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In August 2023, Xiaomi unveiled the Redmi K60 Ultra, the first multi-frequency smartphone integrated with BeiDou-3 Navigation Satellite System Precise Point Positioning (PPP-B2b) services and employing PPP technology as the primary positioning method. The positioning enhancement service is provided by the Assisted Global Navigation Satellite System (A-GNSS) location platform developed by the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology. The signaling interaction between the server and the users strictly adheres to the Third Generation of Mobile Communications Technology Partnership Project Long-Term Evolution Positioning Protocol and the Open Mobile Alliance Secure User Plane Location framework. To comprehensively evaluate the Redmi K60 Ultra's capabilities, this study designed six distinct experimental scenarios and conducted comprehensive research on multi-frequency and multi-GNSS observation noise, Time to First Fix (TTFF), as well as the performance of both GNSS-based and network-based positioning. Experimental results indicate that the GNSS chipset within the Redmi K60 Ultra has achieved a leading position in the consumer market concerning supported satellite constellations, frequencies, and observation accuracy, and is comparable to some low-cost GNSS receivers. A-GNSS positioning can reduce the TTFF from 30 to under 5 s, representing an improvement of over 85% in the cold start speed compared to a standalone GNSS mode. The positioning results show that the A-GNSS PPP-B2b service can achieve positioning performance with RMS errors of less than 1.5 m, 2.5 m, and 4 m in open-sky, realistic, and challenging urban environments. Compared to GNSS-based positioning, cellular network-based Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA) positioning achieves an accuracy ranging from tens to hundreds of meters in various experimental scenarios and currently functions primarily as coarse location determination. Additionally, this study explores the potential of the Three-Dimensional Mapping-Aided (3DMA) GNSS algorithm in detecting Non-Line-of-Sight signals and enhancing positioning performance. The results indicate that 3DMA PPP, as compared to conventional PPP, can significantly accelerate PPP convergence and improve positioning accuracy by over 30%. Consequently, 3D city models can be utilized as future assistance data for the A-GNSS location platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the widespread adoption of 5G telecommunication networks, to reduce construction costs, it has become necessary to add new equipment or antennas to existing 4G and 3G telecommunication towers. This significantly changes the original aerodynamic shape of the towers, leading to a substantial increase in the wind load, which may exceed the original structure's bearing capacity and pose a threat to the structure's safety. This study employed three-dimensional numerical simulation methods to systematically investigate the impact of various antenna arrangement parameters, such as the arrangement number, arrangement form, and arrangement layers, on the wind load characteristics of telecommunication towers. The findings revealed that the antenna arrangement form significantly affects the sensitivity of the telecommunication tower's wind load to the wind direction, with more uniform antenna arrangements resulting in less sensitivity. Compared to the drag coefficient and the windward base overturning moment coefficient, the tower's lateral force coefficient and the crosswind base overturning moment coefficient are more sensitive to changes in the wind direction. The change patterns in the tower's overturning force coefficient and overturning moment coefficient with the antenna arrangement number are essentially the same. However, as the antenna arrangement number increases, the growth rate of the tower's overturning moment coefficient is about twice that of the overturning force coefficient. The tower's overturning force coefficient increases approximately linearly with the increase in antenna arrangement layers, while the tower's overturning moment coefficient exhibits a nonlinear increase with the increase in antenna arrangement layers. The rate of increase in the wind load with the antenna arrangement layers is significantly greater than that with the antenna arrangement number. Thus, to reduce wind load, it is advisable in practical engineering applications to increase the antenna arrangement number per layer, thereby reducing the antenna arrangement layers. The study also summarized a calculation method for the structural wind load of telecommunication towers, taking into account the influence of antenna arrangement parameters, providing a reliable basis for the structural design and safety assessment of telecommunication towers in practical engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the topic of Fair Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory (FRAND) licensing for Standard-Essential Patents (SEPs) in the communications technology industry. It discusses the establishment of market-based royalty rates through bilateral negotiations and patent pooling, resulting in royalties paid for SEP licensing being around five percent of mobile phone product revenues. The article also examines proposed legislation in the EU and the US regarding the determination of aggregate royalty rates and FRAND rates for SEPs. It highlights concerns about the quality and consistency of rate setting, the voluntary participation of SEP holders, and potential anticompetitive effects. The article concludes by discussing the challenges of setting fair and reasonable royalty rates, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of factors such as cross-licensing and non-discriminatory variations in rates among licensees. [Extracted from the article]

The network organization of the systems of economic entities, which are distributed remotely over large territories, require the creation of high-quality communications for them. The purpose of present work was to demonstrate the possibility of using the latest means of communication based on Long-Term Evolution and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output technologies (LTE- and MIMO-technologies) in 3G and 4G networks to solve contemporary tasks of organizing of high-quality mobile communication in some places of the territory of Ukraine for the works that need biological and medical information in rarely settled, remote regions. The publication provides the author's data on the practical organization of communication in rural areas and considers the following issues. 1- Determination of spatial parameters of the LTE standard network. 2- Preparation of a map of the area. 3- Choosing an LTE network planning option. 4- Principles of construction and operation of LTE networks. 5- P-GW (Packet Data Network Gateway) functions. 6- MME (Mobility Management Entity) functions. 7- Functions of PCRF. MME (Mobility Management Entity) functions. 8- Functions of PCRF. 9- Peculiarities of using upper and lower frequencies for LTE. 10- Application of MIMO technology in LTE. 11- Application of MIMO technology in 3G and 4G networks. The results of the performed works can be applied for the networked structures development for the use in domestic economy, agriculture, for the science branches like biology, nature protection, and for information systems for such branches. In the result of the work done the type of antenna, other equipment were suggested; they should be used to strengthen 3G and 4G Long-Term Evolution communication in such conditions, as well as suitable 4G antenna for modem or router. Obtained results are suitable for providing of the work of information systems in agriculture, ecological monitoring, other areas of activities, based on biological and medical information; they all need quick data exchange as well as for scientific centers, other settlements, for which such communication possibilities primarily were developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to offer a comparative analysis of the main Nigerian mobile network service provider with reference to 3G voice service. Drive tests were engaged in Ibadan metropolis to acquire some KPI parameters used for the analysis. The findings show that not a single service provider was in good standing across all the KPIs. Thus, the performance of a particular operator is purely a function of the desired KPI parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The third-generation (3G) gravitational wave (GW) detectors such as the Einstein Telescope or Cosmic Explorer are expected to play an important role in cosmology. With the help of 3G detectors, we will be able to probe large-scale structure features such as baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), galaxy bias, etc. We explore the possibility to do precision cosmology, with the 3G GW detectors by measuring the angular BAO scale using localization volumes of compact binary merger events. Through simulations, we show that with a 3G detector network, by probing the angular BAO scale using purely GW observations, we can constrain the Hubble constant for the standard model of cosmology (ΛCDM) with 90% credible regions as H 0 = 59.4 − 17.7 + 33.9 km s − 1 Mpc − 1 . When combined with BAO measurements from galaxy surveys, we show that it can be used to constrain various models of cosmology such as parameterized models for dark energy equations of state. We also show how cosmological constraints using BAO measurements from GW observations in the 3G era will complement the same from spectroscopic surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The joint detection of gravitational wave (GW) signals by a network of instruments will increase the detecting ability of faint and far GW signals with higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), which could improve the ability of detecting the lensed GWs as well, especially for the third-generation (3G) detectors, e.g. Einstein Telescope (ET) and Cosmic Explorer (CE). However, identifying strongly lensed gravitational waves (SLGWs) is still challenging. We focus on the identification ability of 3G detectors in this article. We predict and analyse the SNR distribution of SLGW signals and prove only 50.6 per cent of SLGW pairs detected by ET alone can be identified by lens Bayes factor (LBF), which is a popular method at present to identify SLGWs. For SLGW pairs detected by CEET network, owing to the superior spatial resolution, this number rises to 87.3 per cent. Moreover, we get an approximate analytical relation between SNR and LBF. We give clear SNR limits to identify SLGWs and estimate the expected yearly detection rates of galaxy-scale lensed GWs that can get identified with 3G detector network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a probe for measuring radio-frequency electric fields in the environment is designed and presented. These electric fields consist of multi cellular technology (2G, 3G and 4G), including four bands: GSM900, GSM1800, 3G2100 and LTE2600. This device, called the MCT electric probe, is realized by three orthogonal antennas, in connection to frequency multiplexer circuits and detectors. The proposed antenna is a 3-D multi-branch monopole antenna, and these orthogonal antennas can receive the electric fields in all directions uniformly and isotopically. The proposed multiplexer can separate the received signals into four narrowband and has the ability to remove out-of-band signals. The detector is able to convert the fields received from the antenna and multiplexer sections to suitable DC voltages for amplifying and digital processing. Finally, the designed MCT electric probe is fabricated and tested. The measurements confirm the proper operation of the probe in terms of dynamic range, accuracy, sensitivity, and the linearity and isotropicity of the received electric fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are the impacts of expanding mobile broadband coverage on poverty, household consumption, and labor-market outcomes in developing countries? Who benefits from improved coverage of mobile internet? To respond to these questions, this paper applies a difference-in-differences estimation using panel household survey data combined with geospatial information on the rollout of mobile broadband coverage in Tanzania. The results reveal that being covered by 3G networks has a large positive effect on total household consumption and poverty reduction, driven by positive impacts on labor-market outcomes. Working-age individuals living in areas covered by mobile internet witnessed an increase in labor-force participation, wage employment, and non-farm self-employment, and a decline in farm employment. These effects vary by age, gender, and skill level. Younger and more skilled men benefit the most through higher labor-force participation and wage employment, while high-skilled women benefit from transitions from self-employed farm work into non-farm employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of factors (network coverage, customer service, video calls, and downloading Speed) of 3G and 4G telecommunication services performance on customer satisfaction in the Punjab region of Pakistan. This research indicates how to make strong relations with customers and what factors of the 3G and 4G networks need to be improved to enhance the revenue of telecom operator companies. The study has recognized the four main hypotheses responsible for checking the level of customer satisfaction in the telecommunication industry of Pakistan in the Punjab region. The study depends on essential insights gathered on the arbitrary premise from 300 clients of significant telecom administrators in the Punjab area. The respondents have selected on irregular premises and were welcomed to express their sentiments through an organized survey. A complete questionnaire has been utilized for statistics collection and exists based on the analysis of descriptive measurement, correlation, and regression analysis and analyzed through SmartPLS software. They indicate that the independent variables network coverage, customer service, video calls, and downloading speed are key driving factors of customer satisfaction. Among all independent variables "Internet downloading speed" highly impacts the dependent variable "customer satisfaction" based on 3G and 4G network performance. There are a limited number of studies that focus on customer satisfaction in the telecommunication sector in Pakistan. The study will fill the gap in the literature and help service providers to increase the satisfaction level of their customers and captivate new customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article substantiates the existence of convergence processes in the field of digitization of countries, taking into account the number of Internet users; people with advanced skills; and indicators of infrastructure (network coverage, population covered by at least a 3G mobile network, population covered by at least a 4G mobile network), access (access to ICT at home, active mobile broadband subscriptions, fixed broadband subscriptions), enablers (fixed broadband over 10 Mbps, mobile data and voice basket, high consumption) and barriers (improved broadband access from 256 kbps to 2 Mbps and from 2 Mbps to 10 Mbps mobile data and voice basket, low consumption) of digital development. The methodological basis for determining the sigma convergence of digitization processes is the coefficient of variation. The values of the coefficient of variation confirmed the high level of convergence between the studied countries in terms of the degree of use of the Internet for conducting digital transactions. The developed econometric model, which describes the influence of statistically significant integral indicators of the national cybersecurity level, ease of doing business, and the anti-money laundering index on the country's digital development level, made it possible to determine the average trend of dependence on the level of digital development. One hundred four countries were considered for the analysis. The conducted study of the impact of digitalization on economic transformations based on developed quantile regressions made it possible to analyze exactly how the level of digital development for countries with a high level of digitalization and for countries with a low level of digitalization development depends on the value of the national cybersecurity indicator and the ease of doing business, and which countries have the least resistance to the risk factors of their involvement in fraudulent schemes for the purpose of legalizing criminal income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is a project that has proposed by IETF group to allow packet streams to be separated across multiple sub-flow paths. MPTCP brings a great benefit in throughput, reliability, and fairness. However, MPTCP can be implemented in a little Linux distribution where it requires compiling and installing to become available for an actual and simulation scenario. In the paper, the performance analysis and evaluation results in both TCP and MPTCP are achieved through PC computer connected to Wi-Fi access point and 3G in heterogeneous networks. The simulation results prove that MPTCP performs better than single-path TCP for heterogeneous networks. All experiments over MPTCP and TCP leads to same results in terms of the throughput in heterogeneous networks. In this paper, four congestion control methods are implemented in the kernel and compared with each other understand the behaviors of those methods. The result of the experiment proves that Linked Increased Algorithm (LIA) has the advantage over the others in light data traffic while Balanced LIA (BLIA) has the advantage the others when there is heavy data traffic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We ask whether epidemic exposure leads to a shift in financial technology usage and who participates in this shift. We exploit a data set combining Gallup World Polls and Global Findex surveys for some 250,000 individuals in 140 countries, merging them with information on the incidence of epidemics and local 3G Internet infrastructure. Epidemic exposure is associated with an increase in remote‐access (online/mobile) banking and substitution from bank branch based to ATM activity. The temporary nature of the effects we identify is more consistent with a demand channel rather than that of supply with high initial fixed costs. Exploring heterogeneity using a machine learning–driven approach, we find that young, high‐income earners in full‐time employment have the greatest tendency to shift to online/mobile transactions in response to epidemics. Baseline effects are larger for individuals with better ex ante 3G signal coverage, highlighting the role of the digital divide in adaption to new technologies necessitated by adverse external shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the continuous development of machine learning technology, this technology has achieved success in many fields and activities. Therefore, using machine learning technology for fuzzy research has a good research prospect. In the development of related research, the author of this study noticed that some researchers began to use tennis machine learning technology and achieved good results. However, most of the research is only for simple analysis and is related to the current work. It cannot be used to move a solid tennis ball, nor it can make small changes to the original tennis movement; thus, it cannot carry out a complete and brand-new movement. The defense of tennis first establishes visual teaching tools with the help of various courses and visual teaching techniques to improve the teaching effect. By optimizing the network data, this study constructs the corresponding data search model, which downloads a large amount of data from the network ram, so as to separate the impact of the network environment on the load. The simulation results show that the model is optimized for the high-quality 3G network environment, and the load time and energy consumption are greatly reduced. It is more efficient in WiFi and a a high-quality 4G network environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These days, 5G wireless communication are being created for different modern IoT (Internet of Things) applications around the world, arising with the IoT. All things considered, it is feasible to send energy efficient innovation in a manner that advances the drawn out sustainability of networks. Next-generation heterogeneous wireless communication is composed of different base stations. In this network, sustainable spectrum allocation is required to maximize the bandwidth utilization along with a reduction in power consumption. This paper proposes an algorithm for allocating an optimized spectrum to clusters in a multi-cluster environment for sustainable 5G environment using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The proposed strategy is applicable for 3G, 4G, and 5G mobile networks. Mobile devices enter and leave the cluster randomly and stay within the cluster for an uncertain amount of time. During that period the user demands may vary. Consequently, various bandwidth allocations are required. For such cases, static allocation might result in inefficient utilization of bandwidth, wastage of power, and degrade user satisfaction. The proposed algorithm will optimize the spectrum allocated to a cluster from time to time to solve this problem and produce an optimized solution within a given deadline. PSO based proposed scalable spectrum allocation method is applicable for the different frequency range for each cluster, hence scalable from 3G telecommunication to 5G-mobile edge technology. The convergence of the strategy is analyzed. From simulation analysis, it is observed that the proposed strategy reduces power consumption by approximately 8%, 11%, and 6% in 3G, 4G, and 5G communications respectively than the existing scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coming generation in mobile networks is the fifth generation (5G), which appears to be the promoter of the upcoming digital world. 5G is defined by a single piece of cellular access technology or a combination of advanced access technologies. Rather, 5G is a true network assembler that provides consistent support for a slew of novel network topologies. Prior generations provide as a suitable starting point and give support for the security architecture for 5G security. Through authentication and cryptography techniques, many works have tackled the security issues in 3G and 4G networks in an effective manner. However, security of 5G networks while data transmission was not improved. The IoT aware Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA) Node Authentication Method is proposed in order to achieve safe data communication in the 5G network. The suggested method performs feature selection using Quadratic Discriminant Analysis to identify relevant properties of mobile nodes such as trust value, residual energy level, and node cooperativeness. Simulation can be used to test the data packets, the number of mobile nodes in a security level, the computation overhead, and the authentication accuracy. The observed output clearly demonstrates that the Quadratic Discriminant Analysis Method significantly enhances the authentication accuracy of each node and the security level with less overhead than state-of-the-art-methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of modern multimedia technology and Internet technology, the traditional media in people's daily life, including newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, are far less timely and extensive than the new media that use the Internet to spread, such as today's headlines, microblog, TikTok, and NetEase News. In the process of its own development, Internet new media has gradually derived new media art, which is different from traditional art forms, with the mixture of sound, light, and electricity as the form of expression and the Internet as the media. The wide spread of new media art depends very much on the development of the Internet. In the early stage, the audience of new media is not wide, such as Tianya Forum and Sina blog. It is only for information exchange and communication with people who use the computer Internet. At the same time, the content shared is limited to words and pictures. When the computer Internet began to popularize and the mobile network terminal began to develop, new media art immediately sprouted. Starting from instant messaging, Tencent QQ integrates the strengths of all kinds of new media and promotes the further development of new media art. Standing at the juncture of 2022, after more than ten years of continuous innovation and development, the expression terminal has come from the computer to the mobile phone we use every day. The media has quickly entered the 5 g network from 2G and 3G networks, and the communication path and time have been quite flexible. In addition, AI (artificial intelligence) and other intelligent technologies have begun to enter people's daily life. The combination of intelligent technology and new media art has brought new media art into another period of transformation and sublimation. This paper will discuss that in the current environment where intelligent technology has begun to be popularized in people's daily life, new media art achieves the result of ecological reconstruction by innovating and deepening its own characteristics in combination with intelligent technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The increasing need for privacy-preserving voice communications is encouraging the investigation of new secure voice transmission techniques. This paper refers to the original concept of sending encrypted data or speech as pseudo-speech in the audio domain over existing voice communication infrastructures, like 3G cellular network and Voice over IP (VoIP). The distinctive characteristic of such a communication system is that it relies on the robust transmission of binary information in the form of audio signal. This work presents a novel Data over Voice (DoV) technique based on codebooks of short harmonic waveforms. The technique provides a sufficiently fast and reliable data rate over cellular networks and many VoIP applications. The new method relies on general principles of Linear Predictive Coding for voice compression (LPC voice coding) and is more versatile compared to solutions trained on exact channel models. The technique gives by design a high control over the desired rate of transmission and provides robustness to channel distortion. In addition, an efficient codebook design approach inspired by quaternary error correcting codes is proposed. The usability of the proposed DoV technique for secure voice communication over cellular networks and VoIP has been successfully validated by empirical experiments. The paper details the system parameters, putting a special emphasis on system's security and technical challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a decentralized network every user makes use of personal identity details at different places for various services and these details are shared with third-parties without their consent and stored at an unknown location. Organizations like government, banks and social platforms are considered to be the weakest area in the current identity management system as they are vulnerable which in turn leads to compromising billions of user identity data. Block chain based User Identity Management is a solution which provides a decentralized environment that manages the user identity data and their related Know-Your-Customer documents in a distributed ledger. All the transactions of the network are stored in the block, which is a type of a data structure and these blocks are validated using the powerful consensus algorithms and linked to form a block chain. Smart contracts will act as an interface between the client and the block chain network. User's information cannot be provided to any third party vendors without the explicit consent of the user. This paper proposes a framework for User Identity Management using Block chain technology in a decentralized network. The proposed framework ensures a high level privacy and security for the personal identity details and the documents. In addition to that the performance analysis of the framework is presented in terms of Transaction immutability, Mining Resource, Memory utilization and Difficulty Variation. The results of the analysis proves that the proposed framework performs better in terms of all these factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contains the results of developing smart devices and applications to monitor the load power of the industrial manufacturing machine and evaluate its performance. The smart devices in this paper are divided into two functionalities, which are collecting load power along with operating environment data of industrial manufacturing machines and transmitting the data to servers. Load power data collected from the smart devices are uploaded to MariaDB inside the Amazon Web Service (AWS) server. Using the RESTFul API, the uploaded power data can be retrieved and shown on the web and mobile application in the form of a graph to provide monitoring capability. To evaluate the performance of the developed system, the response time from MariaDB to web and mobile applications was measured. The results is ranging from 0.0256 to 0.0545 seconds in a 4G (LTE) network environment and from 0.6126 to 1.2978 seconds in a 3G network environment, which is considered a satisfactory result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geospatial data accuracy and specification requirements for LTE and 5G radio propagation and optimization are much higher than those used in planning 2G and 3G networks. The recommended geospatial data resolution of 1-2 meters allows the display of the smallest parts of geospatial objects. In the article, we describe the technology and its practical implementation to produce an accurate clutter height (raster canopy height model) for the purposes of LTE and 5G radio network propagation and optimization. This technology, which is based on aerial images, may be adapted to use LiDAR data. The technology includes the data integration between the different software. The processing of digital terrain models, obstacles (buildings and vegetation) and DSM cloud points is performed in geographic information systems, such as ArcGIS. The technology was proven by the practical implementation and calculation in multi-technology wireless network design and optimization platform Atoll. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile phones have an impact on the economic development of a country as the technology develops through the provision of high-value 3G and 4 G data services accessed via smartphones, tablets, and dongles that deliver mobile data services to businesses and consumers. To be able to fully utilize the resources and to focus on service provision and faster troubleshooting, traffic analysis for the optimization process is of paramount importance. High-quality traces obtained can further be exploited to predict the network load and the net- work configuration. This can intern be used in re-optimization and other engineering tasks for further improvement of the whole 3G network performance. In this work, 3G packet-switched network traffic had been analyzed based on selected perfor- mance indicators. The analysis had compared two 3G radio technologies with respect to cellular mode, time, and geographical locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does mobile broadband internet affect approval of government? Using Gallup World Poll surveys of 840,537 individuals from 2,232 subnational regions in 116 countries from 2008 to 2017 and the global expansion of 3G mobile networks, we show that on average, an increase in mobile broadband internet access reduces government approval. This effect is present only when the internet is not censored, and it is stronger when the traditional media are censored. 3G helps expose actual corruption in government: revelations of the Panama Papers and other corruption incidents translate into higher perceptions of corruption in regions covered by 3G networks. Voter disillusionment had electoral implications. In Europe, 3G expansion led to lower vote shares for incumbent parties and higher vote shares for the antiestablishment populist opposition. Vote shares for nonpopulist opposition parties were unaffected by 3G expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need of a capacity expansion becomes an inevitable factor concerning the increasing of mobile data applications and the unlimited expectation of the fifth generation of communication. Currently, massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technique is the main part of the continuous researches and it has become the major key for the technologies of modern cellular communications not only because it offers very high system throughput but also it improves the energy efficiency in multi-user scenarios. One of the first Base Stations (BSs) was implemented in 2018 for the chain of sixty four digital transceivers. Other BS deployed in many countries, designed by many companies, theoretically verified by many researches and published in many papers, and designed smartphones for working on 3G, 4G, and 5G technologies. Within a few years, designing a massive MIMO antenna array with digital transmitters and receivers will have a master streaming characteristic at both centimeter wave (sub of 6GHz) and millimeter wave (mm wave) frequencies. Recently, diverse design challenges of these arrays have appeared and characterized by using huge number of antennas in the vicinity, integrating them with Radio Frequency (RF) frontends, surpassing the hardware restrictions, and resolving the beamforming techniques. To highlight on these developments, the present paper concentrates on the evolution and growth of the existing massive MIMO array antenna which are designed, implanted, and measured indoors or outdoors for wireless communication systems in both BSs and smartphones. The paper is also expanded to explain the antenna configuration and its integration with beamforming techniques which has a great impact on reducing the cost and the energy consumption matched with the energy-saving design vision of 5G. Some of the challenges that have faced the design and the proposed solutions are also discussed in this paper. In addition, massive MIMO antenna array implemented in some countries around the world are discussed and future ideas to support the improvements in the antenna array communication networks are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological stride has changed the way banking is done in the present scenario. Digital bankinghas become a convenient and common phenomenon with increased and easy access of digital over smart phones, tablets and computers. Introduction of 3G and 4G network has enabled more and more people to go for digitalbanking for banking facilities. Furthermore, demonetization and remonitization of currency by hon'ble Prime Ministerhas necessitated the usage of digital banking in a sense. It is seen as a revolution in banking industry in termsof working culture, customer services and growth of banks. Even after the advent to secured digital banking facilitiesand easy access to digital there are several psychological and behavioral aspects affect usage of digital banking. The present is an attempt to explore the behavioural and psychological aspects of consumers to reveal underlyingconcerns of digital banking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional minor repair machines have low control efficiency and low automation. In order to improve the brake control efficiency of the oilfield minor repair machine, the oilfield minor repair machine brake control system based on wireless sensor network is designed. The front-end controller collects the data of the oilfield repair machine through the wireless sensor and realizes the communication between the sensor nodes and the data interaction with the communication node through the field bus inside the equipment. The server uploads the processed data through the 3G network, and the server receives the data from the front-end controller and saves it in the database. The remote-control center accesses the server through the Internet to view the front-end controller data. The brake control module uses the expert fuzzy PID control method to control the speed, oil pressure, and operating status of the oilfield minor repair machine and sends the data to the front-end control center to complete the oilfield minor repair remote-control machine by sending control instructions. Experimental results show that the system can meet the braking control requirements of oilfield minor repair machines, the output can quickly track input changes, the braking control effect is good, the dynamic deviation of the machine can be reduced, and the braking control efficiency can be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

KASUMI and SNOW-3G are encryption algorithms that are used to provide security in GSM, 3G mobile networks. Many security attacks like rectangle-attack, sandwich-attack, single-key attack, etc. breach the security of the traditional KASUMI block chiper. In order to enhance the security in the traditional KASUMI block chiper, we have proposed the modifications in traditional KASUMI by introducing Rijndaels's S-box which is present in the SNOW-3G block chiper. Also, we propose to remove the FI function completely from the traditional KASUMI block chiper and suggest the modification in the FO function. In the proposed KASUMI block cipher, two FO functions are introduced that are FO(a) and FO(b). In FO(a), a 16-bit S-box is added, where in FO(b), cyclic shift operation is added. The simulation results show the performance improvement of the proposed work over conventional work in terms of total encryption time and speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatiotemporal data, and more specifically origin–destination matrices, are critical inputs to mobility studies for transportation planning and urban management purposes. Traditionally, high-cost and hard-to-update household travel surveys are used to produce large-scale origin–destination flow information of individuals' whereabouts. In this paper, we propose a methodology to estimate origin–destination (O–D) matrices based on passively-collected cellular network signalling data of millions of anonymous mobile phone users in the Rhône-Alpes region, France. Unlike Call Detail Record (CDR) data which rely only on phone usage, signalling data include all network-based records providing higher spatiotemporal granularity. The explored dataset, which consists of time-stamped traces from 2G and 3G cellular networks with users' unique identifier and cell tower locations, is used to first analyse the cell phone activity degree indicators of each user in order to qualify the mobility information involved in these records. These indicators serve as filtering criteria to identify users whose device transactions are sufficiently distributed over the analysed period to allow studying their mobility. Trips are then extracted from the spatiotemporal traces of users for whom the home location could be detected. Trips have been derived based on a minimum stationary time assumption that enables to determine activity (stop) zones for each user. As a large, but still partial, fraction of the population is observed, scaling is required to obtain an O–D matrix for the full population. We propose a method to perform this scaling and we show that signalling data-based O–D matrix carries similar estimations as those that can be obtained via travel surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]