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This research aims to determine: (1) the quality of Android-based interactive learning media and (2) the response of teachers and students to Android-based interactive learning media in the form of an independent curriculum. A research and development (R&D) study was conducted by adapting the 4-D development model (define, design, develop, and disseminate). A sample of teachers and students from a junior high school in Bireuen Regency was selected using a stratified-cluster random sampling technique (i.e., selecting research locations based on an even distribution of teacher and student populations). The initial stage of product assessment was carried out by media experts, material experts, and four chemical experts, and responses from 33 students. The results show that: (1) Based on the validity test performed by media experts and material experts, the overall average percentage in the "Valid" category was 83% and 84.5%, respectively. (2) Based on the responses from teachers, the overall average percentage in the "Very Good" category was 95.8%. The results of this research indicate that Android-based interactive learning media in the form of an independent curriculum is valid and very suitable for use in junior high school science learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a herbicide, onto biomass-based activated carbon coated with magnetite nanoparticles (ACM) were estimated using a high-precision isothermal titration calorimeter (ITC). The obtained thermodynamic parameters, such as change in Gibb's free energy (ΔG), change in enthalpy (ΔH), and change in entropy (ΔS), were compared with the values computed applying conventional methods using equilibrium isotherm model parameters. The thermodynamic parameters suggested that the adsorption of 2,4-D onto ACM was spontaneous and exothermic. ITC proved to be an efficient experimental method in determining the thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption process with minimal adsorbent, adsorbate, and time consumption. The application of ITC can also be extended to determine the thermodynamic parameters of various solid–liquid interactions involved in different processes. Practical Applications: The 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is commonly used as a herbicide, and its occurrence is reported widely in aquatic bodies. Adsorption process using activated carbon impregnated with iron nanoparticles proved to be effective in removing these 2,4-D from the aquatic phase. In general, adsorption dynamics are demonstrated by isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies so that it can be extended to real-world applications. Conventionally, adsorption thermodynamic parameters are estimated from equilibrium isotherm constants. However, the determination of these parameters using the isotherm constants may not be accurate. Hence, sophisticated equipment such as isothermal titration calorimeter (ITC) can be used as an efficient tool to accurately compute the thermodynamic parameters in less time with minimal requirement of reagents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lecture learning method sometimes makes students bored, so it is necessary to develop learning methods that are effective and fun for students. This research aims to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of using instructional videos in teaching my area, my pride, class V at SDN 106104 Sambirejo. This research is development research, which refers to the 4-D development model, which consists of 4 stages, namely the Define, Design, Development, and Disseminate stages. Data was collected through observation, interviews, validation questionnaires, and tests. Based on research results, the developed learning video was validated by material expert validators, obtaining a feasibility percentage of 95.38 percent, a very valid criteria. The results of the small group trial obtained a practicality percentage of 88.50 percent, very practical criteria. The field trials' results show the percentage of practicality was 91.57 percent, a very practical criteria. At the field trial stage, effectiveness was achieved at 100 percent classically, with a gain score of 0.615 classified as medium effectiveness criteria. The percentage increase in learning outcomes is 92 percent, meaning that learning videos can be effectively used in the learning process of my proud region in class V at SDN 106104 Sambirejo Abstrak Metode pembelajaran ceramah terkadang membuat peserta didik bosan, sehingga perlu dilakukan pengembangan metode pembelajaran yang efektif dan menyenangkan untuk peserta didik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan dan keefektifan penggunaan video pembelajaran pada pembelajaran daerahku kebangganku kelas V SDN 106104 Sambirejo. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan yang mengacu pada model pengembangan 4-D yang terdiri dari 4 tahapan yaitu tahap Define, Design, Development, dan Disseminate. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi, wawancara, angket validasi dan tes. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian video pembelajaran yang dikembangkan telah divalidasi oleh validator ahli materi memperoleh persentase kelayakan sebesar 95,38 persen kriteria sangat valid. Hasil uji coba kelompok kecil memperoleh persentase kepraktisan sebesar 88.50 persen kriteria sangat praktis. Hasil uji coba lapangan persentase kepraktisan sebesar 91,57 persen kriteria sangat praktis. Pada tahap uji coba lapangan keefektifan tercapai dengan 100 persen secara klasikal, dengan hasil gain score sebesar 0,615 diklasifikasikan dalam kriteria efektivitas sedang. Persentase peningkatan hasil belajar sebesar 92 persen, artinya video pembelajaran dapat efektif digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran daerahku kebangganku di kelas V SDN 106104 Sambirejo. Kata Kunci: 4-D; hasil belajar; video pembelajaran

Plant glycoside hydrolase family 9 genes (GH9s) are widely distributed in plants and involved in a variety of cellular and physiological processes. In the current study, nine GH9 genes were identified in the mulberry and were divided into two subfamilies based on the phylogenetic analysis. Conserved motifs and gene structure analysis suggested that the evolution of the two subfamilies is relatively conserved and the glycoside hydrolase domain almost occupy the entire coding region of the GH9s gene. Only segmental duplication has played a role in the expansion of gene family. Collinearity analysis showed that mulberry GH9s had the closest relationship with poplar GH9s. MaGH9B1, MaGH9B6, MaGH9B5, and MaGH9B3 were detected to have transcript accumulation in the stalk of easy-to drop mature fruit drop, suggesting that these could play a role in mulberry fruit drop. Multiple cis-acting elements related to plant hormones and abiotic stress responses were found in the mulberry GH9 promoter regions and showed different activities under exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) stresses. We found that the lignin content in the fruit stalk decreased with the formation of the abscission zone (AZ), which could indirectly reflect the formation process of the AZ. These results provide a theoretical basis for further research on the role of GH9s in mulberry abscission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cnidarian hydra is an ideal bio - indicator species, being used to monitor the effects of various toxicants that are generally released in the aquatic ecosystems. The present study analyses the effect of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), an auxin herbicide on the whole body, budding and regeneration of commonly found brown hydra, Hydra vulgaris. Hydrae were exposed to four concentrations viz. 20 μM (T1), 40 μM (T2), 80 μM (T3) and 160 μM (T4) over 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs. LC50 for the experiment with whole polyps was recorded as 160 μM (T4) for 24 hr, 80 μM (T3) for 48 hr, 40 μM (T2) for 72 hr and 20 μM (T1) for 96 hr. LT50 for the whole polyps was estimated at 24 hr at the highest concentration (T4 - 160 μM) was observed. LC50 for the experiment with budding polyps was recorded as 80 μM (T3) for 48 hr, 80 μM (T3) for 72 hr, 40 μM (T2) for 96 hr. LC50 for 24 hr was not recorded for any of the treatments as the budding hydra did not show 50% mortality during this period. LT50 was estimated at 48 hr for the budding polyps. The herbicide 2,4-D was seen to affect the basal disc or the foot region in hydra, causing serious tissue damage through excessive cell death and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Agent Orange (AO) is a Vietnam War-era herbicide that contains a 1 : 1 ratio of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). Emerging evidence suggests that AO exposures cause toxic and degenerative pathologies that may increase the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective: This study investigates the effects of the two main AO constituents on key molecular and biochemical indices of AD-type neurodegeneration. Methods: Long Evans rat frontal lobe slice cultures treated with 250μg/ml of 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, or both (D + T) were evaluated for cytotoxicity, oxidative injury, mitochondrial function, and AD biomarker expression. Results: Treatment with the AO constituents caused histopathological changes corresponding to neuronal, white matter, and endothelial cell degeneration, and molecular/biochemical abnormalities indicative of cytotoxic injury, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and increased immunoreactivity to activated Caspase 3, glial fibrillary acidic protein, ubiquitin, tau, paired-helical filament phosphorylated tau, AβPP, Aβ, and choline acetyltransferase. Nearly all indices of cellular injury and degeneration were more pronounced in the D + T compared with 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T treated cultures. Conclusions: Exposures to AO herbicidal chemicals damage frontal lobe brain tissue with molecular and biochemical abnormalities that mimic pathologies associated with early-stage AD-type neurodegeneration. Additional research is needed to evaluate the long-term effects of AO exposures in relation to aging and progressive neurodegeneration in Vietnam War Veterans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to assess the possible endocrine disruptor effects on rat mammary tissue and reproductive organs during pregnancy and lactation when exposed to low doses of glyphosate and its combination with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and dicamba. The study involved the exposure of pregnant Wistar rats to various regulatory-relevant doses of glyphosate, ranging from gestational day 6 until fine of the lactation period. Glyphosate doses corresponded to the European Union's glyphosate-acceptable daily intake (ADI; 0.5mg/kg bw/day) and no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL; 50mg/kg bw/day). The dose of the mixture of glyphosate, dicamba, and 2,4-D was at the European Union ADI for each herbicide namely 0.5, 0.002, and 0.3mg/kg bw/day, respectively. In the animals exposed to glyphosate NOAEL serum estradiol levels were increased compared to untreated animals, along with an upregulation of TNF-?, MMP-2, and MMP-9 as measured in mammary gland homogenates compared to nontreated animals. Moreover, in this group, a focally acute inflammatory infiltrate was observed in the mammary gland. Our study showed that short-term exposure to glyphosate at doses that are set as safe by regulators and thus without risk corroborated with a particular physiological state as gestation and lactation, can give rise to inflammatory changes in breast tissue in rats. These findings support the need for further evaluation of glyphosate and mixtures of glyphosate with other pesticides for public health protection, especially for those categories vulnerable to the potential endocrine disruptor properties of these pesticides such as pregnant women, newborns, and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study conducted evaluated potential of extracts of selected plant species and chemicals on growth of P. hysterophorus. Since the impact of parthenium weed has become to the status of being an extensive economic and social problems of Ethiopian farmers. The experiment identified herbicidal potential of Aregemon mexicana leaf, stem and root extracts and 2, 4-D on seed germination and early seedling growths of parthenium at under field pot condition. Aqueous extracts of 6, 8 and 10 % (w/v), obtained from dry leaves, stem root of Aregemon mexicana plants and 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 % of 2, 4-D herbicide. The overall germination, shoot and root growth means of A. mexicana extract and 2, 4-D, herbicidal treatments were significant (p

This study portrays the dissipation behaviour of the herbicide mixture of clomazone and 2,4-D (clomazone 20% + 2,4-D ethyl ester 30% EC) in a rice field system. The combined formulation is widely used in India as it controls a broad spectrum of weeds, but its fate in tropical environment and the risks involved to the consumer as well as to the environment are still unexplored. Therefore, a supervised field trial was conducted following the post-emergence application of clomazone 20% + 2,4-D ethyl ester 30% EC at recommended (625 g a.i./ha) and double the recommended dose (1250 g a.i./ha) in rice in two consecutive seasons (Kharif and Rabi). The analytical methods for both clomazone and 2,4-D validated as per the SANTE guideline. The residues of clomazone were extracted by the modified QuEChERS method and analysed by GC-MS/MS, whereas the residues 2,4-D were extracted by classical partitioning method and analysed by LC-MS/MS. The recovery percentage of both the compounds ranged between 86–95% with LOQ 0.01 mg/kg for all matrices (rice grain, straw, husk, and field soil). The dissipation of both the compounds followed first-order kinetics. The half-life of clomazone and 2,4-D in soil ranged between 1.06–1.27 days and 4.74–6.24 days, respectively. The residues of clomazone and 2,4-D were below quantification level (BLOQ) in the harvested rice co-products (rice grain, husk and straw) and soil samples. Therefore, it can be summarised that the application of this herbicide mixture in rice cultivation will not pose any residual toxicity and the rice grains are safe for human consumption. Besides, the soil ecological risk assessment indicated that both the compounds possess low risk towards earthworm and soil arthropods. However, there was a concern about soil algal toxicity, which needs to be reconfirmed by further studies to establish a conclusive inference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effect of pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides on nutrient depletion, weed population and nutrient uptake by wheat in sesame-wheat cropping system in Khuzestan a field experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2019-2020. Treatments included no weeding, hand weeding, Pendimethalin+Atlantis, Pendimethalin+Metribosin, Trifluralin+Atlantis, Trifluralin+Metribozin, Pendimethalin+2,4-D, Trifluralin+2,4-D, green mungbean+2,4-D and 2,4-D in plots seeded by wheat cv. ‘Mehregan’. Weed population varied notably among the experimental treatments. At 60 days after sowing, while the mean number of weeds was 5.6 plants per m-2, it was significantly different among the weed control treatments. Moreover in this growth stage, Pendimethalin+Atlantis and Pendimethalin+Metribuzin treatments significantly reduced the weed population compared to the control no weeding condition. Generally, hand weeding and Pendimethalin+Atlantis treatments improved the growth and yield of wheat compared to Trifluralin+Atlantis, Trifluralin+Metribosin, and Trifluralin+2,4-D treatments, due apparently to reducing weed interference and increasing the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the wheat plants. We concluded that the pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin herbicide along with post-emergence application of Metribozin and Atlantis herbicides at the seedling stage of wheat may increase the absorption of nutrients and grain yield.

Background.Callus culture in vitro is a convenient model for studying physiological and biochemical manifestations at the cellular level, as well as for cell selection to stress factors. To obtain a callus culture, it is necessary to select the optimal ratio of exogenous hormonal growth regulators (GRs) in the nutrient medium. The purpose of the study is to determine the optimal ratios of GRs at the stage of introducing cucumber and radish into in vitro culture. Materials and methods. Sterile plants of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L., cv. Unity) and radish (Raphanus sativus L., cv. Red Giant) were taken as the object of study. The experiment included obtaining a callus culture of cucumber and radish from various explants (cotyledon leaves, hypocotyl and roots) on a nutrient medium with a mineral base according to Murashige-Skoog supplemented by mesoinositol (100 mg/l), glycine (1 mg/l), nicotinic acid (0.5 mg/l), as well as growth regulators 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.4- D) and 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) in various ratios. Results. A method for introducing cucumber and radish into in vitro culture is described. The role of the hormonal composition of the nutrient medium in callusogenesis was shown, the influence of different concentrations of GRs, auxin 2.4-D and cytokinin 6-BAP, on callus formation was revealed. For various explants of cucumber and radish, the optimal concentrations of used GRs were determined. Conclusions. The optimal composition of GRs (auxin 2.4-D and cytokinin 6-BAP, mg/l) in Murashige-Skoog medium was selected for callusogenesis on various explants of cucumber (2:2) and radish (4:0.5). A higher intensity of callusogenesis in cucumber on hypocotyl explants and no dependence of callusogenesis on the type of explantin radish were revealed.

Introduction Asparagus, scientifically named Asparagus officinalis. L is a perennial plant belonging to the Asparagaceae family. Asparagus is a large genus in this genus that has about 200 species. The most important species for agricultural purposes is A. officinalis. Somatic embryogenesis is the formation of an embryo from an-asexual cell in vitro that similar to a seed embryo, is able to develop into a complete seedling. Somatic embryogenesis is a complex molecular and biochemical process based on cellular potentiogenicity and a model in the study of plant growth. In this unique process of embryogenesis, the growth cells acquire the capacity for embryogenesis under conditions of cellular stress. Sucrose is the predominant sugar in plants for energy production and facilitates vital functions. Sucrose is converted to glucose and glucose. Sucrose is the most common source of carbohydrates used in plant tissue culture.Materials and Methods The present study was performed in the tissue culture laboratory of the horticulture department of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 1399 and 1400. Native Iranian asparagus seeds with octaploid ploidy level were used in this experiment. B5 medium containing 2, 4-D with a concentration of 2 mg /l was used to induce the embryo. Concentrations of 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15% in liquid medium were used to evaluate the effect of sucrose. The pH of the culture media were adjusted to 5.7. After the induction phase, the samples entered the realization phase and the subculture were cultured in the previous environments but with the aim of emerging the embryos (realization phase) while the hormone was removed from them. After 4 weeks in the embryonic development stage, the number of globular and bipolar embryos was observed using a computer-connected stereoscope at 20 and 40 micron magnifications.Results and DiscussionThe results obtained from this study showed that there is a significant difference between different concentrations of sucrose in terms of embryogenesis formation at different stages of embryogenesis. According to the presented results, change in sucrose concentration caused a change in the formation of embryos and the highest number of spherical embryos was observed with a significant difference (p

The interdependence of biological and cultural diversity is exemplified by the new conservation paradigm of biocultural heritage. We seek to clarify obsolescent notions of nature, whereby cultural construction and identity markers of mountain communities need to reflect localized, situated, and nuanced understanding about mountainscapes as they are developed, maintained, managed, and contested in spatiality and historicity. Using the nexus of socioecological theory, we question whether a convergent approach could bridge montological knowledge systems of either different equatorial and temperate latitudes, western and eastern longitudes, hills and snow-capped mountain altitudes, or hegemonic and indigenous historicity. Using extensive literature research, intensive reflection, field observation, and critical discourse analysis, we grapple with the Nagoya Protocol of the Convention of Biological Diversity (COP 10, 2010) to elucidate the benefit sharing and linkages of biocultural diversity in tropical and temperate mountain frameworks. The result is a trend of consilience for effective conservation of mountain socioecological systems that reaffirms the transdisciplinary transgression of local knowledge and scientific input to implement the effective strategy of biocultural heritage conservation after the UN Decade of Biological Diversity. By emphasizing regeneration of derelict mountain landscapes, invigorated by empowered local communities, promoted by the Aspen Declaration, the UN Decade of Ecological Restoration, and the UN International Year of Mountain Sustainable Development, montological work on sustainable, regenerative development for 2030 can be expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using color Doppler flow imaging or high-definition flow imaging with three-dimensional volume or spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) in the glass-body mode allows displaying both gray-scale and color information of the heart cycle-related flow events and vessel spatial relationship. Conventionally, STIC in the glass-body mode has been used to examine the fetal heart and assess heart defects. Recently, a novel application of STIC in the visualization of abdominal precordial veins and intraplacental vascularization in singleton pregnancies has been reported. The aim of this present review is to discuss the use of color Doppler with three- and four-dimensional ultrasonography in the evaluation of extracardiac, placental, umbilical cord and twin abnormalities with examples. The glass-body mode is complementary to conventional 2D ultrasonography. Further studies are required to investigate use of the glass-body mode in the assessment of intraplacental vascularization in singleton and twin pregnancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient utilization of atomic hydrogen (H*) is crucial for electrocatalytic dechlorination. We synthesized a Pd/CuO x cathode by atomic reconstruction to boost H* utilization, creating additional active sites within a biphasic interface. This enhanced H* generation degraded 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) with a 96 % removal efficiency at 4 mA cm 2 and 1.96 kWh m 3 energy consumption. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) showed a 0.009 μmol cm 2 increase H* on the Pd/CuO x cathode compared to the pristine Cu cathode. The contribution of H* to the electrocatalytic dechlorination process was further corroborated by scavenging experiments and electron spin resonance investigation. We then evaluated the toxicity of products during the degradation process. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the coordination structure between CuO x and Pd optimized the dissociation of H 2 O and the free adsorption energy of hydrogen. This research introduces an effective alternative to enhance the H* production for the removal of organochlorine compounds from wastewater. [Display omitted] • Pd/CuO x filter with a biphasic interface was fabricated by atomic reconstruction. • An 0.009 μmol cm-2 increase H* was obtained on Pd/CuO x compared to pristine Cu. • The cooperation of Pd and CuO x accelerated H 2 O dissociation and lessened ΔG H*. • Electrocatalytic dechlorination of 2,4-D (∼96 %) was achieved with Pd/CuO x cathode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient in vitro propagation of Cymbidium aloifolium protocorm-like-bodies (PLBs) using carbohydrate sources and hormones as a medium supplement was established. Twelve-week-old protocorms were used as explants. Experiment 1 ; protocorms were propagated on solidified New Dogashima (ND) medium supplemented with various concentrations of glucose and sucrose (0, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 g/l) as carbohydrate sources. Experiment 2 ; protocorms were cultured on the same medium added 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D ; 0, 0.5, 1 and 1,5 mg/l) combination with kinetin (0, 1 and 2 mg/l) as plant growth regulators. Survival, response, shoot number and length, root number and length, leaf number, and fresh and dry weight were measured after 12 weeks of culture. Results revealed that sucrose as the appropriate carbohydrate source for promoting shoot and leaf development while glucose was better for stimulating weight and root development. Optimal concentration of sucrose was 20-35 g/l with highest leaf number obtained at 20 g/l, shoot number at 25 g/l and shoot length at 35 g/l. The highest fresh weight, dry weight, root number and length were recorded at 35 g/l glucose treatment. Supplementation of hormone 2,4-D as auxin, and kinetin as a cytokinin produced highest growth of protocorm at 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D and 2 mg/l kinetin treatment. Different supplements and concentrations had diverse affected on root, shoot and leaf growth. These results provided valuable knowledge for future orchid conservation studies.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of different concentrations of preservatives on storage quality of orah fruits, so as to reduce the use of preservatives during its planting. Methods: The weight loss rate, vitamin C content, soluble solid content and titratable acid content of fruits were determined under different storage conditions, by using different concentrations of preservative. Results: At 4 ℃ and room temperature, the weight loss rate of fruits treated with preservatives was lower than that of the control group, and preservative treatment had different fresh-keeping effects on orah fruits. At 4 ℃, significant differences in vitamin C content among different treatments at 5, 28 and 42 days of storage were found, but no significant differences in other storage time. No significant difference in soluble solids and titratable acid contents among different treatments appeared. Among the treatment groups (treatment 1, treatment 2 and treatment 3), the weight loss rate, vitamin C content, soluble solid content and titratable acid content of orah fruit in treatment 2 were better than those in treatment 1 and 3. At room temperature, vitamin C content was significantly different among different treatments on the third day of storage. After 14 days of storage, the soluble solid content of treatment groups 1 and 2 was significantly different. On the 14th day of storage time, titratable acid content in treatment group 2 was significantly higher than that in treatment group 3. The contents of vitamin C, soluble solids and titratable acid in treatment group 2 were higher than those in other treatment groups, during most storage time. Conclusion: At 4 ℃, each preservative treatment has different degrees of preservation effect on orah fruits. 450 g/L midazamine +500 g/kg statin +100 g/kg 2,4-D+400 g/kg bellkute has better preservation effect on orah fruit.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is one of the most commonly used selective herbicides in the world. A number of epidemiology studies have found an association between 2,4-D exposure and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) but these results are inconsistent and controversial. A previous meta-analysis found no clear association overall but did not specifically examine high-exposure groups. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the peer-reviewed epidemiologic studies of the associations between 2,4-D and NHL, with a particular focus on high-exposure groups, and evaluations of heterogeneity, dose-response, and bias. A total of 12 observational studies, 11 case-control studies, and one cohort study, were included. The summary relative risk for NHL using study results comparing subjects who were ever versus never exposed to 2,4-D was 1.38 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-1.77). However, in analyses focusing on results from highly exposed groups, the summary relative risk for NHL was 1.73 (95% CI, 1.10-2.72). No clear bias based on study design, exposure assessment methodology, or outcome misclassification was seen. Overall, these findings provide new evidence for an association between NHL and exposure to the herbicide 2,4-D.

One of the cultivars of table grape in Iran is Vitis vinifera cv. Askari. But the smallness and non-uniformity of berry size have reduced its yield and attractiveness for consumers. Application of gibberellic acid, nutrients such as potassium as well as 2,4-D at the correct time can enhance the plant growth and fruit development. This study aimed to determine the most suitable gibberellic acid, 2,4-D, and potassium resources on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Askari grape. This study was conducted on a research farm, on 30-year-old grapevine vines in the Koshkak region of Fars province of Iran in 2016. This experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and four replicates. Gibberellic acid at 50 mg/L, 2,4-D at 5, 10 and 20 mg/L, 10 mg/L 2,4-D + 50 mg/L GA3, 50 mg/L GA3 + 10 mg/L 2,4-D + 15 g/L K2SO4, 50 mg/L GA3 + 10 mg/L 2,4-D + 15 g/L KNO3, 50 mg/L GA3 + 10 mg/L 2,4-D + 15 g/L KCl and Distilled water as a control were used. The highest berry and cluster weights and lowest soluble solids content and total phenol were obtained in the treatment of 50 mg/L GA3+10 mg/L 2,4-D+15 g/L K2SO4 with mean of 2.58 g, 214 g and 14.25 ᵒBrix and 58.77 mg/kg, respectively. The lowest berry and cluster weights (1.70-118 g) were obtained from the 20 mg/L 2,4-D treatment. Also, the highest soluble solids content and anthocyanin were obtained from treatment of 20 mg/L 2,4-D with an average of 18.5 ᵒBrix and 41.71 mg/kg, respectively. Results have shown that the use of 50 mg/L of GA3 with 10 mg/L 2,4-D and the use of potassium sources, especially K2SO4 increased the yield and uniformity of the cluster and berry size.

This research was carried out at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory – Center of Desert Studies – Anbar of University to study the effect of some growth regulators on the induction of callus from the hypocotyl of plant Cucurbita pepo var.styriaca. These regulators included 2,4-D (Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) at a concentration of (0.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0) mg l-1 and cytokinin BA (Benzyl adenine) at a concentration of (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0) mg l-1. Cytokinin TDZ (Thidiazuron) with a concentration of (0.00, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10) mg l-1 was used and interfered with by the 2,4-D. The results showed that the medium MS supplemented with a concentration of 1.0 mg 2,4-D l-1 gave the highest response rate for callus induction from the hypocotyl at 87.5%, while the concentration gave 1.0 mg BA l-1 the highest induction rate of 92.5%,the interaction between 2.0 mg 2,4-D l-1 and 1.0 mg BA l-1 recorded the fresh weight and dry weight of 225.80 and 23.34 mg respectively. As for the effect of 2,4-D with TDZ, the interaction between concentration 0.0 mg 2,4-D l-1 and 0.10 mg TDZ l-1 gave the highest induction ratio, fresh and dry weight of callus 100%, 306.64 and 30.0 mg, respectively.

CO 51 is a recently developed semi dwarf, short duration variety of rice popularly grown in Tamil Nadu. Optimization of tissue culture protocol for the variety was one of the most important steps required; in order to make the variety suitable for genetic transformation and gene editing techniques. Immature embryos of CO 51 have been used as explant for callus induction. The immature embryos were cultured on callus induction media (NB media) containing Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) 1 mg l-1, 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BA) 1 mg l-1 and various concentrations of 2,4 Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D). NB media supplemented with 2.5 mg l-1of 2,4-D have been found to show the highest callus induction frequency that is 94.4%. The calli showing desired features were transferred from NB media to pre-regeneration media (NB-PR) having 2,4-D (2 mg l-1), 6-BA (1 mg l-1 ), NAA (1 mg l-1) where the calli tuned golden- yellow. These calli were then transferred to regeneration media (RNM media) supplemented with 6-BA (3 mg l-1) along with various concentrations of NAA. RNM media with1 mg l-1 NAA showed the highest frequency of shoot induction that is 72.2% with an average of 12 shoots per callus.

Abstrak: Inovasi metode pembelajaran di dalam laboratorium telah mengalami perkembangan sangat pesat. Salah satu inovasi tersebut melalui penggunaan kelas virtual laboratorium dalam kelas IPA, seperti halnya pada kelas pemisahan kimia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) menciptakan kreasi media pembelajaran Virtual Laboratory pada praktikum pemisahan kimia terintegrasi android untuk menunjang pembelajaran praktikum, (2) mendeskripsikan uji validitas dan keterbacaan mengenai kreasi media pembelajaran Virtual Laboratory pada praktikum pemisahan kimia terintegrasi telefon pintar. Metode pengembangan yang dipakai yaitu 4-D (four-D). Data yang didapat berupa data kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Data kualitatif berupa saran/masukan dari validator dan data kuantitatif berupa angket validasi dan keterbacaan. Hasil validasi menunjukkan bahwa validasi materi sebesar 95% (sangat layak), validasi media 88,5% (sangat layak). Selain itu, hasil uji coba diperoleh sebesar 83,5% (sangat layak). Secara praktis, media yang telah dikembangkan sangat bermanfaat untuk menunjang pembelajaran praktikum. Abstract: Innovation of learning methods in the laboratory has experienced very rapid development. One of these innovations is through the use of virtual laboratory classes in science classes, as well as in chemical separation classes. The purpose of this research is (1) to create a virtual laboratory learning media on chemical separation practicum integrated with the android to support practical learning, (2) to describe the validity and readability test on the creation of the Virtual Laboratory learning media on chemical separation practicum integrated with the android. The development method uses a 4-D (four-D) development model. The data obtained in the form of qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data in the form of input from the validator and quantitative data in the form of a validation and readability questionnaire. The validation results show that the material validation is 95% (very feasible), the media validation is 88.5% (very feasible). In addition, the trial results obtained by 83.5% (very feasible).

This study aims to develop the worksheet based Learning Model Missouri Mathematics Project using Think Talk Write Strategy on cube and cuboid material, and to find out the quality of the worksheet developed in terms of validity and practicality. Subjects in this study are students of class VIII SMP N 11 Lubuklinggau in the even semester of the 2018/2019 school year. This research is a development research that refers to the 4-D development model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate). Based on the analysis results, it was found that the quality of worksheets developed was based on the assessment of 3 validators, the validity aspect was in the Good category with an average score of 3.99, while the quality of worksheets from the practical aspect was in the Very Practical category with an average score of 0.903.

The aim of this study was to look at improving students' ability mathematical connection. Improve ability mathematical connection by developing Realistic Mathematics (RME) learning tools. This research is research and development, the results of this product are RPP, student activity sheets, teacher book guidelines, and student books. Development of learning tools based on a realistic approach developed using the 4-D development model from Thiagarajan. This research was conducted in grade VIII Junior High School 2 Candi Sidoarjo. The results of this study indicate: learning devices that are developed are valid, both in content validity and construction validity, there is an increase in ability mathematical connection of students using learning developed devices, and learning devices developed meet the criteria effectively, seen from: a) students' mathematical connection abilities are met , b) the ideal time of student activity is fulfilled, c) the teacher's performance in managing the class is fulfilled and d) the student's positive response.

In recent times, carbon nanofibers (CNF) have been used extensively for the remediation of environment owing to their hollow layered organization, high specific surface area, and strong electrostatic interactions which formulate it as an appropriate adsorbent material. Metallic nanoparticles were blended onto its surface in order to engineer a novel metal-CNF nanocomposite. The study aimed the ultrasonic assisted adsorption of rhodamine B dye (RhB) and pesticide dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) out of aqueous matrix by using silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) based bimetallic composite (Ag-Cu/CNF) material. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized for its crystalline analysis, textural characteristics, surface chemical bonding, and specific surface area. Ag-Cu/CNF illustrated superior adsorptive efficiency when compared with Ag/CNF and Cu/CNF. Adsorption equilibrium was studied by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. Evaluation of the data predicted that Langmuir model described the maximum fit toward equilibrium data with utmost adsorption efficiency of 201 mg/g and 112 mg/g for RhB and 2,4-D, respectively. Also, the comparison between adsorption aided by ultrasound, magnetic stirrer, and vortex shaker assisted methods revealed that sono-sorption is a proficient option for commencement of adsorption phenomenon due to convenient and facile diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted at SKRAU, Bikaner during 2016–18 comprising 28 treatments combinations havingfour crop establishment methods and seven weed management practices in a strip-plot design with four replicationsin wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop and its residual effect on succeeding greengram (Vigna radiata L.) crop wasobserved. Among crop establishment methods, stale seedbed (SSB)+ glyphosate 2.0 kg/ha significantly reduced thedry matter of weeds, viz. Chenopodium album, Rumex dentatus, Cyperus rotundus and Cynodon dactylon at all thestages, and increased the number of effective tillers, grain and straw yield of wheat to the tune of 8.02, 10.14 and 8.08,10.28 and 8.09, 10.85 percent (%) in comparison to deep and conventional tillage, respectively. Metsulfuron methyl4.0 g/ha + one hand hoeing registered the lowest dry matter of all the weeds except Cyperus rotundus and Cynodondactylon at 60 DAS and harvest and it also produced the maximum number of effective tillers (105.75), spike length(6.26 cm), grains per spike (38.53), grain yield (3354 kg) and straw yield (4403 kg) over other herbicidal treatments.In succeeding greengram crop the weed dry matter was not significantly affected due to crop establishment methodsexcept C. rotundus and C. dactylon. Yield of greengram was also not influenced by applied treatment in wheat.

Abstract Herbicides are agrochemicals applied in the control of weeds. With the frequent and repetitive use of these substances, serious problems have been reported. Compounds of natural origin and their derivatives are attractive options to obtain new compounds with herbicidal properties. By aiming to develop compounds with potentiated herbicidal activity, phenoxyacetic acids were synthesized from eugenol and guaiacol. The synthesized compounds were characterized and the herbicidal potential of phenoxyacetic acids and precursors was evaluated through bioassays regarding the germination and initial development of Lactuca sativa and Sorghum bicolor seedlings, with the induction of DNA damage. The induction of changes in the mitotic cycle of meristematic cells of roots of L. sativa was also analyzed. At the concentration of 3 mmol L-1, phenols and their respective phenoxyacetic acids presented phytotoxic and cytotoxic activities in L. sativa and S. bicolor. Eugenol and guaiacol also presented genotoxic action in L. sativa. The toxic effect of eugenoxyacetic acid was more pronounced in L. sativa than in S. bicolor, similar to the commercial 2,4-D herbicide. Molecular properties of the phenols and their derivatives phenoxyacetic acids were compared with the ones obtained for the herbicide 2,4-D, where it was found a correlation between their molecular properties and bioactivity.

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a type of induced cell totipotency where embryos develop from vegetative tissues of the plant instead of from gamete fusion after fertilization. SE can be induced in vitro by exposing explants to growth regulators, such as the auxinic herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) has been proposed to be a downstream signalling component at the intersection between 2,4-D- and stress-induced SE, but it is not known how these pathways interact to induce cell totipotency. Here we show that 2,4-D-induced SE from the shoot apex of germinating Arabidopsis thaliana seeds is characterized by transcriptional maintenance of an ABA-dependent seed maturation pathway. Molecular–genetic analysis of Arabidopsis mutants revealed a role for ABA in promoting SE at three different levels: ABA biosynthesis, ABA receptor complex signalling, and ABA-mediated transcription, with essential roles for the ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3 (ABI3) and ABI4 transcription factors. Our data suggest that the ability of mature Arabidopsis embryos to maintain the ABA seed maturation environment is an important first step in establishing competence for auxin-induced cell totipotency. This finding provides further support for the role of ABA in directing processes other than abiotic stress response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many plant growth and developmental processes are modulated by the hormone auxin. Auxin-modulated proteolysis of Aux/IAAs, a family of transcriptional repressors, represents a major mode of auxin action. Auxin facilitates the interaction of Aux/IAAs with TIR1/AFB F-box proteins, promoting their ubiquitination by the SCF(TIR1/AFB) ubiquitin E3 ligase leading to subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome. To identify new genes regulating Aux/IAA proteolysis in Arabidopsis thaliana, we took a genetic approach, identifying individuals with altered degradation of an IAA1-luciferase fusion protein (IAA1-LUC). A mutant with 2-fold slower IAA1-LUC degradation rate compared with wild-type was isolated. Positional cloning identified the mutant as an allele of TOPOISOMERASE6B, named top6b-7. TOP6B encodes a subunit of a plant and archea-specific enzyme regulating endoreduplication, DNA damage repair and transcription in plants. T-DNA insertion alleles (top6b-8 and top6b-9) were also analyzed. top6b-7 seedlings are less sensitive to exogenous auxin than wild-type siblings in primary root growth assays, and experiments with DR5:GUS. Additionally, top6b-7 seedlings have a 40% reduction in the amount of endogenous IAA. These data suggest that increased IAA1-LUC half-life in top6b-7 probably results from a combination of both lower endogenous IAA levels and reduced sensitivity to auxin.

سابقه و هدف: امروزه با توجه به اثرات غیر قابل جبران فلزات سنگین و سموم بر اکوسیستم های آبزی، ارگانیسم ها و انسان ها، حذف آن ها از منابع آب بسیار حیاتی است. در سال های اخیر، روند جذب آلاینده ها با نانو ذرات مغناطیسی توجه زیادی به خود جلب کرده است. بنابراین مطالعه حاضر باهدف، سنتز نانوذره Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2-SH به‌عنوان یک جاذب جدید جهت حذف آلاینده های سرب و2,4-D از ماتریکس های آبی انجام گرفت. مواد و روش‌ها: به منظور بررسی تاثیر متغیرهای pH(11-3)، زمان تماس(min150-0)، دوز جاذب (g/L2/1-2/0) و غلظت آلاینده ها (mg/L50-50) بر راندمان حذف و تعیین شرایط بهینه از روش One Factorial با کمک نرم افزار Design Expert استفاده گردید. جاذب به روش هم رسوبی شیمیایی سنتز گردید و سپس مورفولوژی آن با استفاده از دستگاه های TEM، XRD، FT-IR و SEM انجام گرفت. و در نهایت آزمایشات بر روی محلول آبی آزمایش گردید.یافته‌ها: تجزیه و تحلیل ساختاری نشان داد که جاذب دارای ساختار کروی با هسته Fe3O4 و پوسته SiO2 است که توسط هر دو گروه عاملی آمین و تیول اصلاح شده است. نتایج آزمایشات نشان داد که بیشترین درصد حذف در سیستم مجزا برای سرب در pH برابر 5، زمان min40 و برای 2,4-D در pH برابر 6 و زمان min90 به دست آمد. همچنین در این سیستم مقادیر بهینه دوز جاذبg/L 8/0 و غلظت اولیه mg/L10 به دست آمد. در سیستم همزمان بیشترین درصد حذف در مقادیر بهینه pH برابر6 و زمان تماسmin 40 برای سرب وmin 60 برای 2,4-D و دوز جاذبg/L 2/1 تعیین گردید.نتیجه‌گیری: طبق نتایج به دست آمده نانوذره سنتز شده چندمنظوره می تواند جاذب مناسبی برای حذف همزمان آلاینده های آلی و معدنی از محلول های آبی باشد.

Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) contains valuable secondary metabolites such as Dopamin, Noradrenaline and Omega-3. This plant is used in various medicinal, food and hygienic industries as well as the treatment of different diseases such as diabetes, heart disease and pain relief. Callus induced from medicinal plants are used to increase the production of secondary metabolities in cell suspension culture and gene transfer. The purpose of this experiment was the study of different concentrations of BAP and 2,4-D of two explants from leaf and shoot tips to produce callus. Leaf and shoot tip explants were used in MS with different concentrations of BAP at three levels (0, 1 and 2 mg/L) with 2,4-D at three levels (0, 0.5 and 1.5 mg/L). Results showed that interactions between hormones and explants were significant in the percentage of callus induction, fresh weight and callus diameter at 1% level. The best result which was the leaf explant with 100% callus induction, 121 mg fresh weight and 5.106 mm callus diameter was obtained by the combination of BAP 2 mg/L and 2,4-D 0.5 mg/L. Shoot tip explants with 75% callus induction, 106 mg fresh weight and 3.03 mm diameter was obtained by the application of 1 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D.

For situations and crops as diverse as sugarcane in Réunion (a French overseas department), grown in systems close to monoculture, and cotton in Cameroon, grown in rotation with food crops, the gruelling manual weed control operations using hoes (the daba in Cameroon and the mattock in Réunion), traditionally inherent to family farming, have been considerably alleviated by the emergence then widespread implementation of chemical weed control, manual in Cameroon and partially motorised in Réunion. Based on these two examples taken from his experience as a tropical agronomist in Northern Cameroon and in Réunion, the author concludes that in just a few decades, family farming and chemical weed control have forged very strong links, which are now difficult to undo.

Fruit splitting is one of main problems extensively observed in citrus-growing area located in the northern parts of Iran. In order to investigate the effect of 2,4-D and GA3 on incidence of fruit splitting in Thompson ‘navel’ orange, an experiment, as a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, was carried out in two consecutive years of 2016 and 2017. The main factors of this experiment included timing of spray at different growth stages (full bloom, petal fall, and June drop), 2, 4-D (0, 10, 20 mg L–1), and GA3 (0, 50, and 100 mg L–1). In the end of experiment, the characteristics including fruit length, fruit diameter, rind thickness, cellulase and polygalacturonase activities, total soluble solid, percentage of split fruit, and fruit yield were measured. Results showed that using 2, 4-D and GA3 not only decreased the rate of fruit splitting but also increased fruit yield as compared to controls. The highest fruit length, fruit diameter, rind thickness, total soluble solid and the lowest activities of cellulase and polygalacturonase were obtained using 100 mg L–1 GA3 and 20 mg L–1 2, 4 D during the full bloom. In general, the results revealed that using 2, 4-D and GA3 during the full bloom increased fruit yield while reduced fruit splitting and maintained the qualitative characteristics of Thompson ‘navel’ orange.

Objectives Certain pesticides have been associated with adverse health outcomes including cancer and reproductive harms. However, little is known about the prevalence of occupational pesticide exposure among agricultural workers in Canada. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence and likelihood of occupational exposure to pesticides in Canada's agricultural industry, using three commonly used, potentially carcinogenic pesticides [chlorothalonil, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and glyphosate] as an example. Methods Estimates were calculated using the Canadian Census of Population and the Census of Agriculture. The number of workers and the proportion of farms applying 'herbicides' or 'fungicides' by farm type was estimated using survey data from the Census of Agriculture. These values were multiplied to yield the potential number of workers at risk of exposure. Likelihood of exposure (i.e. exposed, probably exposed, and possibly exposed) was then qualitatively assigned using information on crop type, primary expected tasks, crop production practices, and residue transfer data. Additional agricultural workers who are at risk of exposure but not captured by the Census of Agriculture were identified using the 2016 Census of Population. Results An estimated range of 37 700–55 800 workers (11–13% of agricultural workers) were exposed to glyphosate in Canada while 30 800–43 600 workers (9–11%) and 9000–14 100 (2.9–3.2%) were exposed to 2,4-D and chlorothalonil, respectively. Approximately 70–75% of workers at risk of exposure were considered probably or possibly exposed to any of the pesticides. Glyphosate exposure was most common among workers in oilseed (29% of oilseed farm workers exposed) and dry pea/bean farms (28%), along with those providing support activities for farms (31%). 2,4-D exposure was most common in corn (28%), other grain (28%), and soybean farms (27%), while chlorothalonil exposure was more likely among greenhouse, nursery, and floriculture workers (42%), workers on farms (28%, for occupations not captured by the Census of Agriculture, specifically), and those providing support activities for farms (20%). Regional variations broadly reflected differences in farm types by province. Conclusions This study estimated the prevalence of occupational exposure to three pesticides in Canada. Seasonal and temporary agricultural workers, which were captured by the Census of Agriculture, contributed to many additionally exposed workers. A large percent of the workers who were considered at risk of exposure were considered probably or possibly exposed, indicating a need for enhanced data collection and availability on pesticide use data in Canada. The study's methods can be applied to estimate workers' exposures to other pesticides within the agricultural industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For situations and crops as diverse as sugarcane in Réunion (a French overseas department), grown in systems close to monoculture, and cotton in Cameroon, grown in rotation with food crops, the gruelling manual weed control operations using hoes (the daba in Cameroon and the mattock in Réunion), traditionally inherent to family farming, have been considerably alleviated by the emergence then widespread implementation of chemical weed control, manual in Cameroon and partially motorised in Réunion. Based on these two examples taken from his experience as a tropical agronomist in Northern Cameroon and in Réunion, the author concludes that in just a few decades, family farming and chemical weed control have forged very strong links, which are now difficult to undo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Due to rising concerns for environmental and human health, many toxic compounds, such as auxin-based herbicides, have been tested in relation their toxicity effect. Especially cyto- and phytotoxic assays have been performed on a number monocot and eudicot plant species. In these approaches the toxicity level of the auxin is compared to a positive control – usually a commercial compound with known effects and chemical similarity to the target compound. However, many target compounds still lack an indication of an adequate positive control. Here, we evaluate the phytotoxic and cytotoxic effect of the auxins 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, dicamba, and picloram in order test their potential use as positive controls. All tested auxinic herbicides showed clastogenic and aneugenic effect mechanisms. The results indicate 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid as the most phyto- and cytotoxic in the discontinuous method in Lactuca sativa L. and Allium cepa L., and also in the continuous method in A. cepa. Thus, we suggest 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid as a positive control for future mutagenesis studies involving new auxins. For studies with L. sativa in continuous method, we recommend the auxin picloram as positive control as this one was the only one which allowed the development of roots.

Fruit splitting is one of main problems extensively observed in citrus-growing area located in the northern parts of Iran. In order to investigate the effect of 2,4-D and GA3 on incidence of fruit splitting in Thompson navel orange, an experiment, as a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, was carried out in two consecutive years of 2016 and 2017. The main factors of this experiment included timing of spray at different growth stages (full bloom, petal fall, and June drop), 2, 4-D (0, 10, 20 mg L-1), and GA3 (0, 50, and 100 mg L-1). In the end of experiment, the characteristics including fruit length, fruit diameter, rind thickness, cellulase and polygalacturonase activities, total soluble solid, percentage of split fruit, and fruit yield were measured. Results showed that using 2, 4-D and GA3 not only decreased the rate of fruit splitting but also increased fruit yield as compared to controls. The highest fruit length, fruit diameter, rind thickness, total soluble solid and the lowest activities of cellulase and polygalacturonase were obtained using 100 mg L-1 GA3 and 20 mg L-1 2, 4 D during the full bloom. In general, the results revealed that using 2, 4-D and GA3 during the full bloom increased fruit yield while reduced fruit splitting and maintained the qualitative characteristics of Thompson navel orange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnostic ultrasound (DUS) is, arguably, the most common technique used in obstetrical practice. From A mode, first described by Ian Donald for gynecology in the late 1950s, to B mode in the 1970s, real-time and gray-scale in the early 1980s, Doppler a little later, sophisticated color Doppler in the 1990s and three dimensional/four-dimensional ultrasound in the 2000s, DUS has not ceased to be closely associated with the practice of obstetrics. The latest innovation is the use of artificial intelligence which will, undoubtedly, take an increasing role in all aspects of our lives, including medicine and, specifically, obstetric ultrasound. In addition, in the future, new visualization methods may be developed, training methods expanded, and workflow and ergonomics improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant glycoside hydrolase family 9 genes (GH9s) are widely distributed in plants and involved in a variety of cellular and physiological processes. In the current study, nine GH9 genes were identified in the mulberry and were divided into two subfamilies based on the phylogenetic analysis. Conserved motifs and gene structure analysis suggested that the evolution of the two subfamilies is relatively conserved and the glycoside hydrolase domain almost occupy the entire coding region of the GH9s gene. Only segmental duplication has played a role in the expansion of gene family. Collinearity analysis showed that mulberry GH9s had the closest relationship with poplar GH9s. MaGH9B1, MaGH9B6, MaGH9B5 , and MaGH9B3 were detected to have transcript accumulation in the stalk of easy-to drop mature fruit drop, suggesting that these could play a role in mulberry fruit drop. Multiple cis-acting elements related to plant hormones and abiotic stress responses were found in the mulberry GH9 promoter regions and showed different activities under exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) stresses. We found that the lignin content in the fruit stalk decreased with the formation of the abscission zone (AZ), which could indirectly reflect the formation process of the AZ. These results provide a theoretical basis for further research on the role of GH9s in mulberry abscission., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Deng, Ahmad, Deng, Fan, Liu, Lu, Pan and Zha.)

Syzygium densiflorum Wall. ex Wight & Arn. is one among the vulnerable tree species growing in the selected forest areas of the Western Ghats, India. The habitat of this tree species is being altered due to overexploitation, pressure from exotic weeds, reproductive inefficiency, microbial infection on the leaves and other problems associated. Although, this species has been included under IUCN redlist as Vulnerable (B1+2C). A study has been attempted to develop a micropropagation protocol for Syzygium densiflorum with Woody plant medium, B5 medium and Murashige skoog medium supplemented by various concentrations (0.5–2.5 mg/l) of BAP, Kn, 2,4-D, IAA and IBA alone and various combinations. The highest number of shoots (7.7 ± 0.08) was obtained from nodal explant on woody plant medium containing 1.5 mg/l BAP with 1.5 mg/l IBA achieved. The highest number of roots (3.83±0.53) and root length (3.4 ± 0.05 cm) were obtained in half strength woody plant medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/1 IBA. The rooted plantlets were successfully hardened in the paper cups containing 1:1 ratio of sand and soil and successfully transferred to field condition. About 58.5% of the saplings were survived in the natural condition.

This work describes the data collection of new lipophilic esters and amides herbicides, analogues to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and Propanil. The data include 1H and 13C NMR spectra and UV–VIS spectroscopic experiments, from the work “Novel lipophilic analogues from 2,4-D and Propanil herbicides: Biological activity and kinetic studies”. The UV–VIS and 1H NMR spectra were employed to kinetic degradation design, and could be used to access new herbicides derivatives with better environmental properties.

Lilium is a high value ornamental crop and its demand particularly LA hybrids is growing day by day. To utilize the high regeneration potential in Lilium, transverse thin cell layer sections were excised from in vitro bulb scales of LA Lilium hybrid cv. Brindisi and inoculated on MS medium with 3% sucrose, 0.8% agar and varied concentration of 6-BAP, NAA and 2,4-D. Results showed that Protocorm like Bodies (PLB’s) were directly being induced from the surface of t TCL explant. These protocorm like bodies are unipolar structure forming shoot and further developed root when transferred to rooting medium. When NAA was fortified with 6-BAP in MS medium, its regeneration percentage was recorded maximum in the combination 6-BAP (2 mg/l) and NAA (0.50) mg/l), whereas, maximum number of adventitious shoots per explant were recorded in 6-BAP (3 mg/l) and NAA (0.50) mg/l). Although, adventitious shoot buds were also produced on hormones free medium but at a very slow rate. The regeneration percentage was enhanced in the presence of NAA as compared to 2, 4-D when supplemented with 6-BAP. The regenerated bulblets were best rooted in IBA supplemented with ½ MS medium and hardened in the glass jar.

Weeds are the major biotic constraints in maize crop due to its wider row spacing limiting its productivity. So, a field experiment was conducted during kharif and rabi seasons of 2015 and 2016, at RRS, Karnal, Haryana to study the effect of different weed control methods on weed flora, growth and yield of kharif planted maize, the residual effect of different herbicides applied in maize on succeeding wheat crop. Treatments included two pre-emergence (PRE) herbicides namely atrazine 750 or 1000 g/ha and alachlor 2000 g/ha along with three post-emergence herbicides (POST) atrazine 500 g/ha, 2,4-D 500 g/ha and tembotrione 120 or 140 g/ha +S (surfactant) at 35 days after sowing (DAS) were used. Hand weeding twice at 20 and 35 DAS, weedy check and weed free treatments were also included. Major weed species infesting the experimental field were Cyperus rotundus, Brachiaria reptans, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Amaranthus viridis, Digera arvensis, Phyllanthus niruri and Portulaca oleracea. Among herbicide treatments at 50 DAS, alachlor 2000 g/ha as PRE fb tembotrione 120 g/ha provided the highest weed control efficiency (95.1 %). Maximum grain yield (6505 and 6903 kg/ha) and yield attributes of maize were obtained in weed free treatment which was statistically at par with alachlor 2000 g/ha fb tembotrione 120 g/ha +S at 35 DAS (T13) (6380 and 6816 kg/ha). No visual phyto-toxicity of any applied herbicide was observed on maize crop. All herbicide treatments employed in kharif maize, irrespective of their dose and application time did not show any residual carryover effect on succeeding wheat crop.