencephalography (EEG) to determine whether prosodic features are reflected at the neurophysiological level. Already approximately 100 ms after the sentence-final word differing in prosody, questions, and statements expressed with the same sentences led to different neurophysiological activity recorded in the event-related potential. Interestingly, low-pass filtered sentences and acoustically matched nonvocal musical signals failed to show any neurophysiological dissociations, thus suggesting that the physical intonation alone cannot explain this modulation. Our results show rapid neurophysiological indexes of prosodic communicative information processing that emerge only when pragmatic and lexico-semantic information are fully expressed. The early enhancement of question-related activity compared with statements was due to sources in the articulatory-motor region, which may reflect the richer action knowledge immanent to questions, namely the expectation of the partner action of answering the question. The present findings demonstrate a neurophysiological correlate of prosodic communicative information processing, which enables humans to rapidly detect and understand speaker intentions in linguistic interactions.

Sinopse: A Linguística Clínica reúne profissionais, investigadores e estudantes de diferentes graus académicos cujo foco de trabalho é a exploração da ponte entre a Linguística e a Fonoaudiologia (na tradição brasileira) ou a Terapia da Fala (na tradição portuguesa). Tem como objetivos centrais a construção de conhecimento sobre a natureza dos desempenhos linguísticos atípicos e a preocupação constante em tornar os processos de avaliação e de intervenção em contexto clínico cada vez mais rigorosos e eficazes. O presente volume destina-se a quem estuda ou investiga aspetos relacionados com desempenhos linguísticos atípicos em países lusófonos, nomeadamente a estudantes e docentes de cursos de graduação e pós-graduação nas áreas da Terapia da Fala/ Fonoaudiologia, da Linguística, da Psicologia e da Educação. Os capítulos que integram a presente publicação estão organizados em quatro blocos temáticos. O bloco inicial tem como objetivo central fornecer uma perspetiva histórica dos estudos em Fonologia Clínica e em Sintaxe Clínica. O segundo centra-se em aspetos fonológicos e sua relação com a dimensão fonética da língua. O terceiro bloco integra capítulos que exploram o módulo gramatical da sintaxe, a interface gramática-pragmática e o discurso. O último bloco reúne um conjunto de investigações sobre populações específicas., Synopsis: Clinical Linguistics brings together professionals, researchers and students in different academic degrees focused on the bridge between Linguistics and Speech and Language Therapy. The main purpose is to display knowledge on the nature of atypical linguistic performances and to make the assessment and intervention processes increasingly rigorous and effective in the clinical context. This volume is intended for those who study or investigate aspects related to atypical linguistic performance in Portuguese-speaking countries, namely for students and teachers of undergraduate and postgraduate courses in the areas of Speech and Language Therapy, Linguistics, Psychology and Education. The chapters that make up this publication are organized into four thematic blocks. The main objective of the initial block is to provide a historical perspective of studies in Clinical Phonology and Clinical Syntax. The second block focuses on phonological aspects and their relationship with the phonetic dimension of the language. The third one includes chapters that explore the grammatical module of syntax, the grammar-pragmatic interface and discourse. The last block brings together a set of investigations on specific populations.

Velar Fronting is the cover term referring to any phonological process shifting the primary place of articulation of a velar sound to the palatal region of the vocal tract. The most well-known case of velar fronting in the German language is the rule specifying that the fricative [x] assimilates to the corresponding palatal [ç] in the context after front segments. Velar fronting also refers to the process whereby [x] is pronounced as the alveolopalatal (sibilant) fricative [ɕ], as well as the change from velar sounds like [ɣ k g ŋ] to the corresponding palatals ([ʝ c ɟ ɲ]). Velar fronting can involve either the diachronic fronting of a historical velar or the synchronic realization of an underlying velar as fronted (palatal). The book offers an in-depth investigation of velar fronting in German dialects. Data are drawn from over 300 original sources for regional varieties of German spanning the last 160 years. The dialects are (or were) spoken in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland as well as neighboring countries. It is demonstrated that velar fronting differs geographically along three parameters: (A) triggers, (B) targets, and (C) outputs. Velar fronting triggers (=A) are defined according to the height dimension: In some systems the sounds inducing velar fronting comprise only high front vowels, in others the triggers consist of high and mid front vowels but not the low front vowels, and in yet others it is all front vowels that trigger fronting. In a similar fashion, some varieties treat coronal sonorant consonants ([r l n]) as velar fronting triggers, while others do not. A surprising finding is that velar fronting can also be nonassimilatory; hence, some areas illustrate the change of original velars to palatals in the context of front and back segments. In many varieties of German, the set of target sounds for velar fronting (=B) consists of all and only velar fricatives ([x] and [ɣ]), but in other dialects those targets consist solely of [x] but not [ɣ]. In some places, velar fronting affects not only [x] and [ɣ], but also velar stops and the velar nasal. The output of velar fronting (=C) in most varieties of German is palatal [ç] (given the input [x]), but in many other places it is the alveolopalatal (sibilant) [ɕ]. A major theme of the book is the way in which velar fronting interacts with synchronic and diachronic changes creating or eliminating structures which can potentially undergo it or trigger it. In many dialects the relationship between velars ([x]) and palatals ([ҫ]) is transparent in the sense that velars only occur in the back vowel context and palatals only when adjacent to front sounds. In that type of system, independent processes can either feed velar fronting (by creating additional structures which the latter can undergo), or they can bleed it (by eliminating potential structures to which velar fronting could apply). In other dialects, velar fronting can be opaque. Two types of opacity are documented. In the first type, velars ([x]) and palatals ([ҫ]) both occur in the context of front segments. Thus, in addition to expected front vowel plus palatal sequences ([…iç…]), there are also unexpected ones consisting of front vowel plus velar ([…ix…]). In the second type, velars and palatals both occur in the context of back segments; hence, expected sequences such as […iç…] occur in addition to unexpected ones like […ɑç…]. In the first type of system, sequences like […ix…] illustrate the underapplication of velar fronting, and in the second system sequences like […ɑç,,,] document the overapplication of that process.

International audience; Conceived as a general introduction to syntax, this book presents the basic concepts necessary for a study of the combination of lexical and grammatical units within an utterance. The book does not impose a preconceived framework, but rather examines the various possibilities for the representation of syntactic structures, according to the general principles and specific criteria that have been adopted.The aim of this book is to provide a basis for teaching syntax at university, and to show that it is possible to identify the properties of languages in a methodical way and to put order in the jungle of each language. The book is divided into three parts: How to develop the model of a language? How to determine the basic units of a language according to their meaning, form, and combinatorial nature? How to define and represent the different ways in which the units are organized? This last part presents an abundance of syntactic diagrams of a wide range of types.The book is divided into small sections, alternating the main content with insights, historical notes, formal elaborations, linguistic examples in diverse languages, proposals for further reading, and exercises with answer keys.; Conçu comme une introduction générale à la syntaxe, cet ouvrage présente les notions de base nécessaires à une étude de la combinaison des unités lexicales et grammaticales au sein d’un énoncé. Sans se placer dans un cadre préconçu, l’ouvrage étudie les différentes possibilités pour la représentation des structures syntaxiques, en fonction des principes généraux et des critères particuliers retenus.Élaboré avec l’objectif de fournir une base pour l’enseignement de la syntaxe à l’université, cet ouvrage souhaite montrer qu’on peut dégager de manière méthodique les propriétés des langues et mettre de l’ordre dans la forêt vierge que constitue chaque langue. Il est divisé en trois parties : comment élaborer le modèle d’une langue, comment déterminer les unités de base de la langue en fonction de leur sens, forme et combinatoire, comment définir et représenter les différents modes d’organisation des unités. Cette dernière partie présente une abondance de diagrammes syntaxiques de diverses natures.L’ouvrage est découpé en de petites sections, alternant le contenu principal avec des éclairages, des notes historiques, des élaborations plus formelles, des exemples linguistiques dans diverses langues, des propositions de lectures additionnelles et des exercices avec des éléments de correction.

Tungusic is a small family of languages, many of which are endangered. It encompasses approximately twenty languages located in Siberia and northern China. These languages are distributed over an enormous area that ranges from the Yenisey River and Xinjiang in the west to the Kamchatka Peninsula and Sakhalin in the east. They extend as far north as the Taimyr Peninsula and, for a brief period, could even be found in parts of Central and Southern China. This book is an attempt to bring researchers from different backgrounds together to provide an open-access publication in English that is freely available to all scholars in the field. The contributions cover all branches of Tungusic and a wide range of linguistic features. Topics include synchronic descriptions, typological comparisons, dialectology, language contact, and diachronic reconstruction. Some of the contributions are based on first-hand data collected during fieldwork, in some cases from the last speakers of a given language.

The purpose of this book is to showcase a diverse set of directions in empirical research on mediated discourse, reflecting on the state-of-the-art and the increasing intersection between Corpus-based Interpreting Studies (CBIS) and Corpus-based Translation Studies (CBTS). Undeniably, data from the European Parliament (EP) offer a great opportunity for such research. Not only does the institution provide a sizeable sample of oral debates held at the EP together with their simultaneous interpretations into all languages of the European Union. It also makes available written verbatim reports of the original speeches, which used to be translated. From a methodological perspective, EP materials thus guarantee a great degree of homogeneity, which is particularly valuable in corpus studies, where data comparability is frequently a challenge. In this volume, progress is visible in both CBIS and CBTS. In interpreting, it manifests itself notably in the availability of comprehensive transcription, annotation and alignment systems. In translation, datasets are becoming substantially richer in metadata, which allow for increasingly refined multi-factorial analysis. At the crossroads between the two fields, intermodal investigations bring to the fore what these mediation modes have in common and how they differ. The volume is thus aimed in particular at Interpreting and Translation scholars looking for new descriptive insights and methodological approaches in the investigation of mediated discourse, but it may be also of interest for (corpus) linguists analysing parliamentary discourse in general.

In most grammatical models, hierarchical structuring and dependencies are considered as central features of grammatical structures, an idea which is usually captured by the notion of “head” or “headedness”. While in most models, this notion is more or less taken for granted, there is still much disagreement as to the precise properties of grammatical heads and the theoretical implications that arise of these properties. Moreover, there are quite a few linguistic structures that pose considerable challenges to the notion of “headedness”. Linking to the seminal discussions led in Zwicky (1985) and Corbett, Fraser, & McGlashan (1993), this volume intends to look more closely upon phenomena that are considered problematic for an analysis in terms of grammatical heads. The aim of this book is to approach the concept of “headedness” from its margins. Thus, central questions of the volume relate to the nature of heads and the distinction between headed and non-headed structures, to the process of gaining and losing head status, and to the thought-provoking question as to whether grammar theory could do without heads at all. The contributions in this volume provide new empirical findings bearing on phenomena that challenge the conception of grammatical heads and/or discuss the notion of head/headedness and its consequences for grammatical theory in a more abstract way. The collected papers view the topic from diverse theoretical perspectives (among others HPSG, Generative Syntax, Optimality Theory) and different empirical angles, covering typological and corpus-linguistic accounts, with a focus on data from German.

Synopsis: This book offers a comparative perspective on the structural and interpretive properties of root-clause complementizers in Ibero-Romance. The driving question the author seeks to answer is where the boundaries between syntax and pragmatics lie in these languages. Contrary to most previous work on these phenomena, the author argues in favor of a relatively strict distribution of labor between the two components of grammar. The first part of the book is devoted to root complementizers with a reportative interpretation. The second part deals with root complementizers and commitment attribution. Finally, the last part presents the results of empirical studies on the topic.

This volume honours the academic achievements and scholarship of Professor Florence Myles as a world-leading scholar in the fields of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) and French Linguistics, in particular for her work in corpus-based SLA and language policy in primary school education. In addition to reviews of the field (e.g., primary languages policy in the UK), the volume presents new research studies reflective of key theoretical and methodological issues in current SLA research, including theory-building, corpus-based investigations, studies of language development, as well as informing teacher professional development through research. Taken together, this edited book provides a wide-ranging and balanced account of Myles’s work and speaks to her influence on SLA research and primary languages policy. We invite readers to learn more about the fascinating research presented here as inspired by Florence’s dedication to field.

Language learning and translation have always been complementary pillars of multilingualism in the European Union. Both have been affected by the increasing availability of machine translation (MT): language learners now make use of free online MT to help them both understand and produce texts in a second language, but there are fears that uninformed use of the technology could undermine effective language learning. At the same time, MT is promoted as a technology that will change the face of professional translation, but the technical opacity of contemporary approaches, and the legal and ethical issues they raise, can make the participation of human translators in contemporary MT workflows particularly complicated. Against this background, this book attempts to promote teaching and learning about MT among a broad range of readers, including language learners, language teachers, trainee translators, translation teachers, and professional translators. It presents a rationale for learning about MT, and provides both a basic introduction to contemporary machine-learning based MT, and a more advanced discussion of neural MT. It explores the ethical issues that increased use of MT raises, and provides advice on its application in language learning. It also shows how users can make the most of MT through pre-editing, post-editing and customization of the technology.

With the advent of digital transformation, organizations increasingly rely on various information systems to support their business processes (BPs). Recorded data, including textual data and event log, expand exponentially, complicating decision-making and posing new challenges for BP complexity analysis in Business Process Management (BPM). Herein, Process Mining (PM) serves to derive insights based on historic BP execution data, called event log. However, in PM, textual data is often neglected or limited to BP descriptions. Therefore, in this study, we propose a novel approach for analyzing BP execution complexity by combining textual data serving as an input at the BP start and event log. The approach is aimed at studying the connection between complexities obtained from these two data types. For textual data-based complexity, the approach employs a set of linguistic features. In our previous work, we have explored the design of linguistic features favorable for BP execution complexity prediction. Accordingly, we adapt and incorporate them into the proposed approach. Using these features, various machine learning techniques are applied to predict textual data-based complexity. Moreover, in this prediction, we show the adequacy of our linguistic features, which outperformed the linguistic features of a widely-used text analysis technique. To calculate event log-based complexity, the event log and relevant complexity metrics are used. Afterward, a correlation analysis of two complexities and an analysis of the significant differences in correlations are performed. The results serve to derive recommendations and insights for BP improvement. We apply the approach in the IT ticket handling process of the IT department of an academic institution. Our findings show that the suggested approach enables a comprehensive identification of BP redesign and improvement opportunities.

What kind of practice makes perfect when children learn to use grammatical morphemes in a second language? Gestures are communicative hand and arm movements which teachers naturally employ as a teaching tool in the classroom. Gesture theory has proposed that gestures package information and previous studies suggest their value for teaching specific items, such as words, as well as abstract systems, such as language. There is broad consensus that implicit learning mechanisms in children are more developed than explicit ones and that everyday use of grammar is implicit and entails developing implicit knowledge. However, while many learners have difficulties acquiring new morpho-syntactic structures, such as the plural{-s} and 3rd person possessive {-s} in English, research on gesture and syntax in middle childhood remains rare. The present study (N = 19) was conducted to better understand if gestures which embody grammatical morphemes during instruction can contribute to procedural learning. Using a novel task, the gesture speeded fragment completion task, our behavioral results show a decrease in mean response times after instruction in the test condition utilizing syntactically specific gestures. This increase in procedural learning suggests that learners in this age group can benefit from embodied instruction in the classroom which visually differentiates between grammatical morphemes which differ in meaning but sound the same.

We investigated the processing of morphologically complex words adopting an approach that goes beyond estimating average effects and allows testing predictions about variability in performance. We tested masked morphological priming effects with English derived (‘printer’) and inflected (‘printed’) forms priming their stems (‘print’) in non-native speakers, a population that is characterized by large variability. We modeled reaction times with a shifted-lognormal distribution using Bayesian distributional models, which allow assessing effects of experimental manipulations on both the mean of the response distribution (‘mu’) and its standard deviation (‘sigma’). Our results show similar effects on mean response times for inflected and derived primes, but a difference between the two on the sigma of the distribution, with inflectional priming increasing response time variability to a significantly larger extent than derivational priming. This is in line with previous research on non-native processing, which shows more variable results across studies for the processing of inflected forms than for derived forms. More generally, our study shows that treating variability in performance as a direct object of investigation can crucially inform models of language processing, by disentangling effects which would otherwise be indistinguishable. We therefore emphasize the importance of looking beyond average performance and testing predictions on other parameters of the distribution rather than just its central tendency.

Synopsis: In 1991, William Croft suggested that negative existentials (typically lexical expressions that mean ‘not exist, not have’) are one possible source for negation markers and gave his hypothesis the name Negative Existential Cycle (NEC). It is a variationist model based on cross-linguistic data. For a good twenty years following its formulation, it was cited at face-value without ever having been tested by (historical)-comparative data. Over the last decade, Ljuba Veselinova has worked on testing the model in a comparative perspective, and this edited volume further expands on her work. The collection presented here features detailed studies of several language families such as Bantu, Chadic and Indo-European. A number of articles focus on the micro-variation and attested historical developments within smaller groups and clusters such as Arabic, Mandarin and Cantonese, and Nanaic. Finally, variation and historical developments in specific languages are discussed for Ancient Hebrew, Ancient Egyptian, Moksha-Mordvin (Uralic), Bashkir (Turkic), Kalmyk (Mongolic), three Pama-Nyungan languages, O’dam (Southern Uto-Aztecan) and Tacana (Takanan, Amazonian Bolivia). The book is concluded by two chapters devoted to modeling cyclical processes in language change from different theoretical perspectives. Key notions discussed throughout the book include affirmative and negative existential constructions, the expansion of the latter into verbal negation, and subsequently from more specific to more general markers of negation. Nominalizations as well as the uses of negative existentials as standalone negative answers figure among the most frequent pathways whereby negative existentials evolve as general negation markers. The operation of the Negative Existential Cycle appears partly genealogically conditioned, as the cycle is found to iterate regularly within some families but never starts in others, as is the case in Bantu. In addition, other special negation markers such as nominal negators are found to undergo similar processes, i.e. they expand into the verbal domain and thereby develop into more general negation markers. The book provides rich information on a specific path of the evolution of negation, on cyclical processes in language change, and it show-cases the historical-comparative method in a modern setting.

This book provides a comprehensive typological account of voice syncretism, focusing on resemblance in formal verbal marking between two or more of the following seven voices: passives, antipassives, reflexives, reciprocals, anticausatives, causatives, and applicatives. It covers voice syncretism from both synchronic and diachronic perspectives, and has been structured in a manner that facilitates convenient access to information about specific patterns of voice syncretism, their distribution and development. The book is based on a survey of voice syncretism in 222 geographically and genealogically diverse languages, but also thoroughly revisits previous research on the phenomenon. Voice syncretism is approached systematically by establishing and exploring patterns of voice syncretism that can logically be posited for the seven voices of focus in the book: 21 simplex patterns when one considers two of the seven voices sharing the same marking (e.g. reflexive-reciprocal syncretism), and 99 complex patterns when one considers more than two of the voices sharing the same marking (e.g. reflexive-reciprocal-anticausative syncretism). In a similar vein, 42 paths of development can logically be posited if it is assumed that voice marking in each of the seven voices can potentially develop one of the other six voice functions (e.g. reflexive voice marking developing a reciprocal function). This approach enables the discussion of both voice syncretism that has received considerable attention in the literature (notably middle syncretism involving the reflexive, reciprocal, anticausative and/or passive voices) and voice syncretism that has received little or not treatment in the past (including seemingly contradictory patterns such as causative-anticausative and passive-antipassive syncretism). In the survey almost all simplex patterns are attested in addition to seventeen complex patterns. In terms of diachrony, evidence is presented and discussed for twenty paths of development. The book strives to highlight the variation found in voice syncretism across the world’s languages and encourage further research into the phenomenon. This version corrects minor typographical errors from the first version. &nbsp

Recently, automatic classification of IT tickets has gained notable attention due to the increasing complexity of IT services deployed in enterprises. There are multiple discussions and no general opinion in the research and practitioners' community on the design of IT ticket classification tasks, specifically the choice of ticket text representation techniques and classification algorithms. Our study aims to investigate the core design elements of a typical IT ticket text classification pipeline. In particular, we compare the performance of TF-IDF and linguistic features-based text representations designed for ticket complexity prediction. We apply various classifiers, including kNN, its enhanced versions, decision trees, naïve Bayes, logistic regression, support vector machines, as well as semi-supervised techniques to predict the ticket class label of low, medium, or high complexity. Finally, we discuss the evaluation results and their practical implications. As our study shows, linguistic representation not only proves to be highly explainable but also demonstrates a substantial prediction quality increase over TF-IDF. Furthermore, our experiments evidence the importance of feature selection. We indicate that even simple algorithms can deliver high-quality prediction when using appropriate linguistic features.

The volume discusses the breadth of applications for an extended notion of paradigm. Paradigms in this sense are not only tools of morphological description but constitute the inherent structure of grammar. Grammatical paradigms are structural sets forming holistic, semiotic structures with an informational value of their own. We argue that as such, paradigms are a part of speaker knowledge and provide necessary structuring for grammaticalization processes. The papers discuss theoretical as well as conceptual questions and explore different domains of grammatical phenomena, ranging from grammaticalization, morphology, and cognitive semantics to modality, aiming to illustrate what the concept of grammatical paradigms can and cannot (yet) explain.

The project on conventional Chinese euphemisms aims to contribute to the universal typology of euphemistic expressions. Since Chinese is greatly divergent in its typological characteristics from languages traditionally involved in the studies of sensitive vocabulary, the inclusion of Mandarin Chinese linguistic evidence in the general discussion of euphemisms can enhance our understanding of how languages deal with taboo entities. This study adopts a theoretical framework based on cognitive semantics, treating euphemisation and dysphemisation as processes of conceptualisation (Casas Gómez, 2009; Pizarro Pedraza, 2018) and focusing on semantic means of euphemistic formation (Warren, 1992; Linfoot-Ham, 2005), namely metaphorical and metonymical extensions. Following K. Allan and K. Burridge (1991; 2006), euphemistic construal (exclusively inoffensive, polite, indirect expressions) is seen as one of many possible ways to address a sensitive issue, such as via dysphemism (exclusively offensive, impolite, direct expressions) or orthophemism (generally inoffensive, neutral, direct expressions). Euphemisms related to three major conceptual domains Death (Dying and the Deceased, Funerals and Burials, Afterlife, Old Age and Ageing), Disease (Physical and Mental Illnesses, Physical and Mental Disabilities), and Body (Sex and Sexual Desire, Non-Marital Sex, Genitals and Other Body Parts, Prostitution, Excretion, Menstruation) constitute the core of the present project. In order to collect and assess this kind of language material, an annotated database of 1,560 euphemistic expressions was compiled through the qualitative analysis of existing common and specialized Chinese monolingual lexicographic works. In this project, the approaches of anglophone functional and cognitive linguistics were critically juxtaposed with the views of Chinese lexicographers and researchers of style and vocabulary. The term ‘tactful expression’ wěiwǎnyǔ委婉语 as a linguistic reaction to taboo, unpleasant, or embarrassing realities seems to exhibit the closest similarity with ‘euphemisms,’ though ‘tactfulness’ in Chinese lexical studies is treated in a much broader sense than ‘euphemism’ in Western languages. Based on the analysis of formal and semantic mechanisms of euphemistic formation tested on the collected data, it became possible to ascertain significant features of Chinese euphemisms in the broader context of world languages. The great majority of conventional Chinese euphemisms for death, disease, and the body are either metaphors, metonymies, or products of both metaphoric and metonymic extension. Only a few discovered euphemisms were built by solely formal means – these are typically novel expressions associated with Internet language and digital communication that have not received lexicographic treatment due to their lexical instability. Finally, the findings show that conceptual metaphors and metonymies underlying various conventional Chinese euphemisms for death, disease, and the body are strikingly similar to – or even identical with – their English, German, or Russian counterparts, even if their linguistic manifestations differ greatly from those in European languages. Allan, K. & Burridge, K. (2006). Forbidden Words. Taboo and the Censoring of Language. Cambridge University Press. Allan, K., & Burridge, K. (1991). Euphemism and Dysphemism. Language Used As Shield and Weapon. Oxford University Press. Casas Gómez, M. (2009). Towards a New Approach to The Linguistic Definition of Euphemism. Language Sciences 31 (6), 725–739. Linfoot-Ham, K. (2005). The linguistics of euphemism: A diachronic study of euphemism formation. Journal of Language and Linguistics, 4 (2), 227–263. Pizarro Pedraza, A. (Ed.) (2018). Linguistic Taboo Revisited: Novel Insights from Cognitive Perspectives. Mouton de Gruyter. Warren, B. (1992). What euphemisms tell us about the interpretation of words. Studia Linguistica 46 (2), 128–172., Das Projekt zu konventionellen chinesischen Euphemismen soll einen Beitrag zur universellen Typologie euphemistischer Ausdrücke leisten. Da Chinesisch in seinen typologischen Merkmalen stark von den Sprachen abweicht, in denen traditionell lexikologische Studien durchgeführt werden, kann die Einbeziehung sprachlicher Belege für Mandarin in die allgemeine Diskussion über Euphemismen das Verständnis dafür verbessern, wie Sprachen mit tabuisierten Phänomenen umgehen. Die vorliegende Studie übernimmt ihren theoretischen Rahmen von der kognitiven Semantik, behandelt Euphemisierung und Dysphemisierung als Konzeptualisierungsprozesse (Casas Gómez, 2009; Pizarro Pedraza, 2018) und konzentriert sich auf die semantischen Mittel der Bildung von Euphemismen (Warren, 1992; Linfoot-Ham, 2005), vor allem metaphorische und metonymische Erweiterungen. Nach K. Allan und K. Burridge (1991; 2006) wird euphemistische Auslegung (ausschließlich harmlose, höfliche, indirekte Ausdrücke) als eine der Möglichkeiten angesehen, ein sensibles Thema anzusprechen, im Gegensatz zu Dysphemismus (ausschließlich beleidigende, unhöfliche, direkte Ausdrücke) und Orthophemismus (im Allgemeinen harmlose, möglichst neutrale, direkte Ausdrücke). Euphemismen in Bezug auf drei Hauptdomänen Tod (Sterben und Verstorbene, Beerdigungen und Begräbnisse, Leben nach dem Tod, Alter und Altern), Krankheit (Körperliche und geistige Krankheiten, körperliche und geistige Behinderungen) und Körper (Sex und sexuelles Verlangen, Nichtehelicher Sex, Genitalien und andere Körperteile, Prostitution, Ausscheidung, Menstruation) bilden den Kern des vorliegenden Projekts. Um das entsprechende Sprachmaterial zu sammeln und zu bewerten, wurde mittels qualitativer Analyse bestehender allgemeiner und spezialisierter einsprachiger chinesischer lexikographischer Werke eine kommentierte Datenbank mit 1560 euphemistischen Ausdrücken zu diesen Domänen zusammengestellt. Dabei werden Ansätze der anglophonen funktionalen und kognitiven Linguistik den Ansichten chinesischer Lexikographen sowie Stil- und Wortschatzforscher kritisch gegenübergestellt. Der chinesische Terminus wěiwǎnyǔ委婉语 „taktvoller / gewundener Ausdruck“ für eine sprachliche Reaktion auf tabuisierte, unangenehme oder peinliche Realitäten zeigt dabei die größte Ähnlichkeit mit „Euphemismus“, wobei diese wěiwǎnyǔ委婉语 als Begriff in der chinesischen Lexikographie in viel breiterem Sinne behandelt wird als „ Euphemismus“ in der entsprechenden westlichen Lexikographie. Basierend auf einer Analyse formaler und semantischer Mechanismen der Bildung von Euphemismen, die anhand der gesammelten Daten überprüft wurden, wurde es möglich, signifikante Merkmale chinesischer Euphemismen im breiteren Kontext einer globalen Sprachwissenschaft festzustellen. Die Studie zeigt, dass die große Mehrheit der chinesischen konventionellen Euphemismen für Tod, Krankheit und Körper entweder Metaphern, Metonymien oder Produkte sowohl metaphorischer als auch metonymischer Erweiterung sind. Nur sehr wenige der gefundenen Euphemismen sind mit rein formalen Mitteln konstruiert. Diese sind typischerweise jüngere Ausdrücke, die mit der Internetsprache bzw. digitaler Kommunikation verbunden sind und aufgrund ihrer lexikalischen Instabilität keine lexikografische Behandlung erfahren haben. Schließlich zeigen die Ergebnisse auch, dass die Konzeptualisierung der Metaphern und Metonymien, die den chinesischen Euphemismen für Tod, Krankheit und Körper zugrunde liegen, ihren englischen, deutschen oder russischen Gegenstücken auffallend ähnlich oder sogar identisch ist, auch wenn sich ihre sprachliche Manifestation erheblich von den europäischen Sprachen unterscheidet. Allan, K. & Burridge, K. (2006). Forbidden Words. Taboo and the Censoring of Language. Cambridge University Press. Allan, K., & Burridge, K. (1991). Euphemism and Dysphemism. Language Used As Shield and Weapon. Oxford University Press. Casas Gómez, M. (2009). Towards a New Approach to The Linguistic Definition of Euphemism. Language Sciences, 31 (6), 725–739. Linfoot-Ham, K. (2005). The linguistics of euphemism: A diachronic study of euphemism formation. Journal of Language and Linguistics, 4 (2), 227–263. Pizarro Pedraza, A. (Ed.) (2018). Linguistic Taboo Revisited: Novel Insights from Cognitive Perspectives. Mouton de Gruyter. Warren, B. (1992). What euphemisms tell us about the interpretation of words. Studia Linguistica 46 (2), 128–172.

The acquisition of clitics still remains a highly controversial issue in Greek acquisition literature despite the bulk of studies performed. Object clitics have been shown to be early acquired by monolingual children in terms of production rates, whereas only highly proficient bilingual children achieve target-like performance. Crucially, errors in gender marking are persistent for monolingual and bilingual children even when adult-like production rates are achieved. This study aims to readdress the acquisition of clitics in an innovative way, by entering the variable of gender in an experimental design targeting to assess production and processing by bilingual and monolingual children. Moreover, we examined the role of language proficiency (in terms of general verbal intelligence and syntactic production abilities). The groups had comparable performance in both tasks (in terms of correct responses and error distribution in production and reaction times in comprehension). However, verbal intelligence had an effect on the performance of the monolingual but not of the bilingual group in the production task, and bilingual children were overall slower in the comprehension task. Syntactic production abilities did not have any effect. We argue that gender marking affects clitic processing, and we discuss the implications of our findings for bilingual acquisition.

Do speakers’ identity constructions influence the emergence of new varieties of a language? This question is at the heart of a debate about how the process of the emergence of postcolonial varieties of English can best be modeled. This volume contributes to the debate by linking it to models and theories proposed by anthropological linguists, sociolinguists and discourse linguists who view identity as a social and cultural phenomenon that is produced through linguistic and other social practices. Language is seen as essential for identity constructions because speakers use linguistic forms that index social ‘personae’ as well as specific social practices and values to convey an image of self to other speakers. Based on the theory of enregisterment that models the cultural and discursive process of the creation of indexical links between linguistic forms and social values, the argument is made that any model of the emergence of new varieties needs to differentiate carefully between a structural level and a discursive level. What emerges on the discursive level as a result of processes of enregisterment is a ‘discursive variety’. The volume illustrates how the emergence of a discursive variety can be systematically studied in a historical context by focusing on the enregisterment of American English as it can be observed in nineteenth-century U.S. newspapers. Using a discourse-linguistic methodological framework and two large databases containing close to 78 million newspaper articles, the study reveals a complex pattern of indexical links between the phonological forms /h/-dropping and -insertion, yod-dropping, a lengthened and backened bath vowel, non-rhoticity, a realization of prevocalic /r/ as a labiodental approximant as well as the lexical items baggage and pants on the one hand and social values centering around nationality, authenticity and non-specificity on the other hand. Qualitative analyses uncover the social personae associated with the linguistic forms (e.g. the American cowboy, the African American mammy and the ‘Anglo-maniac’ American dude), while quantitative analyses trace the development over time and show that the enregisterment processes were widespread and not restricted to a particular region.

This article introduces a new concept called “Language Making”. The term covers all kinds of processes in which speakers or non-speakers collectively conceptualize linguistic entities. Such processes are usually perpetual, they operate based on language ideologies and attitudes, and they bring about functional and structural norms which determine the boundaries of linguistic entities such as languages, dialects or varieties. The article discusses the significance of standardization, language policy and planning, and of stakeholders and agency for processes of Language Making. Raising the question as to why a new concept is needed in the first place, the article concludes with a demarcation of Language Making from opposite processes which may be called “un-Making” of Languages.

This volume brings together transcripts of ten interviews from the podcast series History and Philosophy of the Language Sciences, covering topics in the history of modern European linguistics from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century. The transcripts have been reviewed and edited for clarity and completeness.

This book is a grammar of Kalamang, a Papuan language of western New Guinea in the east of Indonesia. It is spoken by around 130 people in the villages Mas and Antalisa on the biggest of the Karas Islands, which lie just off the coast of Bomberai Peninsula. This work is the first comprehensive grammar of a Papuan language in the Bomberai area. It is based on eleven months of fieldwork. The primary source of data is a corpus of more than 15 hours of spoken Kalamang recorded and transcribed between 2015 and 2019. This grammar covers a wide range of topics beyond a phonological and morphosyntactic description, including prosody, narrative styles, and information structure. More than 1000 examples illustrate the analyses, and are where possible taken from naturalistic spoken Kalamang. The descriptive approach in this grammar is informed by current linguistic theory, but is not driven by any specific school of thought. Comparison to other West Bomberai or eastern Indonesian languages is taken into account whenever it is deemed helpful. Kalamang has several typologically interesting features, such as unpredictable stress, minimalistic give-constructions consisting of just two pronouns, aspectual markers that follow the subject, and the NP and predicate – rather than the noun and verb – as important domains of attachment. This grammar is accompanied by an openly accessible archive of linguistic and cultural material and a dictionary with 2700 lemmas. It serves as a document of one of the world's many endangered languages.

After celebrating the International workshop « Spanish varieties in contact or heterogeneous language practices » in Paris in 2017, this volume brings together ten scientific contributions offering a change of perspective on the description of contact-induced variation and change phenomena in the Spanish-speaking world, based on new methodological and theoretical frameworks. This change of perspective implies to move from the analysis of “systems” and “codes” in contact, and its outcomes, to the description and analysis of heterogeneous language practices that focuses on the use of semiotic and linguistic resources by speakers to express messages, to transmit knowledge, or to take positions and epistemic and affective stances, that is, to create meaning. The aim of this book is to question, from different perspectives and backgrounds, the notion of contact as just simply the influence of systems or codes and, rather, to propose a dynamic view centered on the use of linguistic heterogeneous resources by social actors living in complex contact settings involving the contact of languages such as Spanish, Quechua, Guaraní, Yukuna, Mapuzugún, Otomí, Chichimeca jonaz, and Tepehuano del sureste. This book brings together contributions from well-known specialists and young researchers of language contact such as Carol Klee, Azucena Palacios, Isabelle Léglise, Carola Mick, Aura Lemus, Magdalena Lemus, Ignacio Satti, Mario Soto, Aldo Olate Vinet, Alonso Guerrero Galván, Nadiezdha Torres Sánchez, Élodie Blestel, and Santiago Sánchez Moreano. The volume is divided in two sections. The first one: "Methodological and theoretical perspectives" includes four contributions offering innovative guidelines and perspectives for the study of contact-induced variation and change. These perspectives, although they have been widely worked in linguistic anthropology and ethnographic sociolinguistics, for example, have been on the contrary not yet well explored in the field of language contact in the “Spanish-speaking world”. The second section is entitled “Applied perspectives” and includes five contributions offering new theoretically and methodologically views on language contact.

This monograph proposes a reconstruction of the lexicon, the morphophonology and the noun class system of Proto-Fula–Sereer (~3500 BP). Fula–Sereer represents one of the six branches of the North-Atlantic group. North-Atlantic, together with the Bak group of languages, forms the Atlantic family, which represents a separate branch within the Niger-Congo macro-family. The lexical reconstruction of the proto-language of a group such as Fula–Sereer requires the solution of a number of questions that are of interest for the general theory of comparative studies. These questions deal with the morphophonological mutations of root-initial consonants. Since consonant mutations were structured into morphological paradigms already at the Proto-Fula–Sereer stage, the evolution of initial consonantism in Fula and Sereer was based not on regular phonetic changes, but on massive irregular analogous changes. The reconstruction of Proto-Fula–Sereer consonant mutations is given in Chapter 2. In Chapters 3-6 the author proposes a reconstruction of the initial consonants. Next, the reconstruction of final consonants (Chapter 7) as well as vowels (Chapter 8) is given. In Chapter 9, taking in account the lexical cognates, the long-standing problem of the PFS noun class reconstruction is rediscussed. The Appendix provides a list of ~720 lexical reconstructions and their approximate meanings.

This collective monograph is the first data-oriented, empirical in-depth study of the system of clitics on Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian. It fills the gap between the theoretical and normative literature by including solid data on variation found in dialects and spoken language and obtained from massive Web Corpora and speakers’ acceptability judgements. The authors investigate three primary sources of variation: inventory, placement and morphonological processes. A separate part of the book is dedicated to the phenomenon of clitic climbing, the major challenge for any syntactic theory. The theory of complexity serves as the explanation for the very diverse constraints on clitic climbing established in the empirical studies. It allows to construct a series of hierarchies where the factors relevant for predicting clitic climbing interact with each other. Thus, the study pushes our understanding of clitics away from fine-grained descriptions and syntactic generalisations towards a probabilistic modelling of syntax.

The dissertation Differential Object Marking in Corsican. Distribution, triggers, functions, approaches the phenomenon of Differential Object Marking in Corsican. The phenomenon: Differential Object Marking (DOM), in its most basic and traditional conception, is the marking of certain but not all nominals in direct object (DO) function according to different semantic, syntactic and pragmatic criteria by means of an overtly expressed morphosyntactic marker. In Corsican, DOM is expressed by the morpheme ��, which is homophonous to the dative and locative prepositions ��, and appears with the DO if certain semantic, i.e. humanness and/or syntactic conditions, no overt definite article, apply and in turn, does not surface if these do not apply. The data: My approach is based on a corpus of empirical language data which I collected during two fieldtrips in June 2010 and September 2011. By means of a written questionnaire, I surveyed 46 informants, using a forced choice task. The results: The answers of the informants have been quite heterogeneous. Corsican DOM is not categorial, neither in terms of noun classes, nor in terms of semantic features, such as humanness and/or definiteness. Nevertheless, these features have an impact on the marking pattern, but to divergent degrees: proforms[human] get consistently a-marked but common nouns[human] bear the definite article and no a-marker. Among the class of proper nouns not only human but also inanimate DOs get a-marked, e.g. toponyms. In general, a high degree of animacy (humanness) and/or definiteness favours overt marking. In structural terms, a key property of Corsican DOM is the incompatibility of the definite article and the DOM-marker: e.g. common nouns with a definite article are not a-marked. I assume that, in Corsican, definite and/or human DOs require overt case marking expressed either with the definite article or the a-marker: both items may function as overt accusative case markers. If the DOs get marked either by a or the definite article depends on the nominal: nominals which never appear with definite articles such as e.g. proforms, get a-marked, as well as (certain) proper names; common nouns never bear a-marking but most consistently the definite article. In addition to Corsican DOM, I provided also information about the history of Corsican and its speakers and gave some insights in the history of the science regarding Corsican as an independent field of linguistics. This dissertation contributes to Corsican and Romance linguistics as well as to the research on the phenomenon of DOM., Die Dissertation Differential Object Marking in Corsican. Distribution, triggers, functions (Differentielle Objektmarkierung im Korsischen. Distribution, Ausl��ser, Funktionen) besch��ftigt sich mit der Differentiellen Objektmarkierung im Korsischen. Das Ph��nomen: Die Differentielle Objektmarkierung (DOM) beschreibt die overte morphologische Markierung ��� im Korsischen durch das pr��nominale Morphem a ��� bestimmter (nicht aller) direkter Objekte abh��ngig von Eigenschaften des Objektnomens und/oder seiner direkt umgebenden Struktur aufgrund von semantischen, syntaktischen oder pragmatischen Kriterien. Als Ausl��ser f��r DOM spielen meist Belebtheit und/oder Referentialit��t des Objekt-Nomens eine zentrale Rolle. Das trifft auf zahlreiche DOM-Systeme in den romanischen Sprachen zu und so auch auf das korsische. Die Daten: F��r den Fragebogen habe ich S��tze aus der Literatur zur korsischen DOM ��bernommen, modifiziert und erg��nzt. Mit Hilfe des Fragebogens habe ich im Laufe zweier Feldforschungsreisen (im Juni 2010 und September 2011) 46 Sprecher*innen des Korsischen befragt. Die daf��r gew��hlte Methode forced choice (���erzwungene Wahl���) erfordert von den Informant*innen, aus den angebotenen Optionen die f��r sie ���beste Option��� auszuw��hlen. Damit sollte die bis dato geringe und l��ckenhafte Datenlage auf systematische Weise erg��nzt werden. Die Ergebnisse: Die Verteilung der gegebenen Antworten fiel sehr heterogen aus. Kurz gesagt, orientiert sich die korsische DOM in der Wahrnehmung der Informant*innen nicht entlang feststehender Nominalklassen und reagiert auch nicht eindeutig auf die genannten Merkmale Belebtheit und Definitheit: keine der Klassen und keiner der Einzels��tze hat alle ���best option���-Antworten auf sich vereint. Dennoch sind die beiden Merkmale Menschlichkeit und Definitheit relevant, wenn auch, je nach nominaler Klasse, zu unterschiedlichen Teilen. Pronomina[human] werden immer a-markiert, Eigennamen sowohl als auch, lexikalische Nomen tendenziell nicht. Allgemein l��sst sich sagen, dass Menschlichkeit des Objektreferenten und/oder ein hoher Grad an Definitheit eine morphologische Akkusativmarkierung triggert. In struktureller Hinsicht hat sich als zentrale Eigenschaft der korsischen DOM die Inkompatibilit��t des definiten Artikels und des DOM-Markers a herausgestellt. Dieser Inkompatibilit��t habe ich die Annahme zugrunde gelegt, dass der DOM-Marker und der definite Artikel im Zusammenhang mit referentiellen, definiten und/oder menschlichen direkten Objekten im Korsischen die gleiche Funktion ��bernimmt: Beide Elemente markieren Kasus. Ob Objekte nun mit dem definiten Artikel oder mit a markiert werden, h��ngt von deren Struktur ab: Pronomina k��nnen nie mit definiten Artikeln markiert werden, sie erhalten die a-Markierung. Eigennamen treten sowohl mit a-Markierung oder definitem Artikel auf und Nomen erhalten ausschlie��lich den definiten Artikel. Zus��tzlich enth��lt die Dissertationsschrift auch ein Kapitel zur Sprachgeschichte des Korsischen sowie seiner Klassifizierung als italoromanische Sprachvariet��t. Au��erdem bietet das Kapitel zum Stand der Forschung auch einen Einblick in die Wissenschaftsgeschichte der korsischen Sprachwissenschaft, deren Beginn als eigenst��ndige Disziplin im deutsch-sprachigen Raum mit dem Eintrag ins Lexikon der Romanischen Linguistik (LRL) 1988 zusammenf��llt. Die Arbeit leistet somit einen Beitrag sowohl zur romanischen und korsischen Sprachwissenschaft als auch zur allgemeinen Forschung des Ph��nomens DOM.

Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der Informationsintegration in maschinell übersetzten, mehrsprachigen Textchats am Beispiel des Skype Translators im Sprachenpaar Katalanisch-Deutsch. Der Untersuchung von Textchats dieser Konfiguration wurde sich bislang nur wenig zugewendet. Deshalb wird der zunächst grundlegend explorativ ausgerichteten Forschungsfrage nachgegangen, wie Personen eine maschinell übersetzte Textchat-Kommunikation wahrnehmen, wenn sie nicht der Sprache des Gegenübers mächtig sind. Damit einher geht auch die Untersuchung der Informationsextraktion und -verarbeitung zwischen Nachrichten, die in der eigenen Sprache verfasst wurden, und der Ausgabe der Maschinellen Übersetzung. Zur Erfassung des Nutzungsverhalten im Umgang mit Skype und dem Skype Translator wurde mit einer deutschlandweit an Studierende gesendeten Online-Umfrage gearbeitet. In einer zweiteiligen, naturalistisch orientierten Pilotstudie unter Einsatz des Eye-Trackers wurde das Kommunikationsverhalten von Studierenden mit deutscher Muttersprache einerseits in maschinell vom Skype Translator übersetzten Chats mit katalanischen Muttersprachler·innen und andererseits, als Referenz, in monolingualen, rein deutschsprachigen Chats ohne Skype Translator untersucht. Bei den Teilnehmer·innen an diesen Studien handelt es sich um zwei unabhängige Gruppen. Beide wurden ebenfalls mit Fragebögen zum Nutzungsverhalten und zu den Eindrücken des Skype Translators erfasst. Das sicher überraschendste Ergebnis der Studie ist, dass die Versuchspersonen einen substanziellen Teil der Chatkommunikation auf der MÜ-Ausgabe in beiden beteiligten Sprachen verbringen. Die Untersuchung der Sakkaden und Regressionen deutet auf einen sprunghaften Wechsel zwischen Originalnachricht und MÜ hin. Der Schwerpunkt der Aufmerksamkeit liegt dabei konsequent auf den neusten Nachrichten. Es ist daher anzunehmen, dass die Versuchspersonen die MÜ-Ausgabe aktiv in die Kommunikation miteinbeziehen und wesentliche Informationen zwischen Original und MÜ abzugleichen versuchen.

Comprehending conditional statements is fundamental for hypothetical reasoning about situations. However, the online comprehension of conditional statements containing different conditional connectives is still debated. We report two self-paced reading experiments on German conditionals presenting the conditional connectives wenn (‘if’) and nur wenn (‘only if’) in identical discourse contexts. In Experiment 1, participants read a conditional sentence followed by the confirmed antecedent p and the confirmed or negated consequent q. The final, critical sentence was presented word by word and contained a positive or negative quantifier (ein/kein ‘one/no’). Reading times of the two quantifiers did not differ between the two conditional connectives. In Experiment 2, presenting a negated antecedent, reading times for the critical positive quantifier (ein) did not differ between conditional connectives, while reading times for the negative quantifier (kein) were shorter for nur wenn than for wenn. The results show that comprehenders form distinct predictions about discourse continuations due to differences in the lexical semantics of the tested conditional connectives, shedding light on the role of conditional connectives in the online interpretation of conditionals in general.

The ASLAN labex – Advanced studies on language complexity – brings together a unique set of expertise and varied points of view on language. In this volume, we employ three main sections showcasing diverse empirical work to illustrate how language within human interaction is a complex and adaptive system. The first section – epistemological views on complexity – pleads for epistemological plurality, an end to dichotomies, and proposes different ways to connect and translate between frameworks. The second section – complexity, pragmatics and discourse – focuses on discourse practices at different levels of description. Other semiotic systems in addition to language are mobilized, but also interlocutors’ perception, memory and understanding of culture. The third section – complexity, interaction, and multimodality – employs different disciplinary frameworks to weave between micro, meso, and macro levels of analyses. Our specific contributions include adding elements to and extending the field of application of the models proposed by others through new examples of emergence, interplay of heterogeneous elements, intrinsic diversity, feedback, novelty, self-organization, adaptation, multidimensionality, indeterminism, and collective control with distributed emergence. Finally, we argue for a change in vantage point regarding the search for linguistic universals.

Die ersten Lehrwerke für moderne Fremdsprachen, die zwischen dem 15. und 17. Jahrhundert in Europa gedruckt wurden, sind in vielfacher Hinsicht ein lohnender Untersuchungsgegenstand: Nicht nur das sprachliche, metasprachliche und didaktische Wissen, sondern auch Teile des Weltwissens jener Zeit können anhand dieser Werke rekonstruiert werden. Der Umgang mit Mehrsprachigkeit und die damaligen Vorstellungen von Didaktik geraten in den Blick und damit die Frage nach den Formen und Prinzipien der Vermittlung sprachlichen Wissens. Die Texte bilden zudem eine interessante Quellengattung für die Untersuchung der Prinzipien von historischer sprachlicher Variation und von Sprachwandel generell. In diesem Kontext stellt sich auch die Frage nach dem Verhältnis von sprachlicher Realität und vermitteltem sprachlichem Wissen. Der von Julia Hübner und Horst J. Simon herausgegebene Band versammelt aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven verfasste Beiträge, die neben dem Potential der Lehrwerke für die Analyse grammatischer, pragmatischer, soziolinguistischer und wissensgeschichtlicher Fragestellungen auch die Herausforderungen bei der Arbeit mit dem Material aufzeigen.

Descriptive and Theoretical Approaches to African Linguistics contains a selection of revised and peer-reviewed papers from the 49th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, held at Michigan State University in 2018. The contributions from both students and more senior scholars, based in North America, Africa and other parts of the world, provide a glimpse of the breadth and quality of current research in African linguistics from both descriptive and theoretical perspectives. Fields of interest range from phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics to sociolinguistics, historical linguistics, discourse analysis, language documentation, computational linguistics and beyond. The articles reflect both the typological and genetic diversity of languages in Africa and the wide range of research areas covered by presenters at ACAL conferences.

Obwohl Geschlecht als zentrale Kategorie bipolarer sozialer Differenzlinien gilt, stand es bisher nur wenig im Fokus der Forschung und Lehre des Deutschen als Fremd- und Zweitsprache. Vor welchen Herausforderungen stehen Lehrkräfte, Forschende und Lernende in diesem Zusammenhang? Welche Impulse und Veränderungen sind nötig, um zu bewusstem gendersensiblen und gendergerechten (Sprach-)Handeln in der Zweit- und Fremdsprache Deutsch zu befähigen? Die Antworten auf diese Fragen sind ebenso vielfältig wie offen für individuelle Lösungen – was sich mit den Leerstellen im Titel Gender_Vielfalt_Sexualität(en) auch im Namen des Bandes widerspiegelt: Gender entzieht sich einer einfachen Bedeutungszuweisung und muss stets im Kontext seiner inhärenten Vielfalt, Komplexität und vor allem Unabgeschlossenheit gedacht werden. Die Beiträge des Bandes nähern sich dem Themenkomplex Gender aus sprach- und kulturwissenschaftlichen, aus sprach-, literatur- und kulturdidaktischen wie aus schulpädagogischen Perspektiven. Sie reichen von Überlegungen zu (sprachlichen) Repräsentationen von Geschlecht sowie den daraus resultierenden Implikationen und Handlungsmöglichkeiten in verschiedenen institutionellen Bildungskontexten bis zu Methoden wie dem Queering oder auch literarischen Annäherungen und Vorschlägen zur Entdramatisierung von Geschlecht. Weiter finden sich Auseinandersetzungen mit multimodalen Medien wie dem Bilderbuch, die mit möglichen Analyseinstrumenten zum Aufdecken von (intersektionalen) Diskriminierungskategorien verbunden sind.

To what extent do complex phonological patterns require the postulation of universal mechanisms specific to language? In this volume, we explore the Emergent Hypothesis, that the innate language-specific faculty driving the shape of adult grammars is minimal, with grammar development relying instead on cognitive capacities of a general nature. Generalisations about sounds, and about the way sounds are organised into meaningful units, are constructed in a bottom-up fashion: As such, phonology is emergent. We present arguments for considering the Emergent Hypothesis, both conceptually and by working through an extended example in order to demonstrate how an adult grammar might emerge from the input encountered by a learner. Developing a concrete, data-driven approach, we argue that the conventional, abstract notion of unique underlying representations is unmotivated; such underlying representations would require some innate principle to ensure their postulation by a learner. We review the history of the concept and show that such postulated forms result in undesirable phonological consequences. We work through several case studies to illustrate how various types of phonological patterns might be accounted for in the proposed framework. The case studies illustrate patterns of allophony, of productive and unproductive patterns of alternation, and cases where the surface manifestation of a feature does not seem to correspond to its morphological source. We consider cases where a phonetic distinction that is binary seems to manifest itself in a way that is morphologically ternary, and we consider cases where underlying representations of considerable abstractness have been posited in previous frameworks. We also consider cases of opacity, where observed phonological properties do not neatly map onto the phonological generalisations governing patterns of alternation.

Examining the general impact of the Controlled Languages rules in the context of Machine Translation has been an area of research for many years. The present study focuses on the following question: How do the Controlled Language (CL) rules impact the Machine Translation (MT) output individually? Analyzing a German corpus-based test suite of technical texts that have been translated into English by different MT systems, the study endeavors to answer this question at different levels: the general impact of CL rules (rule- and system-independent), their impact at rule level (system-independent), their impact at system level (rule-independent), and at rule and system level. The results of five MT systems (a rule-based system, a statistical system, two differently constructed hybrid systems, and a neural system) are analyzed and contrasted. For this, a mixed-methods triangulation approach that includes error annotation, human evaluation, and automatic evaluation was applied. The data were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively based on the following parameters: number and type of MT errors, style and content quality, and scores from two automatic evaluation metrics. In line with many studies, the results show a general positive impact of the applied CL rules on the MT output. However, at rule level, only four rules proved to have positive effects on all parameters; three rules had negative effects on the parameters; and two rules did not show any significant impact. At rule and system level, the rules affected the MT systems differently, as expected. Some rules that had a positive impact on earlier MT approaches did not show the same impact on the neural MT approach. Furthermore, the neural MT delivered distinctly better results than earlier MT approaches, namely the highest error-free, style and content quality rates both before and after the rules application, which indicates that the neural MT offers a promising solution that no longer requires CL rules for improving the MT output, what in turn allows for a more natural style.

This book provides a first-ever comprehensive overview of the grammatical structure of Fwe. Fwe is a Bantu language spoken on the border between Zambia and Namibia, by some 20,000 people. Very little previous documentation exists on the language, and the current description of Fwe is based exclusively on newly collected field data. It includes an analysis of the grammatical structure of Fwe, followed by basic cultural information on greetings, a Fwe narrative with its English translation, and a lexicon comprising some 2200 Fwe lexemes with their English translation. This book is intended as a resource for linguists, whether interested in African languages, Bantu languages, language typology, or general linguistics.

Where does today’s English language come from? This book takes its readers on a journey back in time, from present-day varieties to the Old English of Beowulf and beyond. Written for students with little or no background inlinguistics, and reflecting the latest scholarship, it showcases the variation and change present throughout the history of English, and includes numerous exercises and sample texts for every period. The reverse-chronological approach taken by this book sets it apart from all existing textbooks of the last fifty years. Innovative features also include its focus on variation, multilingualism and language contact, its use of texts from outside the literary canon, and its inclusion of case studies from syntax, sociophonetics and historical pragmatics. &nbsp

Artificial intelligence is changing and will continue to change the world we live in. These changes are also influencing the translation market. Machine translation (MT) systems automatically transfer one language to another within seconds. However, MT systems are very often still not capable of producing perfect translations. To achieve high quality translations, the MT output first has to be corrected by a professional translator. This procedure is called post-editing (PE). PE has become an established task on the professional translation market. The aim of this text book is to provide basic knowledge about the most relevant topics in professional PE. The text book comprises ten chapters on both theoretical and practical aspects including topics like MT approaches and development, guidelines, integration into CAT tools, risks in PE, data security, practical decisions in the PE process, competences for PE, and new job profiles.

This book investigates the syntax and usage of fragments (Morgan 1973), apparently subsentential utterances like "A coffee, please!" which fulfill the same communicative function as the corresponding full sentence "I'd like to have a coffee, please!". Even though such utterances are frequently used, they challenge the central role that has been attributed to the notion of sentence in linguistic theory, particularly from a semantic perspective. The first part of the book is dedicated to the syntactic analysis of fragments, which is investigated with experimental methods. Currently there are several competing theoretical analyses of fragments, which rely almost only on introspective data. The experiments presented in this book constitute a first systematic evaluation of some of their crucial predictions and, taken together, support an in situ ellipsis account of fragments, as has been suggested by Reich (2007). The second part of the book addresses the questions of why fragments are used at all, and under which circumstances they are preferred over complete sentences. Syntactic accounts impose licensing conditions on fragments, but they do not explain, why fragments are sometimes (dis)preferred provided that their usage is licensed. This book proposes an information-theoretic account of fragments, which predicts that the usage of fragments in constrained by a general tendency to distribute processing effort uniformly across the utterance. With respect to fragments, this leads to two predictions, which are empirically confirmed: Speakers tend towards omitting predictable words and they insert additional redundancy before unpredictable words.

This book is a dictionary and grammatical sketch of Ruruuli-Lunyala, a Great Lakes Bantu language spoken by over 200,000 people in central Uganda. The dictionary part includes about 10,000 entries. Each entry provides translations into English, example sentences, and essential grammatical information. The dictionary part is supplemented with a grammatical sketch of Ruruuli-Lunyala. It treats a wide range of central phonological and morpho-syntactic topics. This book is a result of a joined effort of a large team of linguists and many speakers of Ruruuli-Lunyala and is intended as a resource for linguists and Ruruuli-Lunyala speakers, learners, and educators.