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Synaptic plasticity is important for learning and memory formation; it describes the strengthening or weakening of connections between synapses. The postsynaptic part of excitatory synapses resides in dendritic spines, which are small protrusions on the dendrites. One of the key features of synaptic plasticity is its correlation with the size of these spines. A long-lasting synaptic strength increase [long-term potentiation (LTP)] is only possible through the reconfiguration of the actin spine cytoskeleton. Here, we develop an experimentally informed three-dimensional computational model in a moving boundary framework to investigate this reconfiguration. Our model describes the reactions between actin and actin-binding proteins leading to the cytoskeleton remodeling and their effect on the spine membrane shape to examine the spine enlargement upon LTP. Moreover, we find that the incorporation of perisynaptic elements enhances spine enlargement upon LTP, exhibiting the importance of accounting for these elements when studying structural LTP. Our model shows adaptation to repeated stimuli resulting from the interactions between spine proteins and mechanical forces.

Photogrammetry is a technique for studying and defining objects' shape, dimension, and position in a three-dimensional space using measurements obtained from two-dimensional photographs. It has gained popularity following the development of computer graphics technologies and has been applied to various branches of medicine. In this study, the authors present a method for low-cost photorealistic documentation of corpses during autopsy using single-camera photogrammetry with a mobile phone. Besides representing the body by demonstrating the injured and non-injured body parts as control, evidencing the body parts on a 3D reconstruction allows easy explanation to nonmedical experts such as lawyers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nHIGHLIGHTSThis work implements a 3D finite element to analyze wear in borided AISI 316 L stainless steel. The 3D model was validated through sliding wear test under a ball-on-flat configuration, following the ASTM G133 standard procedures. ABAQUS software was used with an Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) remeshing technique alongside the UMESHMOTION subroutine to apply an elemental level Archard’s equation. The artificial roughening of the worn surfaces due to discretization in finite element sizes was controlled by relating the maximum increment time on each wear step to the element size and the stroke. The study also described the evolution of the stress field and the behavior of the contact area. The maximum stress was estimated after the first indentation, decreasing as the contact area increased, reaching a minimum at the last wear step. The results revealed a good correlation between the experimental and modeled data, with a maximum error of 8.34% in the contact stress and a maximum error of 22% in the wear depth.Implementation of a 3D finite element analysis to model wear under ball-on-flat configuration in borided AISI 316 stainless steel.The finite element analysis provides a better understanding about the stress distribution in the selected configuration.Correlation between numerical modeling and experimental data of wear in a borided material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Arab Emirates holds great historical importance, as evidenced by many archaeological sites, such as the Jebel Hafit Tombs and the Hili Archeological Park in Al Ain. At the western edge of Mutaredh Oasis, a major new archaeological site was discovered in 2023 during a construction project. Several important archeological features have been documented, including an earthen mosque and boundary walls, Iron Age irrigation systems, and a circular stone tomb dating to the Bronze Age. However, the eastern edge of the Mutaredh site has remained unexplored to date. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has been proven to be a successful method in mapping archaeological remains. Accordingly, a high-resolution GPR survey was carried out to identify the continuity of the unearthed archeological elements and delineate new unexplored features. A comprehensive 3D model of buried archaeological features was constructed using the acquired high-resolution GPR data in the eastern part of the Mutaredh site. Several selected anomalies have been observed, similar to the uncovered features in the western part of the Mutaredh site and structures documented in other nearby archaeological sites. The geometry and extension of these anomalies have enabled the possible identification of a further two Bronze Age circular tombs, as well as the delineation of a system of water channels (falaj), and irrigation networks with tree pits from the Iron Age. Moreover, walls probably belonging to the Late Islamic Age are identified. These findings suggest that Mutaredh has been a site of intensive human activity from the Bronze Age through to the Late Islamic period. Given the density of identified anomalies, further significant features are anticipated to lie buried in the immediate surrounding areas, promising continued insights into the area's rich archaeological heritage. The findings of this study may guide archaeologists to specific locations and assist in selecting the most appropriate excavation techniques for the verification stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A traditional mug shot is a front and side view of a person from the shoulder up, taken by law enforcement. Forensic science is exploring the benefit of working with 3D data offered by new technologies, and there is an increasing need to work with 3D mug shots. Among the various available techniques, a multi-view photogrammetric approach achieves the highest accuracy in the shortest acquisition time. In this work, a multi-view photogrammetric system for facial reconstruction based on low-cost cameras is developed with the aims of verifying the performance of such cameras for the production of a 3D mug shot with submillimetre accuracy and assessing the improvement of facial matching using a 3D mug shot over traditional 2D mug shots. The tests were carried out in both a virtual and a real-world environment, using either a virtual or a 3D-printed 3D model. The outcome is a point cloud, which describes the face. The quantitative analysis of the errors was realized through the distances between the mesh of the acquired 3D model and the point cloud. A total of 80% of the points with a distance of less than ±1 mm was obtained. Finally, the performance on facial recognition of the 3D mug shot is evaluated against the traditional 2D mug shot using the NeoFace Watching software (NeoFACE) with a score increment of up to 0.42 points, especially in scenarios where the suspect is not captured from a frontal view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anatomy of the avian lower respiratory system includes a complex interaction between air‐filled pulmonary tissues, pulmonary air sacs, and much of the postcranial skeleton. Hypotheses related to the function and phylogenetic provenance of these respiratory structures have been posed based on extensive interspecific descriptions for an array of taxa. By contrast, intraspecific descriptions of anatomical variation for these features are much more limited, particularly for skeletal pneumatization, and are essential to establish a baseline for evaluating interspecific variation. To address this issue, we collected micro‐computed tomography (μCT) scans of live and deceased African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) to assess variation in the arrangement of the lungs, the air sacs, and their respective invasion of the postcranial skeleton via pneumatic foramina. Analysis reveals that the two pairs of caudalmost air sacs vary in size and arrangement, often exhibiting an asymmetric morphology. Further, locations of the pneumatic foramina are more variable for midline, non‐costal skeletal elements when compared to other pneumatized bones. These findings indicate a need to better understand contributing factors to variation in avian postcranial respiratory anatomy that can inform future intraspecific and interspecific comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Pelvic osteotomies present a surgical option to restore pelvic alignment, improve function and pain in sequelae of pelvic ring fractures. Understanding the three-dimensional deformity is a crucial step within preoperative planning; furthermore, accurate intraoperative execution of the planning can be challenging. In recent years, patient-specific guides and 3D modeling have emerged as promising technologies in orthopedic and trauma surgery to enhance surgical precision and facilitate intraoperative decision-making. Methods: We present the case of a 41-year-old male patient with a pelvic malunion, resulting from a vertical shear fracture occurring 8 years prior. The patient presented with a 4-cm cranial displacement of the right hemipelvis, accompanied by pubic symphysis disruption and fusion of S1 to L5 vertebra. Severely altered posture in the coronal and sagittal plane was associated with sitting imbalance, impaired gait, and chronic pain. Results: We analyzed the deformity and planned the surgical correction on a 3D interactive virtual model. Moreover, we developed 2 patient-specific cutting guides and one patient-specific reduction guide, allowing accurate bilateral pelvic osteotomies, subsequent realignment, and restoration of the pelvic anatomy. Conclusion: For the first time, 3D modeling and 3D-printed patient-specific guides were effectively employed in pelvic malunion surgery, enhancing the precision of preoperative planning, and providing valuable assistance during intraoperative procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The determination of the maxillary occlusal plane presents a significant clinical challenge in the treatment of edentulous patients as well as it is critical for complex full‐mouth reconstructions in dentate patients, including those with implant‐supported rehabilitations. While the use of a Fox plane plate is standard in edentulous cases, its application in dentate patients lacks thorough documentation in existing literature. Purpose: This clinical study assessed the sagittal position of the maxillary dentition in relation to facial landmarks using a digital three‐dimensional analysis and evaluated the suitability and reliability of applying a simulated Fox plane plate, also known as an occlusal plane guide, in dentate patients. Materials and Methods: Eighty‐one subjects were recruited at the Department of Prosthetic Dentistry of Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany, according to specific inclusion criteria. Intraoral and facial scans were obtained and analyzed using GOM Inspect Pro software (GOM, Braunschweig, Germany). The angles between the maxillary occlusal plane and three variations each of Camper's plane and ala‐tragus line, relating to superior, middle, and inferior tragus points, were measured. These modified planes were then compared to a plane established by a simulated digital Fox plane plate, which was adapted to the maxillary anterior teeth and the lowest point of the posterior teeth in both quadrants. Results: A total of 81 subjects (58 female and 23 male) with a mean age of 23.9 years were evaluated in this study. No significant angular difference was found between the angles of the maxillary occlusal plane compared with superior Camper's plane, middle Camper's plane, or superior ala‐tragus line (p >0.05). The smallest angle occurred between superior Camper's plane and the maxillary occlusal plane on both the right (3.443°) and left (3.535°) sides. The application of a Fox plane plate resulted in two different occlusal planes in 70% of patients, significantly deviating from the digitally determined plane (p <0.05). Conclusion: Superior and middle Camper's planes, along with superior ala‐tragus line, can be considered approximately parallel reference planes and are suitable for routine determining of the maxillary occlusal plane in restorative treatments. However, in contrast to digital evaluation methods, the application of a Fox plane plate in dentate patients showed high variability, indicating its low reproducibility due to its ambiguous positioning on the maxillary dentition. Clinical trial registration site:https://drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00030166. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconstruction of mandibular defects due to trauma or tumor resection is a significant challenge for surgeons, given the unique and variable shape of the mandible in terms of curvature, length, and height. Numerous techniques have been developed to achieve both aesthetic and functional outcomes. This case report presents a 28-year-old patient with mandibular irregularity following ameloblastoma dissection, which was reconstructed with non-vascularized bone grafts (NBGs) from the left iliac crest approximately 10 years ago. Prior to our procedure, virtual planning and 3D modeling were employed to accurately assess the bone defect. After debridement, a 5 cm defect was identified, and NBGs were harvested from the right iliac crest for reconstruction. NBGs are commonly used for small mandibular defects (<6 cm), non-continuity defects, and benign pathologies, and they can be performed in centers without microsurgical expertise. The use of virtual planning and 3D printing enables the surgical team to thoroughly study the case, anticipate potential issues, and improve precision, resulting in better outcomes and reduced operative time. NBGs, guided by virtual planning and 3D modeling, prove to be an effective technique in reducing surgical time and minimizing the risk of failure during the postoperative recovery period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, great interest has been focused on the development of highly reproducible 3D in vitro models that are able to mimic the physiological architecture and functionality of native tissues. To date, a wide range of techniques have been proposed to recreate an intestinal barrier in vitro, including synthetic scaffolds and hydrogels, as well as complex on-a-chip systems and organoids. Here, we describe a novel protocol for the generation of an artificial intestine based on the creation of decellularized bio-scaffolds and their repopulation with intestinal stromal and epithelial cells. Organs collected at the local slaughterhouse are subjected to a decellularization protocol that includes a freezing/thawing step, followed by sequential incubation in 1% SDS for 12 h, 1% Triton X-100 for 12 h, and 2% deoxycholate for 12 h. At the end of the procedure, the generated bio-scaffolds are repopulated with intestinal fibroblasts and then with epithelial cells. The protocol described here represents a promising and novel strategy to generate an in vitro bioengineered intestine platform able to mimic some of the complex functions of the intestinal barrier, thus constituting a promising 3D strategy for nutritional, pharmaceutical, and toxicological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pixel binning, a feature of high-megapixel smartphone cameras, exhibits performance comparable to traditional cameras. The field of photogrammetry has explored and adopted most kinds of technology, hence, pixel binning too should be adopted into forensic photogrammetry. This study evaluates the application of pixel binning technology in forensic photogrammetry, specifically in 3D reconstruction at crime scenes. A simulated crime scene conducted at the UTM-PDRM lab was captured using smartphone cameras of 12MP and 50MP, and a 20MP DSLR camera. First, the cameras were calibrated to ensure their stability. Following the image capture, the data were processed to generate 3D point cloud models of the simulated crime scene. The geometric parameters resulting from the camera calibration were discussed. The 3D point cloud model by DSLR camera exhibited better visual quality than the smartphone cameras. This finding was supported by an analysis of overlapping images by each camera and a side-by-side comparison of the models. Measurements from the smartphones 1, 2 and the DSLR camera were compared to conventional Vernier calipers used in crime scene documentation. The resulting Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) differences were approximately ±5.62mm, ±5.59mm, and ±5.40mm, respectively. In conclusion, the pixel binning of smartphone cameras was able to produce reliable accuracy but requires stability in technology for 3D reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: A deep knowledge of the surgical anatomy of the target area is mandatory for a successful operative procedure. For this purpose, over the years, many teaching and learning methods have been described, from the most ancient cadaveric dissection to the most recent virtual reality, each with their respective pros and cons. Photogrammetry, an emergent technique, allows for the creation of three-dimensional (3D) models and reconstructions. Thanks to the spreading of photogrammetry nowadays it is possible to generate these models using professional software or even smartphone apps. This study aims to compare the neuroanatomical photogrammetric models generated by the two most utilized smartphone applications in this domain, Metascan and 3D-Scanner, through quantitative analysis. Methods: Two human head specimens (four sides) were examined. Anatomical dissection was segmented into five stages to systematically expose well-defined structures. After each stage, a photogrammetric model was generated using two prominent smartphone applications. These models were then subjected to both quantitative and qualitative analysis, with a specific focus on comparing the mesh density as a measure of model resolution and accuracy. Appropriate consent was obtained for the publication of the cadaver's image. Results: The quantitative analysis revealed that the models generated by Metascan app consistently demonstrated superior mesh density compared to those from 3D-Scanner, indicating a higher level of detail and potential for precise anatomical representation. Conclusion: Enabling depth perception, capturing high-quality images, offering flexibility in viewpoints: photogrammetry provides researchers with unprecedented opportunities to explore and understand the intricate and magnificent structure of the brain. However, it is of paramount importance to develop and apply rigorous quality control systems to ensure data integrity and reliability of findings in neurological research. This study has demonstrated the superiority of Metascan in processing photogrammetric models for neuroanatomical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The technical complexity and limited casuistry of neonatal surgical pathology limit the possibilities of developing the necessary technical competencies by specialists in training. Esophageal atresia constitutes the paradigm of this problem. The use of synthetic 3D models for training is a promising line of research, although the literature is limited. Methods: We conceptualized, designed, and produced an anatomically realistic model for the open correction of type III oesophageal atresia. We validated it with two groups of participants (experts and non-experts) through face, construct, and content-validity questionnaires. Results: The model was validated by nine experts and nine non-experts. The mean procedure time for the experts and non-experts groups was 34.0 and 38.4 min, respectively. Two non-experts did not complete the procedure at the designed time (45 min). Regarding the face validity questionnaire, the mean rating of the model was 3.2 out of 4. Regarding the construct validity, we found statistically significant differences between groups for the equidistance between sutures, 100% correct in the expert group vs. 42.9% correct in the non-expert group (p = 0.02), and for the item "Confirms that tracheoesophageal fistula closure is watertight before continuing the procedure", correctly assessed by 66.7% of the experts vs. by 11.1% of non-experts (p = 0.05). Concerning content validity, the mean score was 3.3 out of 4 for the experts and 3.4 out of 4 for the non-experts. Conclusions: The present model is a cost-effective, simple-to-produce, and validated option for training open correction of type III esophageal atresia. However, future studies with larger sample sizes and blinded validators are needed before drawing definitive conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first documented dinosaur footprints in Southeast Asia were discovered in 1984. The footprint site is located on the Somdet cliff overlying Phu Luang hill in the Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Loei Province, Northeastern Thailand. The tracksite is imprinted on a sandstone bed of the Phu Phan Formation, Lower Cretaceous. It is the only footprint track discovered from this stage in Thailand. However, the Phu Luang tracksite is at risk of deterioration due to climate, animal, and human activities. This study aims to monitor a digital conservation plan for this tracksite using 3D models generated through digital photogrammetry. This method's 3D model output can capture texture and color, and can represent the properties of the specimen at the time. When compared to older processes such as cast and mold footprint, it produces better results and is easier to use. These models provide informative data in detail for conservation and enhance scientific communication and collaboration. By adopting photogrammetry, data production becomes rapid and cost-effective, benefiting specialists and the public for conservation and knowledge dissemination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the subsidence cone at Salina Ocna Dej involved modern measurement techniques, including drones, to evaluate terrain changes and generate a detailed 3D model. Data collection occurred in two stages, in 2021 and 2022, utilizing drones to capture a large number of high-resolution images (5472x3648 pixels) [1], resulting in a significant volume of data. These images were processed using specialized software to create a 3D model, employing advanced alignment, data fusion, and interpolation techniques. The results demonstrated that using drones offers considerable benefits over traditional methods, including increased accuracy and reduced time and resource consumption [2], with minimal errors recorded at just 0.7 mm. The project emphasized the importance of adapting initial plans to field conditions and considering weather forecasts to prevent accidents. Post-processing the data enabled clear delineation of the subsidence contour and slope angles, facilitating their integration into the analysis of other mining activities in the region. The generated 3D model serves as a reference for monitoring subsidence evolution and assessing risks to nearby residences. Continuous measurement and constant monitoring of the subsidence cone are essential to prevent potential future damage caused by slope instability and erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problems of low work efficiency, poor measurement accuracy, and high safety hazards of traditional surveying and mapping techniques in railway construction in high-altitude areas, by using a vertical fixed-wing UAV flight platform equipped with an oblique photography camera, a complete aerial photogrammetry technology workflow was established based on the terrain characteristics and survey requirements of high-altitude areas. The use of UAV oblique photogrammetry technology to complete railway field survey work could effectively reduce the field workload of railway survey in high-altitude areas. From the comparison and analysis of checkpoint data, it can be seen that the MSE in the plane of the checkpoint is 0.06 m, and the MSE in the elevation is 0.12 m, which meets the accuracy requirements of topographic maps and real scene 3D models. The research results indicate that UAV oblique photogrammetry technology can provide production projects with high-definition images, terrain map data, and 3D models. UAV have advantages such as mobility, flexibility, and are not limited by terrain and features, which can improve production efficiency, reduce operating costs, and significantly reduce safety hazards in high-altitude areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to develop a 3-dimensional (3D)-based learning model with Visuospatial Transformation Learning (VTL). We used the Design-Based Research (DBR) research method which was tested on fifth-semester biology students regarding plant anatomy material. The results showed an increase in visual representation abilities in the high category. Students can identify cell shapes in detail based on cell and tissue structures. The VTL model provides a dynamic learning experience. Visualization and transformation of 2D into 3D is easy to understand because students have gone through the learning stages using VTL including (i) independent learning, (ii) making concept maps, (iii) discussing concept maps, (iv) practicum and 2D representation, and (v) representation 3D so students can understand the structure of plant tissues and organs in detail. The VTL model is recommended for learning other abstract material. The impact of using this model is that students can understand abstract material more quickly and help the development of science and its application better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Folk dances, integral components of intangible cultural heritage (ICH), are both fleeting and fragile. However, with the rapid advancement of computer vision techniques, there arises an opportunity to document and safeguard these cultural expressions for future generations. This study aims to identify the distinctive dance sequences and characteristics of Zeibekiko, a popular Greek folk solo dance found in variations across Greece, Cyprus, and the Aegean region of Minor Asia, and translate them into a virtual 3D environment. Utilizing a state-of-the-art optical motion capture system featuring active markers (the PhaseSpace X2E system), precise recordings of the Zeibekiko dance are achieved. The three-dimensional spatial data derived from the dancer's movements serves as the foundation for classification, accomplished through a Spatial Temporal Graph Convolutional Network with Multi Attention Modules (ST-GCN-MAM). This innovative architecture strategically employs attention modules to extract key features of the dance from primary areas of the upper and lower parts of human body. With high level accuracy, the proposed tool accurately detected and recognized Zeibekiko sequences. Ensuring the precise alignment of captured points with corresponding bones or anatomical features in the 3D dancer model is essential for seamless and authentic animations. Advanced visualization and animation techniques are then employed to translate these points into smooth, realistic character movements, preserving their inherent dynamics and expressions. As a result, a faithful virtual rendition of the dance is achieved, capturing its authenticity and beauty. Such a solution holds potential applications in gaming, video production, or virtual museum exhibits dedicated to showcasing folk dances.

In the era of digitization and informatization, 3D models are used in a variety of fields, notably in medicine, engineering and design, seamlessly integrating into people's daily lives. Particularly within the medical field, 3D models enjoy extensive utilization. Consequently, this paper introduces a novel 3D medical model encryption algorithm, designated as 3D3A-SMA. First, a five-dimensional hyperchaotic system with multiple stability is applied to the encryption process of this algorithm. In this encryption algorithm, the vertex data of the 3D model is divided into integer and fractional parts and different diffusion methods are applied to them, respectively. A 3D Arnold spiral subregion diffusion based on chaotic system (3ASDC) is proposed to diffuse the integer part, and then, a selectable multiple spiral arrangement subregion diffusion (SMASD) is proposed to diffuse the fractional part. The simulation results and performance analysis show that the proposed encryption algorithm can accurately encrypt and decrypt the 3D medical model. The numerical results in the performance analysis are very close to the ideal values, with the information entropy of the ciphertext and each dimension reaching 7.998. In addition, the correlation within the ciphertext is also very close to the ideal value of 0.000, The algorithm also shows strong resistance to common attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposes the development of a software module for studying historical and cultural heritage objects using remote and non-invasive research data. The module aims to integrate modern technologies such as image processing, data analysis, and visualization to provide access to heritage information for researchers, conservators, and the general public. Utilizing non-invasive data, such as geophysical surveys, enables the collection of information about heritage objects without causing damage. The module facilitates the analysis and visualization of this data as well as the creation of interactive object models, thereby promoting further research, preservation, and popularization of cultural heritage. The module consists of three blocks: defining areas for ground-based research using interferograms; constructing a comprehensive 3D model based on ground and underground research data; and refining the boundaries of historical-cultural heritage objects and establishing protective zones. The program is developed in the object-oriented programming language VisualBasic with additional modules. This developed module could become a significant tool for studying and preserving historical and cultural objects in the modern world.

Although Kahn was mainly known for his public buildings, he also carried out a large number of residential projects. In 1944, along with Oscar Storonov, he submitted the Parasol Houses project to the “Equipment for Living” competition (Brownlee, 1998), which was never built. The project represents his dedication to the modern architectural language and diverges from the austerity present in his earlier housing designs and his later approaches anchored in history and tradition.The main goal of this work is the recovery of the image, through current parameters, of the Parasol Houses project by means of the creation of a virtual model developed on the basis of BIM technology. This analysis aims to rescue and highlight the architectural memory of one of Kahn’s unbuilt works, emphasizing the importance it had for his professional evolution and his contribution to the Modern Movement.Based on the available documentation developed by the architect, a virtual 3D model has been elaborated that will make it possible to approach the “built” work, allowing different aspects of the project to be studied, such as the behaviour of light, the configuration of the spaces, the materials and the furnishings. The dissemination of the model via immersive and interactive platforms also aims not only to vindicate the memory of a project that never came into the word, but also to make up for the sensation of experiencing and interacting with the work of a fundamental architect like Kahn, to the extent of the enormous possibilities that new technologies offer, sharing the historical and artistic transcendence of his creations.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.17

Alkali metal halides are used as heat-storing materials, electrolytes for chemical power sources and solvents for inorganic substances. Using three-dimensional vector graphics software, a 3D model of the phase equilibrium states of the quasi-ternary system LiF-NaF-KCl, which is a stable triangle of the four-component reciprocal system Li+ ,Na+ ,K+ ||F-,Cl, was constructed. Based on the 3D model, the polythermal and isothermal sections and the polytherm of crystallization of the phases were constructed for the first time. The stable nature of the LiF-NaF-KCl triangle is confirmed by thermodynamic calculations for several temperatures of interaction of mixtures of the substances being a part of the unstable LiCl-NaF-KF triangle. The crystallization polytherm allows us to select mixture compositions in the temperature range from 590 to 650 and from 590 to 700°C for practical use as molten electrolytes for mid-temperature chemical current sources.

This study describes the methodology and main results obtained after applying several geomatic techniques, based on the fusion of data acquired by several sensors, to document the recovery works carried out in an abandoned church. A century ago, the façade was moved to a museum to ensure its preservation. In addition to documentary purposes, a secondary goal is the virtual repositioning of a model of this element on that of the church. The method takes advantage of the potential of each technique, considering the acquisition of geometry based mainly on laser scanning techniques and radiometry on photogrammetry. The results include 3D models and orthoimages, which are used to perform a stratigraphic study. The 3D model of the façade has been repositioned in the general one, considering common geometries previously fitted in both models and repeating part of the photogrammetric process, using masks to define the image areas related to the church and the façade. Therefore, we obtained a 3D model with the façade included in it. This procedure has demonstrated its feasibility despite the existence of different environmental conditions in both areas. Using these results, we have also developed a BIM to allow for the management of future restoration works.

This paper investigates the impact of flood-induced hydrodynamic forces and high discharge on the masonry arch "Hannibal Bridge" (called "Ponte di Annibale" in Italy) using the Hydraulic Engineering Center's River Analysis Simulation (HEC-RAS) v6.5.0. hydraulic numerical method, incorporating Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry and aerial Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) data for visual analysis. The research highlights the highly transient behavior of fast flood flows, particularly when carrying debris, and their effect on bridge superstructures. Utilizing a Digital Elevation Model to extract cross-sectional and elevation data, the research examined 23 profiles over 800 m of the river. The results indicate that the maximum allowable water depth in front of the bridge is 4.73 m, with a Manning's coefficient of 0.03 and a longitudinal slope of 9 m per kilometer. Therefore, a novel method to identify the risks through HEC-RAS modeling significantly improves the conservation of masonry bridges by providing precise topographical and hydrological data for accurate simulations. Moreover, the detailed information obtained from LIDAR and UAV photogrammetry about the bridge's materials and structures can be incorporated into the conservation models. This comprehensive approach ensures that preservation efforts are not only addressing the immediate hydrodynamic threats but are also informed by a thorough understanding of the bridge's structural and material conditions. Understanding rating curves is essential for water management and flood forecasting, with the study confirming a Manning roughness coefficient of 0.03 as suitable for smooth open-channel flows and emphasizing the importance of geomorphological conditions in hydraulic simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Changes to bone physiology play a central role in the development of osteoarthritis with the mechanosensing osteocyte releasing factors that drive disease progression. This study developed a humanised in vitro model to detect osteocyte responses to either interleukin-6, a driver of degeneration and bone remodelling in animal and human joint injury, or mechanical loading, to mimic osteoarthritis stimuli in joints. Methods: Human MSC cells (Y201) were differentiated in 3-dimensional type I collagen gels in osteogenic media and osteocyte phenotype assessed by RTqPCR and immunostaining. Gels were subjected to a single pathophysiological load or stimulated with interleukin-6 with unloaded or unstimulated cells as controls. RNA was extracted 1-hour post-load and assessed by RNAseq. Markers of pain, bone remodelling, and inflammation were quantified by RT-qPCR and ELISA. Results: Y201 cells embedded within 3D collagen gels assumed dendritic morphology and expressed mature osteocytes markers. Mechanical loading of the osteocyte model regulated 7564 genes (Padj p<0.05, 3026 down, 4538 up). 93% of the osteocyte transcriptome signature was expressed in the model with 38% of these genes mechanically regulated. Mechanically loaded osteocytes regulated 26% of gene ontology pathways linked to OA pain, 40% reflecting bone remodelling and 27% representing inflammation. Load regulated genes associated with osteopetrosis, osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. 42% of effector genes in a genome-wide association study meta-analysis were mechanically regulated by osteocytes with 10 genes representing potential druggable targets. Interleukin-6 stimulation of osteocytes at concentrations reported in human synovial fluids from patients with OA or following knee injury, regulated similar readouts to mechanical loading including markers of pain, bone remodelling, and inflammation. Discussion: We have developed a reproducible model of human osteocyte like cells that express >90% of the genes in the osteocyte transcriptome signature. Mechanical loading and inflammatory stimulation regulated genes and proteins implicated in osteoarthritis symptoms of pain as well as inflammation and degeneration underlying disease progression. Nearly half of the genes classified as 'effectors' in GWAS were mechanically regulated in this model. This model will be useful in identifying new mechanisms underlying bone and joint pathologies and testing drugs targeting those mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional printing has become a fast-growing industry. The first phase of this technology is the design of a 3D object to personalize it and optimize its production. This paper explores the procedural generation of the 3D model. The article aims to present the method of procedurally generating 3D objects in Python. Procedural content generation is the automated creation of content using algorithms. Most often, as part of procedural generation, a small number of input parameters and pseudo-random processes are used to generate content that will meet the requirements. The programming techniques for object customization in Python optimize the manufacturing process. Moreover, procedural generation speeds up the model design, and if developers use 3D scanning methods and artificial intelligence, production can be personalized, which is in line with the concept of Industry 4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze the aerodynamic characteristics of Chinese Nordic combined athletes during the ski jump take-off process, comparing them with elite athletes from the 2009 Nordic World Ski Championships using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. Methods: Using 3D model analysis and continuous relative phase analysis, CFD methods were utilized to assess the mechanical characteristics of athletes during the take-off phase. Results: The analysis revealed that Chinese athletes displayed a lower dominance of the knee joint during the take-off phase, leading to increased air drag. Conclusion: Reduced knee joint dominance and an excessive ankle angle at the initiation of the ski jump take-off contribute to higher air drag. The lean angle of the body and the ankle angle post-take-off significantly affect the resultant lift and drag forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the goals of Industry 4.0 is to increase the transparency of the value chain through modern tools in production processes. This article aims to discuss the possibility of increasing the efficiency of a production system by modernizing it with the use of computer modelling tools. This article describes a method for the simulation modelling of a selected production system using the specialized FlexSim 2023 software in a 3D environment. The results and benefits of the practical application of the object-oriented modelling are presented, as well as the possibilities of collecting simulation data used to optimize production processes. The analyses were conducted at a selected production plant in a case study. The research assessed the effectiveness of the existing system and determined the impact of process changes in the event of the introduction of a new design solution. The simulation identified bottlenecks in the material flow. The basis for creating the simulation model was the analysis of the technological process. A simulation model for a real situation was created, and a simulation model was designed to identify and indicate a solution to eliminate the detection of the bottleneck. The problem area identified using visualization in the technological process slowed down the entire production process and contributed to time and economic losses. Thus, the authors confirmed the thesis that the simulation modelling of production systems using the FlexSim program can help eliminate bottlenecks and increase the efficiency of human resource use. At the same time, the use of this tool can lead to increased efficiency, reduced costs and improved sustainability and other performance indicators important for modern production environments as part of the promoted Industry 4.0 idea. A noticeable result of these changes was an increase in production from about 80–90 units. In addition, it was noticed that the condition of the machines preceding the stand changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uncertainty of structural interpretation complicates the practical production and application of data-driven complex geological structure modeling technology. Intelligent structural modeling excavates and extracts structural knowledge from structural interpretation through human–machine collaboration and combines structural interpretation to form a new model of complex structural modeling guided by knowledge. Specifically, we focus on utilizing knowledge rule reasoning technology to extract topological semantic knowledge from interpretive data and employ knowledge inference to derive structural constraint information from complex geological structure models, thus effectively constraining the 3D geological structure modeling process. To achieve this, we develop a rule-based knowledge inference system that derives theoretical models consistent with expert cognition from interpretive data and prior knowledge. Additionally, we represent the extracted knowledge as a topological semantic knowledge graph, which facilitates computer recognition and allows estimation of intersection lines during 3D geological modeling, resulting in the creation of accurate models. The applicability of our proposed method to various complex geological structures is validated through application tests using real-world data. Furthermore, our method effectively supports the realization of intelligent structure modeling in real working area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents computer and color vision research focusing on human color perception in VR environments. A VR art gallery with digital twins of original artworks is created for this experiment. In this research, the field of colorimetry and the application of the L*a*b* and RGB color models are applied. The inter-relationships of the two color models are applied to create a color modification of the VR art gallery environment using C# Script procedures. This color-edited VR environment works with a smooth change in color tone in a given time interval. At the same time, a sudden change in the color of the RGB environment is defined in this interval. This experiment aims to record a user's reaction embedded in a VR environment and the effect of color changes on human perception in a VR environment. This research uses lie detector sensors that record the physiological changes of the user embedded in VR. Five sensors are used to record the signal. An experiment on the influence of the user's color perception in a VR environment using lie detector sensors has never been conducted. This research defines the basic methodology for analyzing and evaluating the recorded signals from the lie detector. The presented text thus provides a basis for further research in the field of colors and human color vision in a VR environment and lays an objective basis for use in many scientific and commercial areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marine microturbellarian Macrostomum lignano (Platyhelminthes, Rhabditophora) is an emerging laboratory model used by a growing community of researchers because it is easy to cultivate, has a fully sequenced genome, and offers multiple molecular tools for its study. M. lignano has a compartmentalized brain that receives sensory information from receptors integrated in the epidermis. Receptors of the head, as well as accompanying glands and specialized epidermal cells, form a compound sensory structure called the frontal glandular complex. In this study, we used semi-serial transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to document the types, ultrastructure, and three-dimensional architecture of the cells of the frontal glandular complex. We distinguish a ventral compartment formed by clusters of type 1 (multiciliated) sensory receptors from a central domain where type 2 (collar) sensory receptors predominate. Six different types of glands (rhammite glands, mucoid glands, glands with aster-like and perimaculate granula, vacuolated glands, and buckle glands) are closely associated with type 1 sensory receptors. Endings of a seventh type of gland (rhabdite gland) define a dorsal domain of the frontal glandular complex. A pair of ciliary photoreceptors is closely associated with the base of the frontal glandular complex. Bundles of dendrites, connecting the receptor endings with their cell bodies which are located in the brain, form the (frontal) peripheral nerves. Nerve fibers show a varicose structure, with thick segments alternating with thin segments, and are devoid of a glial layer. This distinguishes platyhelminths from larger and/or more complex invertebrates whose nerves are embedded in prominent glial sheaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposes the development of a software module for studying historical and cultural heritage objects using remote and non-invasive research data. The module aims to integrate modern technologies such as image processing, data analysis, and visualization to provide access to heritage information for researchers, conservators, and the general public. Utilizing non-invasive data, such as geophysical surveys, enables the collection of information about heritage objects without causing damage. The module facilitates the analysis and visualization of this data as well as the creation of interactive object models, thereby promoting further research, preservation, and popularization of cultural heritage. The module consists of three blocks: defining areas for ground-based research using interferograms; constructing a comprehensive 3D model based on ground and underground research data; and refining the boundaries of historical-cultural heritage objects and establishing protective zones. The program is developed in the object-oriented programming language VisualBasic with additional modules. This developed module could become a significant tool for studying and preserving historical and cultural objects in the modern world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of three-dimensional (3D) printed anatomical models has garnered interest in pre-operative planning, especially in orthopedic and trauma surgery. Identifying potential error sources and quantifying their effect on the model dimensional accuracy are crucial for the applicability and reliability of such models. In this study, twenty radii were extracted from anatomic forearm specimens and subjected to osteotomy to simulate a defined fracture of the distal radius (Colles' fracture). Various factors, including two different computed tomography (CT) technologies (energy-integrating detector (EID) and photon-counting detector (PCD)), four different CT scanners, two scan protocols (i.e., routine and high dosage), two different scan orientations, as well as two segmentation algorithms were considered to determine their effect on 3D model accuracy. Ground truth was established using 3D reconstructions of surface scans of the physical specimens. Results indicated that all investigated variables significantly impacted the 3D model accuracy (p < 0.001). However, the mean absolute deviation fell within the range of 0.03 ± 0.20 to 0.32 ± 0.23 mm, well below the 0.5 mm threshold necessary for pre-operative planning. Intra- and inter-operator variability demonstrated fair to excellent agreement for 3D model accuracy, with an intra-class correlation (ICC) of 0.43 to 0.92. This systematic investigation displayed dimensional deviations in the magnitude of sub-voxel imaging resolution for all variables. Major pitfalls included missed or overestimated bone regions during the segmentation process, necessitating additional manual editing of 3D models. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that 3D bone fracture models can be obtained with clinical routine scanners and scan protocols, utilizing a simple global segmentation threshold, thereby providing an accurate and reliable tool for pre-operative planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background of intelligent construction of coal mines, gas extraction design is still based on manual design, which is complex, time–consuming, and error–prone, and its automation degree needs to be improved. In order to solve this problem, taking the 1302 working face of a mine in Shanxi Province as the research object, this paper carried out relevant research. Firstly, the influencing factors of gas extraction were determined, and the influence rules of different parameters on the extraction effect were studied by numerical simulation. Secondly, an intelligent optimization method of gas extraction drilling parameters based on deep mining called the PSO–LSTM model, is proposed. This model uses the PSO algorithm to optimize the parameters of the LSTM model, so as to improve the accuracy of the LSTM model results. Finally, a quantitative expression algorithm of 3D spatial information of gas extraction drilling holes based on Python is proposed, which can automatically generate 3D spatial models of bedding or through gas extraction drilling holes using optimized drilling parameters and known 3D information of coal seams. This study shows that the results obtained using the PSO–LSTM model are the same as the drilling parameters obtained using numerical simulation, which verifies the accuracy of the PSO–LSTM model. According to the optimized drilling parameters, a 3D model of gas extraction drilling is quickly generated, which greatly reduces the tedious work of drawing construction drawings for coal mine enterprises and improves the intelligence level of coal gas extraction drilling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The community structure and ecological function of marine ecosystems are critically dependent on phytoplankton. However, our understanding of phytoplankton is limited due to the lack of detailed information on their morphology. To address this gap, we developed a framework that combines scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) with photogrammetry to create realistic 3D (three-dimensional)models of phytoplankton. The workflow of this framework is demonstrated using two marine algal species, one dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans and one diatom Halamphora sp. The resulting 3D models are made openly available and allow users to interact with phytoplankton and their complex structures virtually (digitally) and tangibly (3D printing). They also allow for surface area and biovolume calculations of phytoplankton, as well as the exploration of their light scattering properties, which are both important for ecosystem modeling. Additionally, by presenting these models to the public, it bridges the gap between scientific inquiry and education, promoting broader awareness on the importance of phytoplankton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Two-dimensional (2D) models are unable to mimic the intricacies of the reaction in the natural tumor microenvironment to the irradiation, biological and architectural complexity, or dynamic nature of the many tissues. These features can be recreated using a decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM), such as bioscaffolds. We hypothesized that bioscaffolds can be a feasible and effective three-dimensional (3D) model, worthwhile also for radiobiological aims. To test our hypothesis, two cell lines (HMV-II and PANC-1) were seeded in decellularized porcine liver-derived scaffolds and irradiated with carbon ions (high-LET irradiation) and photons (low-LET irradiation). For the first time in the literature, we found that the 3D environment provided by the bioscaffolds was suitable for radiobiological research as well as being cost-effective. This model provides the opportunity to explore the biological consequences of different radiation modalities over prolonged periods of time. Introduction: Decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) bioscaffolds have emerged as a promising three-dimensional (3D) model, but so far there are no data concerning their use in radiobiological studies. Material and Methods: We seeded two well-known radioresistant cell lines (HMV-II and PANC-1) in decellularized porcine liver-derived scaffolds and irradiated them with both high- (Carbon Ions) and low- (Photons) Linear Energy Transfer (LET) radiation in order to test whether a natural 3D-bioscaffold might be a useful tool for radiobiological research and to achieve an evaluation that could be as near as possible to what happens in vivo. Results: Biological scaffolds provided a favorable 3D environment for cell proliferation and expansion. Cells did not show signs of dedifferentiation and retained their distinct phenotype coherently with their anatomopathological and clinical behaviors. The radiobiological response to high LET was higher for HMV-II and PANC-1 compared to the low LET. In particular, Carbon Ions reduced the melanogenesis in HMV-II and induced more cytopathic effects and the substantial cell deterioration of both cell lines compared to photons. Conclusions: In addition to offering a suitable 3D model for radiobiological research and an appropriate setting for preclinical oncological analysis, we can attest that bioscaffolds seemed cost-effective due to their ease of use, low maintenance requirements, and lack of complex technology [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground settlement occurs because of the surrounding ground behavior during tunnel excavation. A high chance of its occurrence could cause the collapse of buildings; therefore, the accurate prediction and assessment of ground settlement are necessary when structures are concentrated in urban regions. This study leverages Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and 3D modeling to evaluate the effects of tunnel excavation on the ground settlement and damage of buildings along the Mandeok–Centum underground highway in Busan. It integrates the field topography with building data to simulate and visualize construction-induced interactions. Numerical analysis is used to assess the effects of the terrain elevation, building presence, excavation sequences, and lag distance between the twin tunnels on the settlement. The results indicate that high terrain elevation, dense building layouts, and shorter distances between tunnels increase settlement. Furthermore, this study deduces that bidirectional excavation causes a rapid increase in settlement compared with parallel excavation, which is evident from the variations in the inflection points during the excavation process. Finally, this study estimates the damage to buildings and ground settlements and visualizes risk maps using GIS, emphasizing the practicality of 3D modeling based on GIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern physical anthropology increasingly employs non-invasive methods that use 3D models representing the human body. Frequently, these are 3D models of a person's physical appearance, i.e., face or body. A traditional approach to analyse these records is to process discrete points (landmarks, feature points) collected manually on the model surface. The digitization of landmarks and associated errors have been sufficiently studied in the context of the human face, due to its functional and aesthetic importance. However, other parts of the human body have not received the same level of attention. The aim of the present study was to quantify the error of body landmarks when collected in 3D fullbody models and to explore how it relates to other model properties, such as a demographic and somatic indicators. The study tested two datasets of 10 body landmarks acquired in 60 models (32 males and 28 females). The data acquisition was carried out during the time span of 14 days. The magnitude of the digitization error for each point was acquired and tested between groups defined according to their anatomical location (shoulders, arms, legs; torso and limbs or body side), sex, age, height and body type. The results of this study showed that the error of digitising landmarks in a 3D model was greater compared to the error reported in the literature when acquiring landmarks on the human body. The digitization error was independent of participants' age, sex, height, and body type but was correlated with the anatomical location, where the upper chest, neck, and back on the knee yielded the highest digitization errors. In addition, this study showed that landmarks located on the shoulders and arms exhibited an error which was correlated negatively with the volume of the lower and upper half of the body and positively with the body depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to produce a three-dimensional model of the thorax and lower respiratory tract in Van cats, to reveal their morphometric properties, and to investigate the anatomical structure of this region in more detail. A total of 16 adult Van cats (8 males and 8 females) were used in the study. The thoracic region of the cats was scanned using multidetector computed tomography device. The images of the scanned region were transferred to the MIMICS 20.1 software that creates three-dimensional reconstruction in order to produce the models. The morphometric measurements were obtained from these models and the index values were calculated. When the data were analysed in terms of sexual dimorphism, significant differences were determined between the sexes in terms of transverse diameter of the thoracic cavity in apertura thoracis cranialis (T2) (P < 0.05), minimum width of apertura thoracis cranialis (T3), and height of the thoracic cavity in thoracis cranialis (H1) (P < 0.01). The index values of the data revealed a significant difference between the sexes only in terms of the thoracic index 2 (P < 0.05). The 7th sternebra was shorter and more flattened than the other sternebrae in Van cats. In conclusion, three-dimensional models of the thorax and lower respiratory tracts of Van cats were produced in the study. It is thought that the data of the study may be useful in clinical practice and academic studies in the field of veterinary medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Channichthyidae, a monophyletic fish group belonging to the suborder Notothenioidei, are uniquely adapted to the polar environment. However, while their physiology has been extensively studied, studies on their ecology are relatively rare. Here, we investigated the trophic ecology of seven icefish species (Chaenodraco wilsoni, Chionobathyscus dewitti, Chionodraco hamatus, Dacodraco hunteri, Neopagetopis ionah, Pagetodes antarcticus and Pagetopsis macropterus) by using the traditional morphometric approach to assess the relationship between form and feeding function. The suction index (SI), the mechanical advantage in jaw closing (MA) and nine morphological traits related to feeding structures have been analysed. Icefish species are characterised by non-protractible, elongate jaws and a wide gape; such morphological features influence the low values of both MA and SI, supporting their ram-feeding habit. The ecomorphological differences among species resulted mainly determined by the anatomical structures related to SI. Such differences do not seem to be determined primarily by the type of prey, as is the case in other taxonomic groups of Notothenioidei, but rather by phylogenetic proximity. A 3D animation was developed to visualise the different feeding modes of two icefish species (C. hamatus and P. macropterus) which are characterised by different approaches to prey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classification of cryptic species is important for assessing biodiversity and conducting ecological studies. However, morphological classification methods face the loss of morphological information due to subjectivity in geometric morphometrics, while an incomplete database and horizontal gene transfer limit the molecular approach. A novel approach combining 3D modeling and artificial intelligence algorithms using morphological and molecular data was developed for species classification. Cryptic species from the Vignadula genus were used to test the feasibility of this new approach. Molecular identification results as data labels were used for training models, and for validating classification results of machine learning and deep learning. Our approach achieved accuracies of over 80% in distinguishing between V. atrata and V. mangle, which were identified by molecular data along China's coast. The result of the confusion matrix indicated the misidentified individuals were due to the morphological similarity in the intermediate zone. The feature importance analysis highlighted the significant contribution of average curvature—a 3D feature—to the task, indicating the feasibility of the 3D model in cryptic species classification. Utilizing 3D models and artificial intelligence, this study presents a novel approach for classifying cryptic species of molluscs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the sampling of a stratigraphic section along the shore of the Fiastra Lake (Carg Project - Sheet 313 “Camerino” of the Geological Map of Italy at 1:50 000 scale), a small rock boulder with partially exposed bony material was discovered at the base of a small cliff at the northern termination of the Sibillini Mts. In this area, the classical facies of Umbria-Marche stratigraphic succession are well-exposed. The Oligocene-Miocene portion of the succession is represented by the ~200 m-thick Scaglia Cinerea Formation, passing upwards to the ~100 m-thick Bisciaro Formation. The microfossil assemblage has allowed the specimen to be constrained to the lower Burdigalian. The skeletal remains were examined using a CT-SCAN, a non-invasive method that has proven to be highly performing. The analysis revealed some articulated vertebrae, deformed by lithostatic compaction, which are attributed to a shark of the order Lamniformes. Subsequently, the vertebrae were digitally isolated, extracted from the surrounding matrix, and rendered into three-dimensional prints. Through digital retro-deformation, the body length of the lamniform shark was estimated to be approximately 4 metres. Further considerations on the vertebrae allowed us to infer that the studied shark had similarities to either Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810 or Carcharodon carcharias Linnaeus, 1758. The development of a dead-fall microbial community likely facilitated the preservation of the vertebrae. The studied specimen represents the first occurrence of a lamniform shark in the Lower Miocene of the Umbria-Marche Domain and represents one of the very rare recorded occurrences of lamniforms from the Lower Miocene of Italy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The building sector represents a significant proportion of the world's energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. One of the possible contributions to reducing this problem is to improve the energy performance of buildings by acting on their envelope and systems. Consequently, the aim of this work is to develop an experimental and numerical methods for characterizing the thermal performance of a concrete masonry hollow wall, in order to propose a new configuration that can be used to improve its thermal performance. First, this study focuses on the thermal performance of different wall configurations. Then, each case studied at wall scale, was modeled, and simulated in 3D using COMSOL Multiphysics® software under the same conditions, properties and dimensions as the one tested experimentally. Finally, this analysis was applied to a real building in Lebanon, consisting of hollow concrete masonry walls, to study its energy and thermal requirements. The conclusions showed that the numerical and experimental results proposed for the hollow masonry block wall confirm a good match. This validates the value of this method in the construction sector by proposing new methods for improving its thermal and energy performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar chimneys are among the most common methods for natural ventilation of buildings. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been widely applied in research and design of solar chimneys. Most of the previous studies are based on 2D CFD models which ignore the effects of the width (the third dimension) of the air channel. In addition, the applicability of 2D models for the solar chimneys with a low width-to-gap ratio is still questionable. This study investigates both 2D and 3D CFD models for window-sized vertical solar chimneys. The 2D model is applied to the domain comprising the central plane of the channel gap (G) and height (H) while the 3D model is applied to the domain consisting of the channel gap, height, and width (W). The flow fields, flow rates and thermal efficiencies computed with the 2D and 3D models at different heights, gaps, and widths are compared. The results show that W / G is the most crucial factor. The effects of the side walls are significant at a low W / G but gradually diminishes as W / G increases. At W / G = 15, the side wall effects are confined to a region of about 2.6% W. Particularly, for W / G >8, the differences between the 2D and 3D flow rates and thermal efficiencies are within ±5%. These findings offer a reference for researchers and engineers to select between 2D and 3D CFD models for a specific solar chimney. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) enables the creation of subject-specific 3D head models suitable for quantitative analysis such as finite element analysis (FEA). FEA of proposed traumatic events is an objective and repeatable numerical method for assessing whether an event could cause a skull fracture such as seen at autopsy. FEA of blunt force skull fracture in adults with subject-specific 3D models in forensic pathology remains uninvestigated. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of FEA for skull fracture analysis in routine forensic pathology. Five cases with blunt force skull fracture and sufficient information on the kinematics of the traumatic event to enable numerical reconstruction were chosen. Subject-specific finite element (FE) head models were constructed by mesh morphing based on PMCT 3D models and A Detailed and Personalizable Head Model with Axons for Injury Prediction (ADAPT) FE model. Morphing was successful in maintaining subject-specific 3D geometry and quality of the FE mesh in all cases. In three cases, the simulated fracture patterns were comparable in location and pattern to the fractures seen at autopsy/PMCT. In one case, the simulated fracture was in the parietal bone whereas the fracture seen at autopsy/PMCT was in the occipital bone. In another case, the simulated fracture was a spider-web fracture in the frontal bone, whereas a much smaller fracture was seen at autopsy/PMCT; however, the fracture in the early time steps of the simulation was comparable to autopsy/PMCT. FEA might be feasible in forensic pathology in cases with a single blunt force impact and well-described event circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin denervation has been shown to cause remission of psoriatic lesions in patients, which can reappear if reinnervation occurs. This effect can be induced by the activation of dendritic cells through sensory innervation. However, a direct effect of nerves on the proliferation of keratinocytes involved in the formation of psoriatic plaques has not been investigated. We developed, by tissue engineering, a model of psoriatic skin made of patient skin cells that showed increased keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal thickness compared to healthy controls. When this model was treated with CGRP, a neuropeptide released by sensory neurons, an increased keratinocyte proliferation was observed in the psoriatic skin model, but not in the control. When a sensory nerve network was incorporated in the psoriatic model and treated with capsaicin to induce neuropeptide release, an increase of keratinocyte proliferation was confirmed, which was blocked by a CGRP antagonist while no difference was noticed in the innervated healthy control. We showed that sensory neurons can participate directly to keratinocyte hyperproliferation in the formation of psoriatic lesions through the release of CGRP, independently of the immune system. Our unique tissue-engineered innervated psoriatic skin model could be a valuable tool to better understand the mechanism by which nerves may modulate psoriatic lesion formation in humans. This study shows that keratinocytes extracted from patients' psoriatic skin retain, at least in part, the disease phenotype. Indeed, when combined in a 3D model of tissue-engineered psoriatic skin, keratinocytes exhibited a higher proliferation rate, and produced a thicker epidermis than a healthy skin control. In addition, their hyperproliferation was aggravated by a treatment with CGRP, a neuropeptide released by sensory nerves. In a innervated model of tissue-engineered psoriatic skin, an increase in keratinocyte hyperproliferation was also observed after inducing neurons to release neuropeptides. This effect was prevented by concomitant treatment with an antagonist to CGRP. Thus, this study shows that sensory nerves can directly participate to affect keratinocyte hyperproliferation in psoriasis through CGRP release. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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