Search

Objective: To assess the correlation between the general (gender, age, and maximum tumor size) and 3D morphotopometric features of the renal tumor node, following the MSCT data post-processing, and the tumor histological structure; to propose an equation allowing for kidney malignancy assessment based on general and morphometric features. Materials and methods: In total, 304 patients with unilateral solitary renal neoplasms underwent laparoscopic (retroperitoneoscopic) or robotic partial or radical nephrectomy. Before the procedure, kidney contrast-enhanced MSCT followed by the tumor 3D-modeling was performed. 3D model of the kidney tumor, and its morphotopometric features, and histological structure were analyzed. The morphotopometric ones include the side of the lesion, location by segments, the surface where the tumor, the depth of the tumor invasion into the kidney, and the shape of tumor. Results: Out of 304 patients, 254 (83.6%) had malignant kidney tumors and 50 (16.4%) benign kidney tumors. In total, 231 patients, out of 254 (90.9%) were assessed for the degree of malignant tumor differentiation. Malignant tumors were more frequent in men than in women (p < 0.001). Mushroom-shaped tumors were the most common shapes among benign renal masses (35.2%). The most common malignant kidney tumors had spherical with a partially uneven surface (27.6%), multinodular (tuberous (27.2%)), and spherical with a conical base (24.8%) shapes. Logistic regression model enabled the development of prognostic equation for tumor malignancy prediction ("low" or "high"). The univariate analysis revealed the correlation only between high differentiation (G1) and a spherical tumor with a conical base (p = 0.029). Conclusion: The resulting logistic model, based on the analysis of such predictors as gender and form of kidney lesions, demonstrated a large share (87.6%) of correct predictions of the kidney tumor malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RELEVANCE. Despite the development of modern diagnostic methods, osteosynthesis instruments and rehabilitation, surgical management of distal tibia fractures remains a great problem due to the high complication rate leading to permanent disability, such as problems with soft tissue healing, infectious complications, post-traumatic arthrosis of the ankle joint. These complications are associated with the high incidence of high-energy injuries, soft-tissue envelope features, and the wide range of movements in the ankle joint. At the same time, in the treatment for comminuted intra-articular pilon fractures, there is no clearly defined operation algorithm: choice of access, reduction and fixation techniques. Recently, when planning osteosynthesis, additive technologies have become increasingly widespread, in particular, 3D printing of full-size fracture prototypes. AIM OF STUDY. To analyze preoperative planning methods of osteosynthesis in pilon fractures and evaluate 3D-printing for the improvement of surgical treatment of pilon fractures. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The literature search was carried out in the databases of medical publications: PubMed, eLibrary, Cyberleninka. The search was performed using the following terms: pilon fractures, osteosynthesis, preoperative planning, 3D-printing, 3D-model, and the corresponding terms in Russian. RESULTS. According to various authors, the use of 3D printing in preoperative planning improves the parameters of operative duration, reduction quality, functional outcome, intraoperative blood loss, and reduces the number of complications. CONCLUSIONS. Evaluation of the long-term results of using 3D printing in preoperative planning for osteosynthesis in pilon fractures is ongoing. But even now we can draw conclusions about the prospects of the method and recommend it for widespread use in the routine practice of the orthopedic traumatologist.

Reducing the volume of manual work improves the processing speed of blanks, along with reducing the number of rejected products and overall production costs in large batches, while increasing repeatability. The concept of lean manufacturing is gaining popularity among manufacturers, with one of its main goals being the continuous elimination of waste. The paper presents a method for enhancing the production technology of cast blanks for gas turbine engine blades. Device designs were developed to minimize losses during the production of castings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the application of Motion Capture (MoCap) technology in 3D animation, discussing the potential of algorithms in understanding human motion and enhancing motion capture technology. Through a comprehensive review, the study identifies the strengths and limitations of motion capture systems, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a balance between accessibility and quality in the process. The research utilizes a literature review and comprehensive analysis of motion capture technology in the context of 3D animation as its methodology. Literature sources were acquired from online journal databases such as IEEE, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The literature analysis involves four phases of approach, including data extraction and systematic evaluation of the content of each source. The study reveals several challenges, including the complexity of synchronizing motion data with 3D models, understanding algorithms for human motion, and improving motion capture technology. Additionally, the research highlights the potential of machine learning algorithms to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of motion capture data processing. The research findings emphasize the importance of maintaining a balance between accessibility and quality when selecting motion capture systems for 3D animation production. Furthermore, machine learning algorithms are detected to improve the accuracy and efficiency of motion capture data processing. Identified challenges include integrating motion capture into 3D animation production, considering costs, and resource requirements, and integration with animation software. The potential use of motion capture in film production, video games, and other applications provides insights into the significant impact of this technology on the visual experience for audiences. In summary, this study offers an extensive examination of the motion capture procedure, as well as its potential and obstacles within the domain of 3D animation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility is studied for a controlled structure to be created by varying parameters of the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process when using austenitic stainless steels as an example. On the basis of the results of studying the structure of experimental samples, the influence of a combination of various technological parameters included in the scanning strategy when preparing a 3D-model for the LPBF process on the structure formation processes is demonstrated. The possibility of formation of fragments with different structures within a single part in the course of its manufacture by the LPBF method via changing the processing parameters included in the scanning strategy is shown. It is noted that the use of 3D-models, identical in shape but different in the strategy used for laser beam scanning straight in the laser melting process, leads to the formation of a sample with a profoundly different structure, since microstructure formation strongly depends on metal crystallization conditions directly linked with the scanning strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Tumor development and metastasis are facilitated by the complex interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment, which comprises stromal cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) components, among other factors. Stromal cells can adopt new phenotypes to promote tumor cell invasion. A deep understanding of the signaling pathways involved in cell‐to‐cell and cell‐to‐ECM interactions is needed to design effective intervention strategies that might interrupt these interactions. In this review, we describe the tumor microenvironment (TME) components and associated therapeutics. We discuss the clinical advances in the prevalent and newly discovered signaling pathways in the TME, the immune checkpoints and immunosuppressive chemokines, and currently used inhibitors targeting these pathways. These include both intrinsic and non‐autonomous tumor cell signaling pathways in the TME: protein kinase C (PKC) signaling, Notch, and transforming growth factor (TGF‐β) signaling, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress response, lactate signaling, Metabolic reprogramming, cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS)–stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and Siglec signaling pathways. We also discuss the recent advances in Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD‐1), Cytotoxic T‐Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4 (CTLA4), T‐cell immunoglobulin mucin‐3 (TIM‐3) and Lymphocyte Activating Gene 3 (LAG3) immune checkpoint inhibitors along with the C‐C chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4)‐ C‐C class chemokines 22 (CCL22)/ and 17 (CCL17), C‐C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2)‐ chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), C‐C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5)‐ chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3) chemokine signaling axis in the TME. In addition, this review provides a holistic understanding of the TME as we discuss the three‐dimensional and microfluidic models of the TME, which are believed to recapitulate the original characteristics of the patient tumor and hence may be used as a platform to study new mechanisms and screen for various anti‐cancer therapies. We further discuss the systemic influences of gut microbiota in TME reprogramming and treatment response. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive analysis of the diverse and most critical signaling pathways in the TME, highlighting the associated newest and critical preclinical and clinical studies along with their underlying biology. We highlight the importance of the most recent technologies of microfluidics and lab‐on‐chip models for TME research and also present an overview of extrinsic factors, such as the inhabitant human microbiome, which have the potential to modulate TME biology and drug responses.

Abstract The construction of the St. Adalbert Church in Gdansk dates to 1310. It is a church of rich history and great historical value, and its care is challenging. In this study, the combination of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) was used to accurately build a 3D model of the church. Together with the collected historical inventory documentation, the historic building information model (HBIM) was generated. The Autodesk-Revit® tool was used for this purpose. On the basis of the generated model, the reflection properties of the laser scanner beam and red–green–blue (RGB) images, a methodology was proposed for analysing the degradation of the church’s components. The main hypothesis of this study is based on the analysis of sunlight outside the church. In addition to the importance of the method for determining the risks of church degradation, a high-quality method for model visualization combining two photogrammetric techniques (TLS + UAV) is presented.

The paper is devoted to application of the methods of nondestructive testing and visual examination using UAV (drones) for evaluation of damage of the TV tower structure. A methodology is described, which includes application of aerial photography and photogrammetry method to construct a 3D model of the TV tower and localize the damage. 3DF Zephyr software was used to plot a 3D-model, which allowed sizing the defects and classifying them. Conducted examination provided the grounds for elaboration of the recommendations on operative repair and restoration of the TV tower to ensure its safe operation. The presented results confirm the high potential of the combination of the traditional nondestructive testing methods with remote diagnostics based on application of drones and photogrammerty for examination of large-sized structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March–May 1982, a local expedition worked in the Arctic, in the east of Wrangel Island (WI) and Herald Island (HI), to carry out a survey of polar bear dens. The results of that expedition have not been published. The author has found a copy manuscript of the expedition diary in Kyiv and has highlighted the key results. For two months, five explorers had been surveying the area and found 139 dens and sighted 57 bears (+ad + juv). The average number of offspring (ANO) was 1.43 on WI and 1.86 on HI. The number of successful offspring on WI usually was one or two cubs, or even three on HI. Based on the available sample (n=44) it was shown that when taking into account the survey data of cub traces in calculations of ANO (on WI), the obtained results do not differ notable. The time that lasted from the date of the opening of the den to the date of the final leave of the den by females (with or without the young) was 4 to 14 days, but most often 6 days. The highest frequency of den opening was noted on 27–28 March. Four cases of death of cubs, including a newborn, were recorded. The fate of 43 dens was monitored and measurements of 11 dens were taken. Two unusual dens were found: one with a very complex corridor and another one with a 4.5 m long vertical tunnel. Simplified 3D models of dens were given in the article for the first time proving that linear measurements practiced by researchers give a primitive picture of the den structure. After leaving the maternity den, the female can build temporary, simple shelter for herself and the young. During 1964–2020, dens were found on these islands only on the ground, and in 1980 the author found several dens on the sea, among ridges of pressured ice. The article is amended by the author’s estimations regarding the place of the polar bear in ecological pyramid of those islands. Recommendations are given for the improvement of polar bear survey techniques. The publication of a Ukrainian language article on the biology of U. maritimus is rare for the school of Ukrainian mammalogists and is of clear enlightening importance for scientists, lecturers, students, Wikipedia editors, and others, as well as a contribution of the author to the Ukrainian body of literature on the animal world of the Arctic.

The construction of the St. Adalbert Church in Gdansk dates to 1310. It is a church of rich history and great historical value, and its care is challenging. In this study, the combination of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) was used to accurately build a 3D model of the church. Together with the collected historical inventory documentation, the historic building information model (HBIM) was generated. The Autodesk-Revit® tool was used for this purpose. On the basis of the generated model, the reflection properties of the laser scanner beam and red–green–blue (RGB) images, a methodology was proposed for analysing the degradation of the church's components. The main hypothesis of this study is based on the analysis of sunlight outside the church. In addition to the importance of the method for determining the risks of church degradation, a high-quality method for model visualization combining two photogrammetric techniques (TLS + UAV) is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article substantiates the use of simulation modeling methods to organize efficient and safe passenger movement at the metro station. The list of key objects and their corresponding processes at ZIL station, a part of the Moscow Central Ring (surface line of the Moscow Metro), is determined using structural analysis methods. Based on the results obtained, the input parameters of the simulation model and the rules for realizing the processes corresponding to them were determined. Using specialized software tools, a 3D computer model has been developed that complies with the established rules and demonstrates all aspects of the subject area. Fragments of the model realizing certain scenarios of passenger movement through the station facilities are presented. The obtained model can be used to develop the concept of sustainable development of urban areas and transportation.

Abstract The generation of 3D models through Terrestrial Laser Scanning has proved to be valuable tools for the study, documentation and recreation of archaeological remains. In this context, it is described how to generate a physical model to provide not only to researchers, but also as teaching material for teachers for university students, facilitating their access and study. As a practical case, this article describes the acquisition, processing and management of archaeological data in the archaeological site of Cástulo, Jaén, in South Spain. We expound how to get the 3D-printed model of the Muslim tower, showing how it is possible to generate a scale and very reliable reproduction of the structure, being also an useful and tangible material in the teaching of cultural heritage.

Background. The electronic methods in medicine are getting more widespread. The COVID-19 pandemic forced remote IT technologies to develop. It is necessary to create medical e-learning systems, in particular, to study anatomy of human organ vasculatures. Purpose. To create universal and realistic 3d-model of intraorgan vasculatures based on the vasculature morphometry results. Materials and methods. Morphometric data of real vascular networks, geometric modeling in plane and in scape, procedural spatial transformation of the vasculature according to the law of a logarithmic spiral were used. Results. A two-staged sequence for construction a geometric 3d-model is proposed. The model is built of the units of vasculature, which are called bifurcations (dichotomies). At the first stage, mathematical 2d-model of a vascular network fragment is build based on morphometric data of the geometry of vasculature. It reflects the structure and quantitative characteristics of the vascular bifurcations (dichotomies). At the second stage, data about third special coordinate is added and a procedural 3d-model of the fragment is built. To increase the accuracy of the model, the ability to bend the vessels and to differ diameters of their starting and ending points have been added. Conclusion. The universal 3d-model of a tree-like structure is presented as a visualization of the intraorgan vasculature. These models can be used as visual teaching aids in online education environment. To increase the informative and educational value of the model, visual images of various pathologies of the vasculature can be added.

Mobile robotic systems are currently of significant interest due to the wide range of possible applications. Among a great variety of mobile robots, specific attention is paid to the wheeled ones. The main purpose of this research consists in substantiating the possibilities of improving the vibration-driven robot equipped with the unidirectionally rotating wheels. The methodology of the present study contains the development of the robot's 3D-model in the SolidWorks software, constructing the simplified dynamic diagram of the robot's oscillatory system, and developing its simulation model in the MapleSim software. The research results are obtained by numerical solving of the motion equations in the MapleSim software, by simulating the robot locomotion conditions in the SolidWorks software, and by conducting experiments. The results present the main kinematic characteristics of the robot motion under different operational conditions. The major scientific novelty of this paper consists in developing the improved design of the wheeled robot driven by the centrifugal (inertial) vibration exciter and substantiating its operational peculiarities. The obtained results can be effectively used while creating the production prototypes of mobile robotic systems, particularly those for cleaning the pipelines and monitoring (inspecting) their inner surfaces, welds, joints, couplings, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of 3D models through Terrestrial Laser Scanning has proved to be valuable tools for the study, documentation and recreation of archaeological remains. In this context, it is described how to generate a physical model to provide not only to researchers, but also as teaching material for teachers for university students, facilitating their access and study. As a practical case, this article describes the acquisition, processing and management of archaeological data in the archaeological site of Cástulo, Jaén, in South Spain. We expound how to get the 3D-printed model of the Muslim tower, showing how it is possible to generate a scale and very reliable reproduction of the structure, being also an useful and tangible material in the teaching of cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented research continues the authors’ previous investigations on the dynamics of a wheeled vibration-driven robot. The main purpose of this paper consists in conducting the experimental studies of the robot motion conditions. The methodology of research is divided into three basic stages: designing the 3D-model of the robot in the SolidWorks software and implementing its experimental prototype; experimental studying the motion conditions and carrying out the corresponding measurements; analyzing the obtained results and forming the conclusions. The main findings (results) are presented in the form of time response curves of the basic kinematic characteristics of the robot motion: displacements, velocities, and accelerations of the robot’s wheeled platform and of the disturbing (impact) body. The novelty of this research consists in substantiating the possibilities of applying the vibro-impact working regimes to improve the kinematic characteristics and operational efficiency of the wheeled vibration-driven robot. The obtained results can be profitably used by designers and researchers of mobile locomotion systems, particularly those for inspecting the pipelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibration exciters are of the most important parts of vibratory technological equipment. Among a great variety of exciters, the inertial ones are currently the most widely used due to their design simplicity, well-studied control techniques, and relatively large efficiency. The present paper deals with a prospective type of inertial exciters based on a planetary mechanism. The main purpose of this research consists in substantiating the possibilities of providing triangular, rectangular, hexagonal, and other paths of oscillations of a single-mass vibratory system driven by a symmetric planetary-type vibration exciter. The mathematical model of the system motion is developed using the Euler-Lagrange equations, and the following numerical modeling is carried out with the help of the Runge-Kutta methods integrated in the Mathematica software. Virtual experiments are conducted in the SolidWorks software using the 3D-model of the vibratory system. The obtained results are presented in the form of time response curves and motion paths of the oscillating body under different operational conditions. The major scientific novelty of the paper consists in substantiating the parameters of the symmetric planetary-type vibration exciter allowing for generating triangular, rectangular, hexagonal oscillations of the single-mass vibratory system. The obtained results can be effectively used while designing new and improving existent vibratory technological equipment, e.g., conveyors, screens, feeders, sieves, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the amount of research focussed on the Alpine orogen, different hypotheses still exist regarding varying spatial seismicity distribution patterns throughout the region. Previous measurement-constrained regional 3D models of lithospheric density distribution and thermal field facilitate the generation of a data-based rheological model of the region. In this study, we compute the long-term lithospheric strength and compare its spatial variation to observed seismicity patterns. We demonstrate how strength maxima within the crust (~ 1 GPa) and upper mantle (> 2 GPa) occur at temperatures characteristic of the onset of crystal plasticity in those rocks (crust: 200–400 °C; mantle: ~ 600 °C), with almost all seismicity occurring in these regions. Correlation in the northern and southern forelands between crustal and lithospheric strengths and seismicity show different patterns of event distribution, reflecting their different tectonic settings. Seismicity in the plate boundary setting of the southern foreland corresponds to the integrated lithospheric strength, occurring mainly in the weaker domains surrounding the strong Adriatic plate. In the intraplate setting of the northern foreland, seismicity correlates to modelled crustal strength, and it mainly occurs in the weaker and warmer crust beneath the Upper Rhine Graben. We, therefore, suggest that seismicity in the upper crust is linked to weak crustal domains, which are more prone to localise deformation promoting failure and, depending on the local properties of the fault, earthquakes at relatively lower levels of accumulated stress than their neighbouring stronger counterparts. Upper mantle seismicity at depths greater than modelled brittle conditions, can be either explained by embrittlement of the mantle due to grain-size sensitive deformation within domains of active or recent slab cooling, or by dissipative weakening mechanisms, such as thermal runaway from shear heating and/or dehydration reactions within an overly ductile mantle. Results generated in this study are available for open access use to further discussions on the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Isabel II dam is a monumental hydraulic structure built in the middle of the nineteenth century in Spain. In this study, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry was used as a data acquisition technique to carry out a survey of the dam’s current state and its surrounding constructions. The point cloud obtained by the photogrammetric process, together with the collected historical in-formation, served as the basis to generate an historic building information model (HBIM) that is the central core containing all the graphical, structural and archaeological information. The HBIM was validated by means of the As-Built for Autodesk Revit®-FARO® plug-in, and shows the high accuracy obtained with respect to the point cloud. The results show that with this methodology it is possible to obtain models representative of reality with an accuracy of ± 0.05 m. In addition, in order to improve the visualization, texture adjustments are made to obtain a photorealistic rendering of the model.

Objective: To develop a downloadable three-dimensional (3D) study tool of the membranous labyrinth in order to facilitate the study of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Background: The diagnosis and treatment of BPPV depend on an understanding of the anatomy of the vestibular labyrinth and its position relative to the head. To date, many illustrations have been made to explain principles of diagnosis and treatment of BPPV, but few have been based on anatomical studies of the membranous labyrinth. Methods: A previously reported 3D model of a human labyrinth was transposed to a 3D development software to allow the creation of markers along the semicircular ducts and utricle. These markers represent otoliths at different positions during movement of the model within the 3D environment. User-friendly tools were created to navigate the model, to allow clear documentation and communication of studied problems, and to study the model across relevant planes. The final model can be downloaded and is available for general useat https://bppvviewer.com/download/. Results: The model allows visualization of true membranous labyrinth anatomy in both ears simultaneously. The dependent portion of each semicircular duct, the planes of the cristae, and the position of the utricle can easily be visualized in any head position. Moveable markers can mark the expected progress of otolith debris with changes in head position and images can be captured to document simulations in various draw styles. Conclusion: This simple model could offer insights that lead to more accurate diagnosis and treatment of BPPV. It may also be useful as a tool to teach BPPV.

Objectives– the development of a preoperative planning method for long tubular bone osteosynthesis using the contralateral healthy bone. Material and methods.To justify the usage of the opposite limb’s intact segment model in order to reconstruct the damaged one, their matching in shape and size was analyzed. We built three-dimensional models of the right and left segments of the upper limbs of 20 people and compared them using the Hausdorff distance calculation algorithm. For treatment of a 24-year-old patient with a closed humerus fracture, an individual stereolithographic surgical template with fracture lines was created with the help of computed tomography data of the healthy humerus bone processed by AUTOPLAN EXPERT software. This template was used for pre-bending the plate for osteosynthesis. The plate positioning on the template defined the surgical approach, taking into account the anatomical structures located in the projection of the fracture line and the plate. The technique of "reverse bone reposition" on the prepared plate was applied. Results.With the help of the created 3D models we revealed the size differences of the symmetrical segments of upper limbs. The greatest difference in the limits was registered in the area of the epiphyses (heads of the humeri) – up to 6.8 mm, and the smallest – throughout the entire diaphysis, less than 1.5 mm. Due to preoperative planning there were no intraoperative and postoperative complications, the installation of the plate and osteosynthesis was convenient. The fracture consolidation took place in 3 months. Conclusion.The proposed method has a number of advantages. It is possible to make a stereolithographic template even for a seriously damaged bone with a copied fracture line. This allows the surgeon to plan the details of osteosynthesis, to model the plate according to the template, to determine the required length and shape of the surgical approach, thus reducing the surgical risks and injury for the patient.

The Isabel II dam is a monumental hydraulic structure built in the middle of the nineteenth century in Spain. In this study, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry was used as a data acquisition technique to carry out a survey of the dam's current state and its surrounding constructions. The point cloud obtained by the photogrammetric process, together with the collected historical in-formation, served as the basis to generate an historic building information model (HBIM) that is the central core containing all the graphical, structural and archaeological information. The HBIM was validated by means of the As-Built for Autodesk Revit®-FARO® plug-in, and shows the high accuracy obtained with respect to the point cloud. The results show that with this methodology it is possible to obtain models representative of reality with an accuracy of ± 0.05 m. In addition, in order to improve the visualization, texture adjustments are made to obtain a photorealistic rendering of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Automation of obtaining design parameters of the part is the most important step in the integration of the design, process planning and manufacturing. The aim of this work is to obtain part parameters, the numerical values of which can be used in parametric calculations. Materials and Methods. The work is the development of the concept of end-to-end design and technological parametrization in Computer-Aided Manufacturing. The theoretical research is based on the formal theory of data representation and processing, the set theory, and the theory of hierarchical multilevel systems. The software implementation was carried out in the Visual Studio C++ environment using KOMPAS-3D application program interface and the C3D geometric kernel application program interface. Results. A method has been developed for obtaining the initial part parameters during the transfer of information from the design engineering Computer-Aided Manufacturing systems to the technological preparation of production. A logical data structure in a relational form was developed, which made it possible to eliminate redundancy and ensure the consistency of the presentation of part parameters, taking into account the priorities of the sources of design information. The software method is implemented as part of the commercial Computer-Aided Manufacturing system for the KOMPAS- 3D platform. Source parameters (metadata, material properties, annotation parameters, parametric variables) are extracted from the 3D-model using application program interface. Integration with the KOMPAS-3D materials directory has been implemented to obtain material properties. Discussion and Conclusion. The obtaining of initial information about the part is the first step in the implementation of the end-to-end design and technological parameterization in the field of Computer-Aided Manufacturing. Due to the design and technological parameterization and associativity of the toolpath, a through technological project can be built when changes made by the designer to the part will be automatically transferred to the technological model and to the control program for the CNC machine. End-to-end parametrization is most efficiently used for parametrized parts that have several dimensional modifications. Further development of the technological parameterization is expected to focus on the tasks of the automatic workpiece selection, cutting tools and devices.

Purpose: The goal of this study was to develop a complete workflow allowing for conducting computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of airflow through the upper airways based on computed tomography (CT) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) studies of individual adult patients. Methods: This study is based on CT images of 16 patients. Image processing and model generation of the human nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses were performed using open-source and freeware software. 3-D Slicer was used primarily for segmentation and new surface model generation. Further processing was done using Autodesk® Meshmixer TM. The governing equations are discretized by means of the finite volume method. Subsequently, the corresponding algebraic equation systems were solved by OpenFOAM software. Results: We described the protocol for the preparation of a 3-D model of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses and highlighted several problems that the future researcher may encounter. The CFD results were presented based on examples of 3-D models of the patient 1 (norm) and patient 2 (pathological changes). Conclusion: The short training time for new user without a prior experience in image segmentation and 3-D mesh editing is an important advantage of this type of research. Both CBCT and CT are useful for model building. However, CBCT may have limitations. The Q criterion in CFD illustrates the considerable complication of the nasal flow and allows for direct evaluation and quantitative comparison of various flows and can be used for the assessment of nasal airflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing number of hip replacement surgeries in the worldwide practice causes the progressive increase in revision cases. The treatment of patients with instability of the hip implants requires the individual approach, taking into account the size of the defect, the loss of bone mass and the structural state of the bone in each case. Objective. To show the technical opportunities of the revision cementless implants in combination with 3D-modeling for the treatment of acetabulum massive defects. Methods. It was shown the clinical case of hip replacement surgery of the patient with the aseptic instability of endoprosthesis components. A 3D-model of the pelvis and femur was created on the basis of the CT scan in order to make an analysis of bone tissue defects and to select the exact size of implant components for revision surgery. Results. It was suggested a standardized methodology of the preoperative examination to make the hightech operation easier and maximally effective. It is necessary not only to take into account the results of the Xray analysis, but also to pay attention to all changes in the damaged segments. It was shown that the real plastic model make the work of the surgeon easier during all steps of the treatment. The opportunity to use the standard revision components for the restoration of the complex geometrically shaped bone was demonstrated with the good nearest clinical and radiological and functional results. Conclusions. The success of the revision arthroplasty depends on the carefully preoperative planning, the maximum approximation of the parameters of the artificial joint to the anatomical parameters of the patient and biomechanics of the hip join. No less important is the individual recovery program during the postoperative period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil and gas market is unstable, which requires intensification of the exploratory research for working advanced and inexpensive pumping and compressor equipment out. Such equipment is crucial for more efficient hydrocarbon production. The ongoing research work is being undertaken to search and study new technical opportunities to develop advanced pumping and compressor equipment adapted to the complicated conditions of oil and gas production in solid abrasive particles in the flow of the pumped medium. New technology for gas compression has been evolved and further patented. The technology utilized a jet compressor unit to assist a turned on ejector while in the cyclic mode. Pulsed cycling of the ejector in contrary to continuous operation, increases the compression ratio of the multiplied gas. The energy recovery technology has been evolved, and further patented io increase the energy efficiency in the jet compressor unit. This technology applies a particular mesh turbine located at the flow part. The evolvement of smart turbines and compressor units was thoroughly researched. 3D-models have been developed in SOLIDWORKS 3D CAD system. The FloEFD software package of computational fluid dynamics has been used for computer modeling. In laboratory conditions, the performance of the mesh turbine prototype equipped with the jet control system has been successfully tested. Efficient and cheap compressor units solve many urgent issues in production connected with hydrocarbons extraction in harsh environments and those, which occur at the later stages of developing oil and gas fields. Specific research results can be used in other domains, including energy, transport, and robotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents methodology of monitoring and control of safety and labor protection on the basis of modern innovative technologies and the digital model of the construction site. Monitoring based on the BIM technology enables a qualitatively new approach to monitoring safety and occupational safety on the construction site. The result of control by the offered method in the form of a security index, reflects the actual situation in the checked object and gives the chance to estimate influence of dangerous production factors. This approach to assessment will allow reacting quickly to the processes taking place in the territory of the checked object and also to prevent emergence of a dangerous situation.

A number of software products that provide the possibility of 3D modelling are analysed. As a result of the analysis, the advantages and disadvantages of each of those were identified and the optimum product for research implementation was selected. Also, a 3D model of the large-scale topographical map of the Ukrainian Antarctic station "Academician Vernadsky" was developed with the aid of Surfer software application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We refined our Shape from Shading (SfS) algorithm, which has previously been used to create digital terrain models (DTMs) of the Lunar and Martian surfaces, to generate high-resolution DTMs of Mercury from MESSENGER imagery. To adapt the reconstruction procedure to the specific conditions of Mercury and the available imagery, we introduced two methodic innovations. First, we extended the SfS algorithm to enable the 3D-reconstruction from image mosaics. Because most mosaic tiles were acquired at different times and under various illumination conditions, the brightness of adjacent tiles may vary. Brightness variations that are not fully captured by the reflectance model may yield discontinuities at tile borders. We found that the relaxation of the constraint for a continuous albedo map improves the topographic results of an extensive region removing discontinuities at tile borders. The second innovation enables the generation of accurate DTMs from images with substantial albedo variations, such as hollows. We employed an iterative procedure that initializes the SfS algorithm with the albedo map that was obtained by the previous iteration step. This approach converges and yields a reasonable albedo map and topography. With these approaches, we generated DTMs of several science targets such as the Rachmaninoff basin, Praxiteles crater, fault lines, and several hollows. To evaluate the results, we compared our DTMs with stereo DTMs and laser altimeter data. In contrast to coarse laser altimetry tracks and stereo algorithms, which tend to be affected by interpolation artifacts, SfS can generate DTMs almost at image resolution. The root mean squared errors (RMSE) at our target sites are below the size of the horizontal image resolution. For some targets, we could achieve an effective resolution of less than 10 m/pixel, which is the best resolution of Mercury to date. We critically discuss the limitations of the evaluation methodology.

In this study, an analysis of the capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry to obtain point clouds from areas with a near-vertical inclination was carried out. For this purpose, 18 different combinations were proposed, varying the number of ground control points (GCPs), the adequacy (or not) of the distribution of GCPs, and the orientation of the photographs (nadir and oblique). The results have shown that under certain conditions, the accuracy achieved was similar to those obtained by a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). For this reason, it is necessary to increase the number of GCPs as much as possible in order to cover a whole study area. In the event that this is not possible, the inclusion of oblique photography ostensibly improves results; therefore, it is always advisable since they also improve the geometric descriptions of break lines or sudden changes in slope. In this sense, UAVs seem to be a more economic substitute compared to TLS for vertical wall surveying.

PZT matrix ferroelectric composite is an important research topic in material science because of its many practical, industrial, and scientific applications. Materials with high dielectric permittivity are used to manufacture electronic devices, particularly capacitors and dynamic random access memory (DRAM). Therefore, the development of reliable and efficient micro models to be utilized in analyzing electrical properties can be of great value in accelerating research in this field. In this paper, a 3D microstructure model for PZT matrix ferroelectric composites has been developed and adopted the finite element method (FEM) to calculate the dielectric constant. The microscopy parameters of developed microstructure model are acquired based on the real composites from X-ray (micro-) diffraction and stereological method. The dielectric constant of different volume ratios of PZT matrix ferroelectric composites can be calculated by accurately controlling the volume of Ferrite particles. At the point of validation, the proposed approach makes visual and numeric comparisons between the morphology of the real microstructure and the model generated by the proposed technique. The simulation results by our method was essentially in agreement with experimental results in other literature. Simulation Experimental results also demonstrate that the dielectric constant of PZT matrix ferroelectric composites is significantly changed while the volume ratio of high dielectric phase particles was below 20%. PZT matrix ferroelectric composites Consequently, this method can be easily extended to composites preparation.

We previously reported that Aspergillus oryzae S2 had produced an amylase called AmyC formed by a tetramer of AmyB subunits under solid state fermentation. In this work, we demonstrated that the half-life time of AmyC at 75 °C and 80 °C were remarkably enhanced to reach 53 min and 41 min compared to 6 min and 4 min for AmyB. The K m values of AmyC for maltoheptaose, maltopentaose, and maltotetraose were 2-fold lower than AmyB. AmyC showed a 6.5 fold higher exo-type activity and hydrolyzed the short oligosaccharides more efficiently than AmyB. The AmyC-3D model was generated and showed that a region named T1 was involved in the oligomerization process. The subunits and the RING network interactions insight suggested that AmyC sub-units were bounded by 20 hydrogen bonds, 4 electrostatic interactions, 16 nodes and 836 edges leading to a higher thermal stability. The disordered (β 3 -β 4 ) and (β 7 -β 8 ) loops contained in the AmyC active cleft were presumed to be the recognition sites of the non-reducing end substrate. The docking studies strongly suggested that AmyC easily accommodated the short substrates as it was exhibited in vitro and seemed to look like maltogenic amylases. The Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology was applied for Amy C immobilization for efficient use. An optimum condition of an aluminum oxide content of 0.25 g, a carrageenan content of 0.1 g, and a glutaraldehyde content of 0.5%/g of carrier resulted in 76.2% of covalent immobilization yield. The immobilized AmyC kept its total activity for three cycles, shifted the optimum temperature from 60 °C to 65 °C, and had two-fold half-life at 85 °C compared to the free enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Numerical modelling for crossing over two existing subway tunnels on the example of transport Siel Wallring – To the influence of a transverse pipe drive on the stability of old underground tunnels. The project Transportsiel Wallring in Hamburg contains a pipe jacking stretch DN1800, which is crossing over two metro tunnels built in the years 1967 to 1969. Therefore the structural safety of the existing tunnel linings, constructed with cast iron segments, has to be calculative verified in advance and an appropriate concept has to be developed to monitor during the pipe jacking drive. Therefore the drive‐over is numerically analyzed using a three‐dimensional FE model, by using the step by step method. The modelling also considers and includes loads and deformations resulting from the construction phase of the metro tunnels. It can be shown, that the pipe jacking causes different asymmetrical loads and asymmetrical bedding situations of the existing tunnels, so that the structural safety of the metro tunnels has to be confirmed. A separate shell model is used to determine the reserves in structural safety of the tunnel lining for these unsymmetrical loadings during pipe jacking, as a result, the limit deformations can be derived, which are necessary to interpret surveying results in form of warning and alarm values. The pipe jacking DN1800 overneath the existing tunnels has been finished successfully without any exceeding of the warning and alarm values and also in good conformity between calculated and measured convergences of the tunnel lining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High temperature superconducting (HTS) bulk can levitate above or suspend below a permanent magnet stably. Many magnificent potential applications of HTS bulk are proposed by researchers. Until now, few reports have been found for real applications of HTS bulk. A complete set of small-scale HTS magnetic levitation table is proposed in the paper. The HTS magnetic levitation table includes an annular HTS magnetic levitation system which is composed of an annular HTS bulk array and an annular permanent magnet guideway (PMG). The annular PMG and the annular cryogenics vessel which used to maintain low temperature environment of the HTS bulk array are designed. 62 YBCO bulks are used to locate at the bottom of the annular vessel. A 3D-model finite element numerical method is used to design the HTS bulk magnetic levitation system. Equivalent magnetic levitation and guidance forces calculation rules are proposed aimed at the annular HTS magnetic levitation system stability. Based on the proposed method, levitation and guidance forces curves of the one YBCO bulk magnetic above PMG could be obtained. This method also can use to assist PMG design to check whether the designed PMG could reach the basic demand of the HTS magnetic levitation table. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical three-dimensional model for computing residual stresses generated in cross section of steel 42CrMo4 after nitriding is presented. The diffusion process is analyzed by the finite-element method. The internal stresses are computed using the obtained profile of the distribution of the nitrogen concentration. The special features of the intricate geometry of the treated articles including edges and angles are considered. Comparative analysis of the results of the simulation and of the experimental measurement of residual stresses is performed by the Waisman-Philips method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pavement performance of asphalt is an important criterion for road engineering quality evaluation. Proposed research paper designed an orthogonal experiment using three asphalt mixtures, including SMA-13, AC-20 and ATB-25 to get their relation models and evaluate pavement performances. Totally twenty-seven samples from private companies have been selected and seven crucial parameters are analyzed via factor analysis. Further analysis concluded three main factors corresponding to the three main pavement performance parameters (i) high-temperature stability (ii) durability and (iii) shear resistance. Based on scores of each asphalt mixture's 3D scatter-map is plotted. Analysis found the relationship between three above-mentioned parameters. Relationship between the three main performance parameters has been established using graphical analysis. A separation plane can define the different types of asphalt mixtures' scatter distribution area, and get the regression equation for the plane. Based on the equation for the plane a more intuitionistic model has been made which describes the relationship of asphalt pavement performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computed tomography (CT)-angiography is routinely performed prior to catheter-based and surgical treatment in congenital heart disease. To date, little is known about the accuracy and advantage of different 3D-reconstructions in CT-data. Exact anatomical information is crucial. We analyzed 35 consecutive CT-angiographies of infants with congenital heart disease. All datasets are reconstructed three-dimensionally using volume rendering technique (VRT) and threshold-based segmentation (stereolithographic model, STL). Additionally, the two-dimensional maximum intensity projection (MIP) reconstructs two-dimensional data. In each dataset and resulting image, measurements of vascular diameters for four different vessels were estimated and compared to the reference standard, measured via multiplanar reformation (MPR). The resulting measurements obtained via the STL-images, MIP-images, and the VRT-images were compared with the reference standard. There was a significant difference ( p < 0.05) between measurements. The mean difference was 0.0 for STL-images, −0.1 for MIP-images, and −0.3 for VRT-images. The range of the differences was −0.7 to 1.0 mm for STL-images, −0.6 to 0.5 mm for MIP-images and −1.1 to 0.7 mm for VRT-images. There was an excellent correlation between the STL-, MIP-, VRT-measurements, and the reference standard. Inter-reader reliability was excellent ( p < 0.01). STL-models of cardiovascular structures are more accurate than the traditional VRT-models. Additionally, they can be standardized and are reproducible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]