Search

Parosteal osteosarcomas are uncommon malignant bone tumors that arise from the bone surface. Their heterogenous components can present challenges in diagnosis. We present a case of a rare variant of this tumor known as an osteochondroma-like parosteal osteosarcoma, which was initially misdiagnosed as a cartilaginous tumor on core needle biopsy. Surgical resection of the tumor ultimately allowed for definitive diagnosis. Our case demonstrates the limitations of needle biopsy in diagnosing variants of parosteal osteosarcoma and the vital role of multidisciplinary discussions in guiding diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, our case utilizes 3-dimensional printing technology in the surgical treatment, and illustrates the recent advances in patient-specific surgical techniques.

The architectural design of electrodes offers new opportunities for next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices (EESDs) by increasing surface area, thickness, and active materials mass loading while maintaining good ion diffusion through optimized electrode tortuosity. However, conventional thick electrodes increase ion diffusion length and cause larger ion concentration gradients, limiting reaction kinetics. We demonstrate a strategy for building interpenetrated structures that shortens ion diffusion length and reduces ion concentration inhomogeneity. This free-standing device structure also avoids short-circuiting without needing a separator. The feature size and number of interpenetrated units can be adjusted during printing to balance surface area and ion diffusion. Starting with a 3D-printed interpenetrated polymer substrate, we metallize it to make it conductive. This substrate has two individually addressable electrodes, allowing selective electrodeposition of energy storage materials. Using a Zn//MnO2 battery as a model system, the interpenetrated device outperforms conventional separate electrode configurations, improving volumetric energy density by 221% and exhibiting a higher capacity retention rate of 49% compared to 35% at temperatures from 20 to 0 °C. Our study introduces a new EESD architecture applicable to Li-ion, Na-ion batteries, supercapacitors, etc.

Purpose: To evaluate the soft tissue response to the placement of additively manufactured subperiosteal jaw implants (AMSJI) in the severely atrophic maxilla and to identify possible risk factors for soft tissue breakdown. Materials and Methods: An international multicenter study was conducted, and 15 men (mean age: 64.62 years; SD: ± 6.75) and 25 women (mean age: 65.24 years; SD: ± 6.77) with advanced maxillary jaw resorption (Cawood and Howell Class V or more) were included in this study. General patient data were collected, and all subjects were clinically examined. Inclusion criteria were patients who underwent bilateral AMSJI placement in the maxilla at least 1 year prior. Exclusion criteria were patients who did not have patient, surgeon, or dentist consent to participate in the study before their inclusion. Results: A total of 40 patients were enrolled, with a mean follow-up period of 917 days (SD: ± 306.89 days). Primary implant stability was achieved postoperatively in all cases, and all implants were loaded with a final prosthesis. At the time of the study, only 1 patient showed mobility (> 1 mm) of the bilateral AMSJI. Due to mucosal recession, exposure of the framework was seen in 26 patients (65%) and was mainly in the left (21.43% of 26) and right (18.57% of 26) midlateral region. A thin biotype and the presence of mucositis were found to be risk factors (P < .05). Although not significant, smokers had a risk of developing a recession that was nearly seven times (odds ratio: 6.88; P = .08) greater than that of nonsmokers. Conclusions: Twenty-six (65%) patients presented with a recession in one (or more) of the seven regions after oral rehabilitation with bilateral AMSJI placement. Several risk drivers were evaluated. The collapse of soft tissues around the AMSJI that led to caudal exposure of the arms was correlated with a thin biotype and the presence of mucositis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the usefulness of ridge augmentation using a customized titanium mesh (CTM) that was preformed by trimming and bending the commercial titanium mesh on a virtually reconstructed 3D acrylic resin model using clinical, radiologic, histologic, and histomorphometric analyses. Materials and Methods: This study was designed prospectively for patients who required vertical ridge augmentation using a staged approach before implant surgery. After installation of the CTM, grafting was performed using deproteinized porcine bone mineral covered with an absorbable membrane. Computed tomography was performed preoperatively and 6 months after simultaneous/staged guided bone regeneration to measure planned, reconstructed, and lacking bone volume, and the reconstruction rate was calculated based on these values. Clinical complications were also recorded, particularly the mesh exposure rate. At re-entry, the bone core was obtained using a trephine bur, and histologic and histomorphometric analyses were performed. Results: A total of 10 sites in eight patients were used for the study analysis. The mean planned bone volume was 1.15 cm3 (range: 0.78 to 1.56 cm3), mean lacking bone volume was 0.13 cm3 (range: 0 to 0.59 cm3), and mean reconstructed bone volume was 1.02 cm3 (range: 0.56 to 1.43 cm3). The exposure rate was 30% (3 out of 10 sites). The reconstruction rate was over 80%, except for one case that showed suppuration. From histomorphometric analysis, 27.52% ± 16.87% of new bone, 7.62% ± 5.19% of residual graft, and 64.86% ± 23.76% of connective tissue were observed. The core biopsy samples demonstrated different pseudoperiosteum layer appearances based on the healing stage of the augmented sites. In the premature bone, the inner osteogenic layer consisted of multiple layers of osteoblast cells with adjacent large blood vessels. However, in the mature augmented site, there was no specific inner osteogenic layer, and the outer fibrous layer was dominant. Conclusions: The fabrication of CTM based on the application of the 3D-printing technique makes vertical ridge augmentation easier and can reduce complications and achieve target bone acquisition. In addition, it is expected that quantitative analysis of the pseudoperiosteum layer will be facilitated using the CTM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advance of printed electronics is significantly bolstered by the development of liquid-state electronics that overcome the inherent limitations in flexibility and reconfigurability of solid-state electronics. By integrating the biocompatibility and conductivity of sulfonated polyaniline (S-PANI) and phytic acid (PA) with the reconfigurability of structured liquids, highly conductive all-liquid threads are developed. The dense packing and overlap of PA/S-PANI complexes at an oil/water interface promotes in-plane electron transport, and standard four-point probe measurements of PA/S-PANI interfacial assemblies demonstrate enhanced electrical properties. Notably, the rapid jetting of the ink phase into the matrix phase allows for liquid threads to be printed, enabling the fabrication of large-scale, conductive pathways between two electrodes and liquid circuits. Upon mechanical cleavage of the liquid wires, circuits can be broken, but will easily self-repair using an electric field, making this motif useful in the design of switches as well as restoring conductive pathways in series or in parallel. The demonstrated flexibility and reconfigurability these PA/S-PANI wires possess hold significant promise for their practical use in the design of flexible and adaptive bioelectronics that can be repaired on demand, signifying a transformative step in the evolution of liquid electronic materials.

The high volume of plastic waste and the extremely low recycling rate have created a serious challenge worldwide. Local distributed recycling and additive manufacturing (DRAM) offers a solution by economically incentivizing local recycling. One DRAM technology capable of processing large quantities of plastic waste is fused granular fabrication, where solid shredded plastic waste can be reused directly as 3D printing feedstock. This study presents an experimental assessment of multimaterial recycling printability using two of the most common thermoplastics in the beverage industry, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and the feasibility of mixing PET and HDPE to be used as a feedstock material for large-scale 3-D printing. After the material collection, shredding, and cleaning, the characterization and optimization of parameters for 3D printing were performed. Results showed the feasibility of printing a large object from rPET/ rHDPE flakes, reducing production costs by up to 88%. Highlights * Study: multi-material recycling printability of PET-HDPE. * Large-scale fused particle-based 3-D printing technically possible. * Direct waste 3-D printing rPET/rHDPE flakes, reducing production costs up to 88%. KEYWORDS 3-D printing, additive manufacturing, distributed recycling, HDPE, PET, recycling, 1 | INTRODUCTION The disposal of plastic waste is one of the most challenging current environmental concerns given its systemic complexity. (1) The mass of micro-/meso-plastics in the oceans is [...]

In the ever-evolving landscape of advanced materials and processes, additive manufacturing has emerged as a game-changer, pushing the boundaries of what is possible across countless industries. One sector that stands [...]

Prototyping analytical devices with three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques is becoming common in research laboratories. The attractiveness is associated with printers' price reduction and the possibility of creating customized objects that could form complete analytical systems. Even though 3D printing enables the rapid fabrication of electrochemical sensors, its wider adoption by research laboratories is hindered by the lack of reference material and the high "entry barrier" to the field, manifested by the need to learn how to use 3D design software and operate the printers. This review article provides insights into fused deposition modeling 3D printing, discussing key challenges in producing electrochemical sensors using currently available extrusion tools, which include desktop 3D printers and 3D printing pens. Further, we discuss the electrode processing steps, including designing, printing conditions, and post-treatment steps. Finally, this work shed some light on the current applications of such electrochemical devices that can be a reference material for new research involving 3D printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the use of PolyJet 3D printing to fabricate microchip electrophoresis devices with integrated microwire electrodes for amperometric detection. The fabrication process involves 3D printing of two separate pieces, a channel layer and an electrode layer. The channel layer is created by 3D printing on a pre-fabricated mold with a T-intersection. For the electrode layer, a stencil design is printed directly on the printing tray and covered with a piece of transparent glass. Microwire electrodes are adhered over the glass piece (guided by underlaying stencil) and a CAD design of the electrode layer is then printed on top of the microwire electrode. After delamination from the glass after printing, the microwire is embedded in the printed piece, with the stencil design ensuring that alignment and positioning of the electrode is reproducible for each print. After a thermal bonding step between the channel layer and electrode layer, a complete electrophoresis device with integrated microelectrodes for amperometric detection results. It is shown that this approach enables different microwire electrodes (gold or platinum) and sizes (100 or 50 µm) to be integrated in an end-channel configuration with no gap between the electrode and the separation channel. These devices were used to separate a mixture of catecholamines and the effect of separation voltage on the potential voltage applied on the working electrode was also investigated. In addition, the effect of electrode size on the number of theoretical plates and limit of detection was studied. Finally, a device that contains different channel heights and a detection electrode was 3D-printed to integrate continuous flow sampling with microchip electrophoresis and amperometric detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft robots have gained significant interest due to their high flexibility and adaptability to various working conditions. Recent advancements in engineering and innovative materials have enabled the design and production of sophisticated soft robotic systems with enhanced capabilities. This study aims to evaluate the fatigue behavior of bellow-type pneumatic soft actuators fabricated through fused filament fabrication (FFF) using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), compared to silicone rubber cast actuators. The actuators were equipped with resistive flex sensors to monitor bending motion, and fatigue tests were performed with cycles of inflation and deflation until failure. Results showed that 3D printed TPU actuators could withstand a significant number of cycles before failure, with an average of 6410 cycles at 3 bar pressure, compared to 3439 cycles at 1 bar pressure for the silicone actuators. The study identified a set of fabrication parameters that positively affect the durability of TPU actuators, providing valuable insights for replicating these results. Additionally, the study established a plausible range of utilization for 3D-printed FFF actuators in terms of the number of cycles they can endure, offering critical data for engineers and designers to make informed decisions about the design and application of these actuators in various practical scenarios. The findings demonstrate the potential of FFF for producing durable, long-lasting pneumatic soft actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the inclusion of magnesium silicate monohydrate (MSMH) crystal in MgO–SiO 2 mixes designed for extrusion-based 3D printing. Considering the adjustment and optimization of rheological properties are fundamental for the printability of cement pastes, the dynamic rheology, thixotropy and strength development of the prepared mixes were analyzed to characterize their fresh properties, workability, buildability, and mechanical performance. Furthermore, isothermal calorimetry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to investigate the phase composition and microstructural evolution of the pastes, with and without the presence of MSMH. Addition of MSMH at 2 % of the binder component significantly enhanced the plastic viscosity, dynamic yield stress and thixotropy. Pastes incorporating 2 % MSMH exhibited excellent structural build-up without affecting extrudability, with a minimal strain deformation in the printed structure. The compressive strength of all pastes exceeded 20 MPa after 3 days, reaching ∼50 MPa at 28 days with 2 % MSMH inclusion. The introduction of MSMH improved the peak heat flow measured by isothermal calorimetry and enhanced the formation and growth of hydration products after 7 days of curing, resulting in a more compact microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4) material holds significant potential as a widespread applied biomedical material with high reliability in mechanical properties and biological activity. This study utilized 3D printing techniques to fabricate Si 3 N 4 bioceramics reinforced with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires, which overcomes the dilemma faced by traditional Si 3 N 4 materials, which possess excellent mechanical properties but lack sufficient antibacterial performance, or porous Si 3 N 4 materials that exhibit good antibacterial properties yet suffer from poor mechanical characteristics. Compared to Ti-alloy, Al 2 O 3 , PEEK, and conventional Si 3 N 4 materials, the Si 3 N 4 bioceramic with an addition of 5 wt percent (wt%) ZnO nanowires retains superior mechanical properties: bending strength of 735 MPa, fracture toughness of 8.25 MPa m1/2, vickers hardness of 14.8 GPa, and compressive strength of 2575 MPa. Furthermore, the material demonstrates commendable biocompatibility and outstanding antibacterial effects. Cellular activity on the surface of this material is also noted to be exceptionally vigorous. Research indicates that the synergistic effects of 3D printing characteristics and the appropriate inclusion of ZnO nanowires, which positively interact with β-Si 3 N 4 crystals, are primarily responsible for the exceptional comprehensive performance of 3D printed Si 3 N 4 bioceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a typical 3D printing process, fused filament fabrication still has disadvantages when operating on manufacturing lines due to the non-uniform textures of the oriented surfaces of the 3D-printed components. This work investigates the effects of structural parameters, i.e., orientations angle, ABS and PLA materials, three different layer thicknesses, three different perimeters, and three different infill rates utilizing a balanced modified Taguchi experimental design and 63 different parametric combinations to characterize the surface roughness parameters: average Ra, mean roughness depth Rz, root mean square Rq, skewness Rsk, and kurtosis Rku. The analysis of the experimental results, i.e., the levels mean values analysis plots and linear residual analysis of variances, showed that the layer thickness strongly influences all surface parameters and interacts considerably with all orientations. In contrast, material type, number of perimeters, and infill rate had insignificant impacts on surface roughness parameters. Finally, the additive linear modelling approach was utilized and validated for proper predictions, making it helpful for surface engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electroless coating brings the advantage of providing films on the complex geometry of additively manufactured components. However, there is a knowledge gap about the impact of AM part surface and postprocessing parameters on the quality of electroless coating. This study explores the application of three solution-based surface finishing techniques on the microstructure and surface hardness of additively manufactured stainless steel components coated with electroless nickel films. Given that AM techniques for metal parts often yield surfaces with inherently rough textures and differences in properties along the different planes, we investigated their relationship with nickel coating. To mitigate the impact of surface irregularities on electroless nickel coating quality, this research evaluated the effectiveness of chemical polishing (CP) and Electropolishing (EP) as post-processing treatments for AM stainless steel. Characterization of the treated samples was conducted using the analytical Digital Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and scratch tester. Additionally, the study incorporated an instant segmentation machine learning algorithm to overcome image analysis challenges. The findings indicate that EP and CP significantly improve surface smoothness, decreasing the arithmetical mean height (Ra) by as much as 4 µm and 10 µm, respectively. Furthermore, the nickel-coated AM samples demonstrated an enhancement in scratch resistance, exhibiting up to a two-fold increase in surface hardness compared to their as-built counterparts. Taguchi design of the experiment was applied to investigate the effect of process parameters. This study provides insights for developing improved surface quality and acquiring new properties via the coating process to make AM parts suitable for challenging environments and novel applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an abundant commodity, coffee production generates significant scraps and by-products, increasing the potential pollution hazards. Circular economy and bioeconomy can help valorize Spent Coffee Grounds (SCGs), e.g., as fillers in polymer-based composites using conventional manufacturing, i.e., injection molding. Large-format additive manufacturing with pellet extruders offers a further option for new applications, reducing costs for the valorization of biomass waste. However, its use in this context remains unexplored, especially for applications with complex geometries or critical overhangs. This work investigates new biomass waste-based materials for large-format additive manufacturing with direct feeding extrusion, fabricating self-supported complex overhang geometries through nonplanar slicing. The thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of three novel polymer-based pellet compounds with post-industrial SCGs, i.e., injection molding grade polylactic acid/SCGs, recycled low-density polyethylene/SCGs, and high-density polyethylene/SCGs, were herein investigated to evaluate their printability, defining their extrusion temperatures (190 °C and 170 °C). Results showed suitable viscosity ranges (133.6–839.7 Pa∙s) and accurate tensile values comparable with literature, e.g., ~ 1–3% minimum relative standard deviations (polylactic acid/SCGs), or conventional manufacturing, e.g., elastic moduli of 107.4 MPa (recycled low-density polyethylene/SCGs) and 587 MPa (high-density polyethylene/SCGs). Their use with large-format 3D printers was assessed thanks to nonplanar samples with complex overhang geometries, reaching a maximum curvature angle of 32° and fabricating overhangs up to 25° without supports. According to the tests, especially polylactic acid/SCGs, a bio-based compound, and recycled low-density polyethylene/SCGs, a fully recycled material, can be used for large-format 3D printing applications with complex geometries, e.g., furniture, interior, and exhibition design. This work paves the way for new materials for large-format additive manufacturing, reducing the need for 3D printing grade feedstock, cutting costs and consumption from filament processing, and fostering material waste reduction practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A prediction-based multi-objective optimization (PBMO) method is proposed in this paper to forecast and reduce 3D printing (3DP) resources on demand, including time, energy, and material. In the authors' previous research work, a hybrid code-based and data-driven modeling (HCDM) scheme was proposed to customize the predictive models based on process parameters, material deposition paths, and machine behaviors. This study further utilizes the models as multi-objectives to be minimized, aiming at the appropriate solution of process parameters that consume the least resources. Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), one of the commonly used metaheuristic algorithms, is adopted to construct the PBMO framework, where the HCDM process is embedded in the fitness evaluation step. The corresponding computing program is compiled and then validated on two material extrusion (MEX) machines. Based on the optimization results, hypervolume, as a Lebesgue measure, is used to evaluate the superiorities of all near-optimal solutions, thereby recommending the best-performing solutions for real 3DP. Apart from the 3DP process, the proposed optimization method is adaptable to other mainstream computer numerical control (CNC) manufacturing processes and will guide process design to promote resource conservation for cleaner production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Hydrogel microneedle patches have emerged as promising platforms for painless, minimally invasive, safe, and portable transdermal drug administration. However, the conventional mold-based fabrication processes and inherent single-functionality of such microneedles present significant hurdles to broader implementation. Herein, we have developed a novel approach utilizing a precursor solution of robust nanocomposite hydrogels to formulate photo-printable inks suitable for the direct 3D printing of high-precision, triple-responsive hydrogel microneedle patches through digital light processing (DLP) technology. The ink formulation comprises four functionally diverse monomers including 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, N -isopropylacrylamide, acrylic acid, and acrylamide, which were crosslinked by aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles (AH NPs) acting as both reinforcing agents and crosslinking centers. This results in the formation of a nanocomposite hydrogel characterized by exceptional mechanical strength, an essential attribute for the 3D printing of hydrogel microneeedle patches. Furthermore, this innovative 3D printing strategy facilitates facile customization of microneedle geometry and patch dimensions. As a proof-of-concept, we employed the fabricated hydrogel microneedles for transdermal delivery of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Importantly, these hydrogel microneedles displayed no cytotoxic effects and exhibited triple sensitivity to pH, temperature and glucose levels, thereby enabling more precise on-demand drug delivery. This study provides a universal method for the rapid fabrication of hydrogel microneedles with smart responsiveness for transdermal drug delivery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scaffolds for bone defect treatment should ideally support vascularization and promote bone formation, to facilitate the translation into biomedical device applications. This study presents a novel approach utilizing 3D-printed water-dissolvable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sacrificial molds to engineer polymerized High Internal Phase Emulsion (polyHIPE) scaffolds with microchannels and distinct multiscale porosity. Two sacrificial mold variants (250 µm and 500 µm) were generated using fused deposition modeling, filled with HIPE, and subsequently dissolved to create polyHIPE scaffolds containing microchannels. In vitro assessments demonstrated significant enhancement in cell infiltration, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation, underscoring the favorable impact of microchannels on cell behavior. High loading efficiency and controlled release of the osteogenic factor BMP-2 were achieved, with microchannels facilitating release of the growth factor. Evaluation in a mouse critical-size calvarial defect model revealed enhanced vascularization and bone formation in microchanneled scaffolds containing BMP-2. This study not only introduces an accessible method for creating multiscale porosity in polyHIPE scaffolds but also emphasizes its capability to enhance cellular infiltration, controlled growth factor release, and in vivo performance. The findings suggest promising applications in bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, and are expected to facilitate the translation of this type of biomaterial scaffold. This study holds significance in the realm of biomaterial scaffold design for bone tissue engineering and regeneration. We demonstrate a novel method to introduce controlled multiscale porosity and microchannels into polyHIPE scaffolds, by utilizing 3D-printed water-dissolvable PVA molds. The strategy offers new possibilities for improving cellular infiltration, achieving controlled release of growth factors, and enhancing vascularization and bone formation outcomes. This microchannel approach not only marks a substantial stride in scaffold design but also demonstrates its tangible impact on enhancing osteogenic cell differentiation and fostering robust bone formation in vivo. The findings emphasize the potential of this methodology for bone regeneration applications, showcasing an interesting advancement in the quest for effective and innovative biomaterial scaffolds to regenerate bone defects. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Piezoelectric composites have received widespread attentions in the fields of biomedicine and in vitro wearable devices due to their ability to convert mechanical forces into charge signals. The preparation of piezoelectric composites with complex structures through 3D printing technology can not only effectively improve their piezoelectric output, but also enable their customized therapeutic applications. This paper first introduces the types of piezoelectric composites and reviews the 3D printing technology commonly used in their preparation, analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each 3D printing technology. Then, the state‐of‐the‐art of the biomedical applications of piezoelectric composites, including drug sustained‐release, wound healing promotion, bone tissue cells growth promoting, neurorehabilitation stimulating, ultrasonic diagnosis, and in vivo biosensing and in vitro wearable sensing, are emphasized. Finally, the main factors affecting the applications of 3D printed piezoelectric composites are outlooked, and an in‐depth discussion on the challenges toward 3D printed piezoelectric composites are analyzed. This review is believed to provide some fundamental knowledge of 3D printed piezoelectric composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chiral carbon dots (CDs) with circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) are one of the most dynamic areas of modern science. However, the design, preparation, and ambiguity mechanism of solid‐state CPL‐active CDs remains a formidable challenge. Herein, for the first time, CDs with customized chiroptical activities in the solid state, especially CPL, are transcribed from chiral metal–organic framework (CMOFs) via a bottle‐around‐ship strategy. Within these CMOFs⊃CDs assemblies, CDs inherited the chirality of the host CMOFs through host–guest interactions, which is revealed by density functional theory (DFT) simulations and experimental results, and amplified the luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) by effective artificial chiral light‐harvesting systems. Impressively, CMOFs⊃CDs in pairs generated color‐tunable CPL and white CPL with chromaticity coordinates of (0.32, 0.32). Furthermore, benefiting from excellent processability, as luminescent coatings and 3D printing inks, a white circularly polarized light‐emitting diode, and an extended 3D model “light bulb” featuring white CPL are successfully fabricated, respectively. This strategy paves a new avenue for the synthesis and advanced application of solid‐state CPL‐active CDs‐based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights This study intends to investigate the mechanical, thermal, and aging behaviors of 3D‐printed PLA (polylactic acid)‐blend with 10% polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and 10% alumina polymer composites for biomedical applications using compressive, DSC, and DMA analysis. The experimental results revealed that aged PLA blend with alumina samples increased compressive strength by 60.1% and 37.8% during hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation, respectively, compared to aged PLA samples. Also, it was reported that the PLA blend with PMMA samples increased compressive strength by 51.1% and 24% after hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation, respectively, as compared to aged PLA samples. Furthermore, DSC analysis revealed that alumina blended samples had a higher Tg than pure PLA and PMMA blended samples. In addition, DMA investigation revealed that the Tg of aged neat PLA, PLA/PMMA, and PLA/alumina increased by 4.38%, 4.8%, and 4.6%, respectively, compared to unaged polymer composites. Additionally, PLA/alumina‐aged samples exhibited stronger aging properties than neat PLA and PLA/PMMA blended‐aged samples. It was reported that the weight loss of PLA/Alumina was lowered by 10.7% and 15.6% compared to aged PLA/PMMA samples, for hydrolytic and enzymatic aging respectively. It was found that PLA alumina has better mechanical, thermal, and degradation resistance than PLA materials. Alumina and PMMA materials were blended with PLA. Examined the aging and mechanical properties of PLA blended composites. Utilized hydrolytic and enzymatic aging for biomedical applications. Evaluated mechanical strength performance of aged and unaged samples. DSC and DMA were utlised for this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is an innovative technology that allows for the construction of complex, three‐dimensional structures layer by layer using digital plans. This technology has transformed industries including as aerospace, automotive, healthcare, and consumer items by allowing for rapid prototyping, customization, and the manufacture of complex geometries. Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms organized in a hexagonal lattice, is well‐known for its superior electrical and thermal conductivity, as well as its great tensile strength. When graphene is mixed with composite materials, it greatly improves their mechanical and functional properties, resulting in composites with higher strength, conductivity, lower weight, and greater durability. The combination of 3D printing and graphene‐reinforced composites creates new opportunities for the production of high‐performance, application‐specific structures. This review identifies key advancements in the synthesis, processing, and application of these composites, while also addressing critical challenges such as material dispersion, scalability, and the impact of graphene on the 3D printing process itself. A significant conclusion of this review is the recognition that overcoming these challenges is not only feasible but essential for harnessing the full potential of 3D‐printed graphene‐reinforced composites across diverse industrial sectors. The unique contribution of this work lies in providing a comprehensive roadmap for future research, guiding efforts to bridge current gaps and drive innovation in this emerging field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer composite scaffolds hold promise in bone tissue engineering due to their biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and reproducibility. Among these materials, polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable plastics has gained attention for its processability characteristics. However, a deeper understanding of how PLA scaffold surface properties influence cell behavior is enssential for advancing its applications. In this study, 3D-printed PLA scaffolds containing hydroxyapatite (HA) were analyzed using atomic force microscopy and nanomechanical mapping. The addition of HA significantly increased key surface properties compared to unmodified PLA scaffols. Notably, the HA-modified scaffold demonstrated Gaussian distribution of stiffness and adhesive forces, in contrast to the bimodal properties observed in the unmodified PLA scaffolds. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hADMSC) seeded on the 3D-printed PLA scaffolds blended with 10% HA (P10) exhibited strong attachment. After four weeks, osteogenic differentiation of hADMSCs was detected, with calcium deposition reaching 6.76% ± 0.12. These results suggest that specific ranges of stiffness and adhesive forces of the composite scaffold can support cell attachement, and mineralization. The study highlights that tailoring suface properties of composite scaffolds is crucial for modulating cellular interactions, thus advancing the development of effective bone replacement materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Materials and Methods Results Conclusion This experiment aimed to observe the differences in biological properties by producing BGS‐7 + PCL scaffolds with different weight fractions of BGS‐7 through 3D printing and to confirm whether using the scaffold for vertical bone augmentation is effective.Cube‐shaped bioglass (BGS‐7) and polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds with different weight fractions (PCL alone, PCL with 15% and 30% BGS‐7) are produced using 3D printing. The surface hydroxyapatite (HA) apposition, the pH change, proliferation and attachment assays, and various gene expression levels are assessed. After a 7‐mm implant was inserted 3 mm into the rabbit calvaria, vertical bone augmentation is performed around the implant and inside the scaffold in four ways: scaffold only, scaffold+bone graft, bone graft only, and no graft. Sacrifice is performed at 6, 12, and 24 weeks, and the various parameters are compared radiographically and histologically.HA apposition, cell proliferation, cell attachment, and expression of osteogenic genes increase as the proportion of BGS‐7 increase. In the in vivo test, a higher bone–implant contact ratio, bone volume ratio, bone mineral density, and new bone area are observed when the scaffold and bone grafts were used together.The 3D‐printed scaffold, a mixture of BGS‐7 and PCL, exhibit higher biological compatibility as the proportion of BGS‐7 increase. Additionally, the use of scaffold is effective for vertical bone augmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study intends to establish biphasic composite scaffolds containing polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HA) and PCL/barium titanate (PCL/BT) layers with improved mechanical and biological properties by preserving HA and tuning BT contents. The porous piezo‐biphasic scaffolds were fabricated, using extrusion three‐dimensional printer technology, and on the basis of the scanning electron microscopy results, a relative porosity of 210–250 µm was created. The presence of BT phase in the biphasic scaffolds was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared analyses. The printed biphasic composites demonstrate suitable mechanical strength compared to one containing only 35% PCL and 65% HA compositions, which had a strength of 2.5 MPa. However, the strength for 80% BT‐incorporated biphasic composite was almost 13.5 times higher than that of monolithic specimen. The measured output voltages for the scaffolds after being subjected to an electric field affirmed that adding BT nanoparticles in biphasic composites leads to an increase in the output voltage that was lower compared to the monolithic scaffold. The piezo‐biphasic scaffold containing 80% BT is found to possess the highest enhancement in cytocompatibility for MG63 cells with the survival rate of approximately 95%, rendering the PCL/HA–PCL/BT biphasic scaffolds promising candidates for bone regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Adhesively bonded joints play a vital role in improving the structural performance of 3D‐printed components. This research aims to examine the effect of graphene inclusion on the failure load and vibrational behavior of polylactic acid flat‐joggle‐flat (FJF) joints prepared using fused deposition modeling. The present research focused on the effect of print directions (0°, 45°, 90°) and the inclusion of graphene nanofiller (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 wt%) on the performance of FJF joints. The effect of raster direction on mechanical properties was examined by tensile testing of dog‐bone samples. Results showed that 0° print orientation had higher tensile strength compared to other printing directions. Shear testing of FJF joints indicated that the inclusion of graphene has enhanced the strength of 3D‐printed FJF joints by 61.18%. Fractography results showed that the formation of the shear band with the inclusion of 0.50 wt% graphene helps to distribute the stress more evenly and prevent catastrophic failure of the FJF joint. The free vibrational test revealed that the inclusion of 0.50 wt% graphene had improved the natural frequencies, as the presence of graphene‐enhanced the interfacial bonding between FJF adherend and adhesive. 0° print orientation had higher tensile strength than other printing directions. Inclusion of graphene‐enhanced the shear strength of flat‐joggle‐flat (FJF) joints by 61.18%. Shear band formation delayed the failure of graphene‐reinforced FJF joints. FJF reinforced with 0.50 wt% graphene had adherend failure. FJF joint added with 1.0 wt% graphene had lower natural frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This study explored the feasibility of 3D food printing with zucchini puree‐rice flour mixtures, focussing on factors impacting print quality for home‐based applications. The effects of printing variables, including fill ratio (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and printing bed temperature (65 °C, 75 °C and 85 °C), were assessed on the print quality of the samples, along with rice flour ratio and a freeze‐thaw step commonly employed by general consumers. Increasing rice flour content enhanced water retention, leading to improved printability in terms of shape retention and dimensional accuracy. Higher printing surface temperatures promoted starch gelation in the initial layers, resulting in better shape retention and improved print scores at moderate rice flour ratios. The highest print quality, determined by dimensional accuracy and visual observations, was achieved with a rice flour puree ratio of 5:10, printed at a 100% infill ratio and 85°C printing bed temperature. While freeze‐thawing the mixtures preserved printability, it weakened the structure, leading to increased syneresis and spreading. Cooking fresh samples at 170 °C for 20 min after printing caused surface cracks, whereas freeze‐thawed samples retained their smooth surface. Further research is needed to optimise printing parameters, considering typical preparation steps that may be applied to vegetable flour mixtures before and after 3D printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusion Imperfect fitting of the navigation template leads to prolonged surgery time and increased blood loss. These problems have not been effectively addressed in previous research. This study explores the efficacy of a novel 5‐point positioning point‐contact pedicle navigation template in complex pedicle situations in scoliosis.This study employed a retrospective controlled design. From November 2019 to November 2023, 28 patients with scoliosis and complex pedicle were selected and underwent scoliosis correction surgery. A 5‐point positioning point‐contact pedicle navigation template was used intraoperatively to guide pedicle screw placement. Matched with 56 historical cases as a control group. The analysis included screw placement time, screw placement bleeding volume, fluoroscopy frequency, manual repositioning frequency, screw placement accuracy and grade, screw placement complications, and main curve correction rate. Continuous variables were compared using the independent samples t‐test. Categorical data were analyzed with the chi‐square test.All 28 patients successfully underwent surgery, with a total of 268 pedicle screws placed. The surgery duration ranged from 220 to 410 min, with an average of (283.16 ± 51.26) min. Intraoperative blood loss ranged from 630 to 1900 mL, with an average of (902.17 ± 361.25) mL. Pedicle screw placement time ranged from 60 to 130 min, with an average of (85.24 ± 24.65) min. Pedicle screw placement bleeding volume ranged from 40 to 180 mL, with an average of (76.47 ± 42.65) mL. Fluoroscopy frequency ranged from 3 to 7 times, with an average of (4.31 ± 1.14) times. Manual repositioning frequency ranged from 0 to 2 times, with an average of (0.46 ± 0.58) times. Pedicle screw placement grades: Grade I: 237 screws; Grade II: 25 screws; Grade III: 6 screws; Grade IV: 0 screws. There were no screw‐related complications. The correction rate ranged from 46% to 68%, with an average of (55.83 ± 9.22)%. Compared to the experienced screw group, the differences in screw placement time, screw placement bleeding volume, fluoroscopy procedures, and manual redirections were statistically significant (p < 0.05).The 5‐point positioning point‐contact pedicle navigation template features a claw‐like structure that securely adapts to various deformed vertebral facet joints, avoiding drift phenomena and ensuring accurate screw placement. Its pointed contact structure with the lamina of the spine avoids extensive and complete detachment of posterior structures, reducing blood loss, surgery time, and trauma. Predesigned pedicle screw entry points and directions reduce fluoroscopy frequency and surgery time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION High internal phase emulsions (HIPE) are distinguished from ordinary emulsions by higher oil‐phase percentage and better storage stability. Recently, HIPE stabilized with protein‐based particles has received more attention. However, organic precipitation, chemical cross‐linking and thermal denaturation are often needed to stabilize emulsions with natural proteins, and there is an urgent need to reduce the pollution of organic reagents.HIPE loaded with β‐carotene stabilized by phycocyanin was prepared under mild conditions. It demonstrated strong stability in terms of temperature and storage, as evidenced by its 94.17% retention rate and 81.06% bioavailability. This stability was ascribed to the efficient defense against heat and UV rays, which was probably associated with the oil‐droplet environment and interfacial protection of phycocyanin. It is speculated that the possible main interaction site between phycocyanin and sorbitol exists near amino acids 110 to 120 of the B chain. The hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction between them make the phycocyanin fully adsorbed on the oil–water interface when sorbitol is stable, forming a strong oil–water structure, which increases the stability of the emulsion.The outstanding fluorescence characteristics provide a feasible alternative for fluorescent emulsions to distribute and trace active compounds in vitro. HIPE loaded with β‐carotene might have potential as a 3D printing material for edible functional foods. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypropylene (PP) is one of the most used polymeric materials worldwide, either as a neat material or as a matrix for composite manufacture employing a molding process. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing is an alternative process that offers the potential for manufacturing value‐added products from PP. However, using neat PP for FDM is challenging because 3D‐printed PP warps and shrinks when cooled, and the mechanical properties of PP are poor. PP‐based composites with different fillers (e.g., glass, carbon, and natural fibers) have shown improved properties using FDM processes. An alternative filler for 3D‐printed PP‐based composites is basalt fiber (BF). The objective of this work was to assess the potential and impacts of BF as a filler for BF‐PP composites using FDM processes. PP was compounded with 15, 25, 35, and 45 wt% BF to produce filaments for 3D printing without adding any compatibilizer. Results of rheology studies, morphology, and mechanical and thermal properties of the 3D printed specimens showed that BF positively impacts Young's modulus (E), thermal stability, and dimensional stability of the composite. All composites, when processed at high shear rates (i.e., above 100 1/s), show approximately similar rheological behavior. E is almost doubled in the composite with 25 wt% BF and increased fourfold in the composite with 35 and 45 wt% BF, compared to neat PP. The Izod impact resistance of the formulations containing 35 and 45 wt% BF is ~70% that of neat PP. BF process easily and adequately reinforces PP composites manufactured via FDM. Highlights: Neat PP's poor mechanical properties are improved by adding basalt fiber (BF).Up to 45 wt% BF was used to reinforce PP‐based composites.PP‐BF composites are easier to process via DFM compared to neat PP.BF improves PP‐based composite's thermal and dimensional stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct ink writing 3D printing, using ink extrusion, promises to transform conventional 2D thin electrodes into 3D thick architectures for high‐performance supercapacitors. However, formulating 3D printing inks and designing 3D architectures for electrodes remain challenges. In this work, a novel MXene/graphene oxide/lignosulfonate (MGL) ink with excellent rheological properties is developed for 3D printing MGL thick electrodes with vertically aligned architectures. The MGL ink exhibited excellent shear‐thinning properties for smooth 3D printing and shape retention after printing. The 3D‐printed MGL thick electrode, with a thickness of up to 4 mm, achieved a breakthrough mass loading of 72.1 mg cm−2, resulting in an extremely high areal capacitance of 8.6 F cm−2 that is 9.6 times greater than the value observed for the bulk MGL electrode (0.9 F cm−2). Additionally, supercapacitors using the 3D MGL electrode achieved an energy density of 505.3 µWh cm−2, significantly surpassing the value for bulk MGL electrode (52.8 µWh cm−2). This enhancement is attributed to the efficient design of the electrodes, where vertically aligned pores in the 3D MGL electrode enhanced ion transfer and reaction kinetics. This study demonstrates an innovative approach for formulating inks and provides guidance for designing 3D thick electrodes with rapid ion transport and excellent electrochemical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of synthetic bone substitutes that equal or exceed the efficacy of autologous graft remains challenging. In this study, a rat calvarial defect model was used as a reference to investigate the influence of composition and architecture of 3D-printed cement, with or without bioactives, on tissue regeneration. Printable cement pastes were formulated by combining hyaluronic acid and cement precursors. Cementitious scaffolds were printed with 3 different patterns. After 7 weeks of implantation with or without bone marrow, multiparametric qualitative and quantitative assessments were performed using µCT, SEM, and histology. None of the set-up strategies was as efficient as autologous cancellous bone graft to repair calvarial defects. Nonetheless, the presence of scaffold improved the skull vault closure, particularly when the scaffold was soaked in total bone marrow before implantation. No significant effect of scaffold macro-architecture was observed on tissue mineralization. Magnesium phosphate-based scaffolds (MgP) seemed to induce higher bone formation than their calcium-phosphate-based counterparts. They also displayed a quicker biodegradation and sparse remaining material was found after 7 weeks of implantation. Although further improvements are required to reach clinical settings, this study demonstrated the potential of organo-mineral cements for bone regeneration and highlighted the peculiar properties of MgP-based cements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nowadays, stabilization splints for the management of bruxism and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) can be produced utilizing a digital workflow comprising a digital impression of the teeth, digital splint design, and computer-aided manufacturing of the splints. The latter is usually a milling process, however, more recently 3D printing gained popularity due to its better cost and time efficiency. It remains unknown whether 3D printed stabilization splints are inferior to milled splints regarding clinical outcomes. Methods: This clinical trial assesses the non-inferiority of 3D printed occlusal splints compared to milled occlusal splints in a monocentric prospective randomized single-blinded crossover trial with two cohorts. One cohort includes 20 participants with bruxism, the other 20 participants with pain-related TMD, i.e., myalgia, myofascial pain, or arthralgia of the jaw muscles/the temporomandibular joint(s) diagnosed according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). Michigan-type stabilization splints are fabricated in a digital workflow by milling or 3D printing using CE-marked materials within their intended purpose. The participants wear a milled and a 3D printed splint in a randomized order for 3 months each, with follow-up visits after 2 weeks and 3 months. Investigated outcome parameters are oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) evaluated by the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-G14), participant satisfaction as rated on a visual analog scale, therapeutic efficacy, and technical result of the splints. In this context, therapeutic efficacy means antagonist wear and—in the TMD group—reduction of pain/disability assessed by the Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS v2.0) and clinical assessment following the DC/TMD standard, while technical outcome measures splint fit, wear and fracture rate. Discussion: The trial will provide important information on the clinical outcome of 3D printed stabilization splints in comparison to milled splints and will, therefore, enable an evidence-based decision in favor of or against a manufacturing process. This, in turn, will guarantee for a maximum of the patient's OHRQoL during splint therapy, therapeutic efficacy, and longevity of the splints. Trial registration: German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) DRKS00033904. Registered on March 15, 2024. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid metal (LM) elastomer composites offer promising potential in soft robotics, wearable electronics, and human‐machine interfaces. Direct ink write (DIW) 3D printing offers a versatile manufacturing technique capable of precise control over LM microstructures, yet challenges such as interfilament void formation in multilayer structures impact material performance. Here, a DIW strategy is introduced to control both LM microstructure and material architecture. Investigating three key process parameters–nozzle height, extrusion rate, and nondimensionalized nozzle velocity–it is found that nozzle height and velocity predominantly influence filament geometry. The nozzle height primarily dictates the aspect ratio of the filament and the formation of voids. A threshold print height based on filament geometry is identified; below the height, significant surface roughness occurs, and above the ink fractures, which facilitates the creation of porous structures with tunable stiffness and programmable LM microstructure. These porous architectures exhibit reduced density and enhanced thermal conductivity compared to cast samples. When used as a dielectric in a soft capacitive sensor, they display high sensitivity (gauge factor = 9.0), as permittivity increases with compressive strain. These results demonstrate the capability to simultaneously manipulate LM microstructure and geometric architecture in LM elastomer composites through precise control of print parameters, while maintaining geometric fidelity in the printed design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing has revolutionised the design and manufacturing of high-temperature thin/thick-film sensors (TFSs). However, existing printable high-temperature materials face cost-performance trade-offs. This study proposes a silicate and RuO 2 composite for the 3D printing of TFSs. A silicate compound (SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 –CaO, SAC) was used as a sintering aid to reduce the sintering temperature of RuO 2 , forming a silicate glass phase that enhanced film density and substrate adhesion. The SAC also minimised RuO 2 particle volatilisation at high temperatures, thus enhancing the stability of the SAC/RuO 2 composite. The SAC/RuO 2 TFSs demonstrated exceptional performance, with a positive temperature coefficient (502 ppm/°C) from room temperature to 800 °C, high linearity, and stability (resistance drift rate of 0.1 %/h at 800 °C), extending the application temperature of RuO 2 by nearly 200 °C from the previous application temperature of 600 °C. Therefore, the SAC/RuO2 composite offers a new low-cost and high-performance solution for using 3D printing technology in harsh environmental sensors such as turbine blades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing of ceramics is a novel technology that allows for the rapid preparation of complex ceramic structures, with potential applications in various industrial fields. However, the high porosity often observed in ceramics prepared via 3D printing can negatively affect their mechanical properties. In this paper, a novel process for manufacturing silicon carbide ceramics reinforced with short carbon fibers (C f /SiC) is proposed. The process employs direct ink writing (DIW) and solid-phase sintering technology, leading to a substantial improvement in the mechanical properties of ceramics and a shorter preparation cycle. Bending properties and fracture toughness of C f /SiC ceramics were evaluated by a series of mechanical tests, including three-point bending and single-edge notched beam tests. The findings showed that the bending strength and fracture toughness of the ceramics were 446.0 MPa and 6.021 MPa•m1/2, respectively. Moreover, a theoretical model was developed to predict the strength of symmetrically distributed laminated beams with different fiber orientation, prepared by varying the printing direction. Simulation results on bending strength from the theoretical model are in good agreement with experimental result with prediction difference less than 11.41 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lattice structures with customizable acoustical and mechanical properties show significant promise as practical engineering materials. However, the geometry of traditional lattice structures simultaneously dictates both acoustical and mechanical properties, with alterations in one impacting the other, leaving little room for customization. Herein, leveraging the mechanism of Helmholtz resonators, a general recipe is presented to independently introduce sound absorption and mechanical properties in lattice structures. The sound absorption component is based on a perforated plate, while the mechanical component is based on a truss structure. Through a high‐fidelity analytical acoustics model is developed, and finite element analysis outlines the range of properties achievable through the proposed structures. The design encompasses structures with effective absorption, characterized by a resonance peak with coefficient ≥0.7, across almost every frequency in a broad range from 1000 to 5000 Hz, within a range of lattice thicknesses from 21 to 25.5 mm. Also, diverse range of stiffness and strength, and large‐strain deformation modes, can be achieved through the implementation of different trusses. Finally, the concept is validated experimentally through 3D‐printed samples. This innovative approach allows for the tailored creation of lattice structures that specifically address the acoustical and mechanical requirements in diverse applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]