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The work presented aims to analyse the feasibility of reusing concrete, once demolished from a building in Tres Cantos in Madrid, to manufacture finishing materials for buildings, as well as to design a procedure. The first phase consists of a bibliographic search on the reuse of materials, analysing the techniques adopted so far and the lines of work. The second phase related to the acquisition of data related to the production and recycling of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) at a European level. The third phase consists of the study of recycled aggregates resulting from demolitions or landslides, their treatment process. The fourth and final phase consists of the development of a laboratory test plan to evaluate varied materials for finishing exterior cement pavements with concrete from the demolition of the case study building. There were many conclusions and results of the project. The granulometry of the fine fraction of demolished concrete is suitable to produce non-structural products, such as building finishes and in particular non-driveway outdoor flooring. In terms of flexural and compressive strength, the mechanical behaviour of recycled mixes is lower than that of reference mixes. The recycled mixes show slightly higher capillary absorption capacities than the reference mixes, and the value is higher the greater the percentage of recycled aggregates used (a critical issue which can be resolved by pre-saturating the recycled material). © 2022, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia.. All rights reserved.

The research carried out on the wall paintings of Hernán Pérez del Pulgar’s Palace chapel in Granada (Spain) was aimed at determining its historical–artistic, stylistic, technical, and compositional aspects. For this, a 16th century frieze and an 18th century pendentive were studied. The mineralogical, chemical, and textural characterization of the constituent materials and the study of the state of conservation of the paintings have helped to determine the pictorial technique used, identify the nature of the salts present in the paintings, and other pathologies including a dormant fungal attack. To this end, optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy with microanalysis (FESEM-EDS), and micro-Raman spectroscopy (MRS) were used. The information obtained helps clarify important aspects of the painting technique used, laying a basis to ensure effective and suitable conservation and restoration measures on the paintings that will ensure their durability over time. AERIMPACT | Ref. CGL2012-30729 EXPOAIR | Ref. P12-FQM-1889 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. PID2020-119838RA-I00 Grupo de Investigación de Andalucía | Ref. RNM-179

[ES] En la presente tesis doctoral se exponen los resultados obtenidos en el desarrollo inicial de un sistema multisensor, tipo lengua electrónica voltamétrica, para el control de la durabilidad de las estructuras de hormigón armado (EHA). Aunque los sistemas multisensores son ampliamente utilizados en diferentes ámbitos, como el del medio ambiente o de la industria alimentaria, su uso en las EHA es novedoso. Igualmente, resulta novedosa la utilización de sensores voltamétricos que, como se demuestra en esta tesis, son de gran eficacia en el análisis de parámetros relacionados con el deterioro del hormigón armado, mejorándose los modelos de durabilidad obtenidos a través de sensores potenciométricos. Todo ello, sin ser aumentada de manera inabordable la complejidad electrónica y computacional del sistema. El prototipo de lengua electrónica diseñado es un sistema de sensores híbridos que consta de cuatro electrodos de trabajo (Au, Ag, Ni e INOX). Se dice que es híbrido porque se usan técnicas tanto voltamétricas (voltametría cíclica) como impedimétricas (espectroscopia de impedancia). Se han utilizado metales nobles (Au y Ag), metales no nobles (Ni) y aleaciones de alta durabilidad (acero inoxidable) con el fin de obtener un comportamiento electroquímico más variado. En la fase previa al desarrollo del sistema se seleccionaron los metales a utilizar en los sensores que formarían parte del sistema multisensor. Para ello se realizó un número ingente de ensayos con distintos metales (Ir, Rh, Pt, Au, Ag, W, Ni y INOX), tanto en disolución (simulando las condiciones de disolución de poro del hormigón), como en hormigón, con el fin de ser seleccionados aquellos metales de cuya respuesta se pudiera extraer una mayor información. Una vez finalizada la fase previa se estudió la respuesta aislada de cada uno de los metales seleccionados (Au, Ag, Ni e INOX), dividiéndose el estudio en 3 fases: ¿ Fase 1. Estudio en disolución: se analizaron los procesos que tienen lugar sobre la superficie del electrodo en disoluciones que simulaban distintas circunstancias que se pueden dar en el hormigón (variación de la disponibilidad de O2, variación del pH y presencia del anión cloro). Los resultados obtenidos se compararon con los encontrados en literatura. ¿ Fase 2. Estudios hechos con el sensor embebido en hormigones convencionales sin adiciones. Se embebieron sensores voltamétricos en hormigones convencionales de distinta relación agua/cemento. Seguidamente, se analizaron las probetas bajo distintas circunstancias que tuvieran influencia en el desencadenamiento y cinética de los procesos de corrosión como son: o Variaciones en la disponibilidad de O2 y H2O. o Carbonatación del hormigón. o Presencia de Cl-. ¿ Fase 3. Se desarrollaron modelos que permitieran identificar variaciones en parámetros relacionados con el deterioro del hormigón armado o estimar y predecir el parámetro de interés. Terminado el estudio de la respuesta aislada de los cuatro sensores, se procedió a evaluar la respuesta cruzada de los sensores siguiendo los protocolos propios de las lenguas electrónicas. Tras analizar y comparar las respuestas aisladas y cruzadas de los sensores, se propuso una rutina de trabajo que en un futuro ayude a optimizar los recursos, tanto operacionales como de fabricación, utilizados en el sistema. Para finalizar, se hizo un estudio inicial para tratar de mejorar la autonomía del sistema, evaluando el efecto producido al simplificar la configuración de celda, reduciendo el número de electrodos de tres a dos., [CA] En la present tesi doctoral s'exposen els resultats obtinguts en el desenvolupament inicial d'un sistema multisensor, tipus llengua electrònica voltamètrica, pel control de la durabilitat de les estructures de formigó armat (EFA). Encara que l'ús d'aquest tipus de sistema està molt expandit en l'àmbit del medi ambient i de la indústria alimentària, el seu ús en les EFAs és molt nou. Igualment, resulta nova la utilització de sensors voltamètrics, que com és demostra en aquesta tesi, són de gran eficàcia en la determinació de les condicions del formigó armat, millorant-se considerablement els models de durabilitat obtinguts mitjançant sensors potenciomètrics. Tot això, sense augmentar la complexitat electrònica i computacional del sistema d'una forma inabordable. El prototip dissenyat de llengua electrònica és un sistema de sensors híbrids compost per quatre elèctrodes de treball (Au, Ag, Ni i acer inoxidable). Es diu que és híbrid perquè en el sistema de sensors s'utilitzen tècniques voltamètriques i impedimètriques. S'han utilitzat metalls nobles (Au i Ag), metalls no nobles (Ni) i aliatges d'alta durabilitat (acer inoxidable). Amb la finalitat d'obtindre un comportament electroquímic més variat. En la fase prèvia al desenvolupament del sistema, es van seleccionar els metalls a utilitzar en els sensors que formarien part del sistema multisensor. Per a això es va realitzar una quantitat ingent d'assajos amb diferents metalls (Ir, Rh, Pt, Au, Ag, W, Ni i acer inoxidable), tant en dissolució com en formigó, amb l'objectiu de seleccionar aquells metalls dels quals es poguera aconseguir més informació amb la seua resposta. Una vegada finalitzada aquesta fase prèvia, es va estudiar la resposta aïllada de cadascun dels metalls seleccionats (Au, Ag, Ni i acer inoxidable). L'estudi es va dividir en tres fases: ¿ Fase 1. Estudis en dissolució: es van analitzar els processos duts a terme sobre la superfície de l'elèctrode en dissolucions que simulaven diferents circumstàncies que es poden donar en el formigó (variació de la disponibilitat d' O2, variació de pH i presència de l'anió clor). Els resultats obtinguts es van comparar amb els trobats en la literatura. ¿ Fase 2. Estudis fets amb els sensors embeguts en formigó: es van embeure els sensors voltamètrics en formigons convencionals de diferent relació aigua/ciment i sense adicions. A continuació, es van analitzar les provetes sota diferents circumstàncies que tingueren influència en el desencadenament i cinètica dels processos com són: o Variacions en la disponibilitat d' O2 i H2O. o Carbonatació del formigó. o Presencia de Cl-. ¿ Fase 3. Desenvolupament de models que possibiliten identificar variacions en paràmetres relacionats amb el deteriorament del formigó armat o estimar i predir el paràmetre d'interès. Finalitzat l'estudi de la resposta aïllada dels quatre sensors, es va avaluar la resposta creuada mitjançant protocols propis de les llengües electròniques (PCA i PLS). Després d'analitzar i comparar les respostes aïllades i creuades dels sensors, es va proposar una rutina de treball que un futur ajude a optimitzar els recursos, tant operacionals com de fabricació, utilitzats al sistema. Per acabar, es va fer un estudi inicial per a tractar de millorar l'autonomia del sistema, avaluant l'efecte produït al simplificar la configuració de cel·la, reduint el nombre d'elèctrodes de tres a dos., [EN] In this thesis the results obtained in the development of a multisensor system, known as electronic voltametric tongue, for the reinforcement concrete structures' (RCS) durability control are exposed. Although the use of this multisensor system is widespread in different fields such as: the food industry and environmental control, its use in RCS monitoring is very novel. It is equally novel the use of voltametric sensors, this kind of sensors are very efficient in determining concrete conditions, improving the durability models obtained through potentiometric sensors, all without overly increasing the system's electronic and computational complexity The electronic tongue prototype designed is a hybrid sensor system made up of four working electrodes (Au, Ag, Ni and stainless steel). It has been referred to as hybrid because in the system voltametric and impedimetric electrochemical techniques are used. Noble metals (Au and Ag), non-noble metals (Ni) and high-durability alloys (stainless steel) have also been used with the purpose of achieving a more varied electrochemical behaviour. In the previous development phase of the system, the metals involved in the development of the electronic tongue were selected. In order to do this, a variety of tests with different metals were performed (Ir, Rh, Pt, Au, Ag, W, Ni and SS), in both dissolution (different concrete pore solution conditions were simulated) and hardened concrete. This allowed us to choose the metals which responses contained the most information. The next steps focused on the study of the selected sensors isolated response: ¿ Phase 1: simulation of concrete pore solution in dissolution systems. The results were compared with those already existing in the bibliography. ¿ Phase 2: studies with the sensors embedded in different standard concretes without additions. The samples were tested in different conditions involved in the rebars corrosion kinetics (variations in O2 and humidity availability, concrete carbonation and chlorides presence). ¿ Phase 3: Development of estimation models for the parameters of interest. After finishing the study of the isolated sensors' response, a cross-evaluation of their response was performed using typical protocols used in the electronic tongues (i.e. PCA and PLS). After analysing and comparing the isolated and crossed sensor's response, an optimized multisensory routine work was proposed which could, in the future, help optimize the resources used in the system. Finally, a study was carried out to improve the system's autonomy, in which the repercussion of the cell configuration simplification by means of the removal of the reference electrode was evaluated., La autora quiere expresar su agradecimiento al Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte por la beca predoctoral FPU 16/00723

A Fe-17Mn-6Si-19Cr-4Ni-1(V,C) shape memory steel (SMS) was characterised electrochemically in its unstrained and pre-strained conditions. The work focused on analysing the passive films generated in alkaline conditions, and on the behaviour of those passive samples in various Cl /OH ratios. The passive films were developed by cyclic voltammetry and their characterisation was performed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); these tests were also carried out in 304 L stainless steel specimens for comparison purposes. The results indicated that the film characteristics (thickness and composition) were similar in all the samples, although higher corrosion resistance was observed in the 304 L due to the higher Cr content. In addition, the behaviour of the passive samples in aggressive conditions was assessed by potentiodynamic measurements. The results stated that the shape memory steels were more sensitive than the stainless steel to the aggressive conditions, especially when the alloy was pre-strained. It was also observed that the SMS exhibited a characteristic corrosion morphology localized at the grain boundaries Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. TED2021-130605B-I00 Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUG

Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https: //www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/min13020289/s1, Figure S1: Diffractograms of hematite paintmock- ups before and after SO2-exposure test. Figure S2: Diffractograms of CIN-ST paint-mock-ups before and after SO2-exposure test. Figure S3: Diffractograms of CIN-EF paint-mock-ups before and after SO2-exposure test. Figure S4: Diffractograms of CIN-M paint-mock-ups before and after SO2- exposure test. Figure S5: Diffractograms of CIN-C paint-mock-ups before and after SO2-exposure test., Hematite- and cinnabar-based paint mock-ups prepared with either rabbit glue or egg yolk binder were artificially aged in an SO2-rich atmosphere, as a model system for investigating the deterioration of tempera paints exposed to an industrial atmosphere. The overall research aim was to identify the type of degradation occurring in tempera paints and the different alteration mechanisms related to the physical, mineralogical and chemical characteristics of the paint. Tempera mock-ups were prepared by mixing binder (egg yolk or rabbit glue) and pigment (cinnabar of different particle sizes or hematite) and were then exposed to SO2 for 2 months in accelerated aging tests. The colour, gloss, reflectance, roughness and micro-texture of the surfaces of the mock-ups were determined before and after the tests. In addition, chemical and mineralogical changes were determined by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEMEDS) analysis. Colorimetric changes were confirmed, mainly in the cinnabar-based paints containing egg yolk, and in the hematite-based paints containing rabbit glue. Neoformed mineral phases have not been detected by XRPD, but precipitation of gypsum on the exposed surfaces has been confirmed by SEM. For cinnabar-based paints, the amount of sulfate-rich deposits was higher on egg yolk mock-ups than on rabbit glue samples, though the opposite was observed for the hematite-based paints. This confirmed the influence of the binder composition and pigment-binder tandem in the susceptibility to SO2 deposition. Pigment particle size did not have a clear influence on the physical and chemical changes in the tempera mock-ups during the ageing tests., Galician Research Project LASERING-PH (ED431F 2022/07), Spanish Research Projects LASERING-PH (PID2021-123395OA-I00), AERIMPACT (CGL2012-30729), EXPOAIR (P12-FQM-1889), European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), Andalusian Research Group RNM-179, Ministry of Science and Innovation, Government of Spain through the project RYC2020-028902-I

Las fachadas con aislamiento continuo son el tema de esta nueva entrega de las fichas prácticas elaborada por la Fundación Musaat para contribuir a la mejora de la calidad de la edificación.

Las obras realizadas a lo largo de los siglos habían ocultado parte de la belleza de este templo malagueño. Gracias a una minuciosa rehabilitación, galardonada en la última edición de los Premios Macael, vuelve a mostrar su aspecto primigenio.

Financiaciado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUG Contemporary muralism is one of the most widespread manifestations of urban art in cities nowadays. Loss of colour (fading) due to degradation of the pictorial materials is one of the main manifestations of deterioration in this type of artwork. However, the application of protective coatings is considered to slow down fading. In this study, two acrylic-based protective coatings were applied to selected areas of a real mural painted with six different alkyd paints and one acrylic paint. The impact of the protective coatings on the original paint colour and the long-term efficacy were evaluated. For purposes of comparison, the same protective coatings were applied to paint mock-ups prepared under controlled conditions and exposed to an outdoor environment with marine influence and to an ultraviolet aging test. At the end of the exposure periods, physical and chemical changes were evaluated using a multi-analytical approach based on stereomicroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Both protective coatings modified the original colour of the paints, with the impact being greater in the mural than in the mock-ups. The efficacy of the coatings as colour protectors is more appreciable in the most colour-stable paints. Thus, neither of the coatings provided good protection for the paints most sensitive to deterioration. The protective efficacy of the coatings was also influenced by their chemical composition and affinity for the painted surfaces. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. RYC2020-028902-I European Commission | Ref. CAPuS, 2017-3674/001-001

[SPA] La acumulación de plásticos de uso cotidiano derivados de combustibles fósiles supone un gran problema medioambiental a nivel global. Una de las estrategias que se siguen para solucionar este problema es el empleo de bioplásticos. Estos bioplásticos, aunque presentan numerosas propiedades de elevado interés, por lo general presentan peores propiedades mecánicas que los polímeros convencionales, de ahí que se modifiquen con nanofases, nanofluidos y nanomateriales. Esta tesis se centra en el desarrollo, la caracterización y el estudio de las propiedades de diferentes nanomateriales, líquidos iónicos, nanofluidos y nanocomposites. El bioplástico seleccionado como matriz polimérica es el ácido poliláctico (PLA). Los nanomateriales utilizados son el óxido de grafeno (GO) y el óxido de zinc (ZnO). Los líquidos iónicos utilizados son los líquidos iónicos apróticos Hexafluorofosfato de 1-butil-1-metilpirrolidinio (LPI104), Hexafluorofosfato de 1-hexil-3-metilimidazolio (LP106), Hexafluorofosfato de 1-butil-3-metilimidazolio (LP104), Tetrafluoroborato de 1-hexil-3-metilimidazolio (L106) y Tetrafluoroborato de 1-butil-3-metilimidazolio (L104) y el líquido iónico prótico Salicilato de Bis(2-hidroxietil)amonio (DSa). Se desarrollaron dos nuevos nanofluidos, el primero, combinando el líquido iónico LPI104 con el nanomaterial GO y el segundo combinando el líquido iónico prótico DSa con nanopartículas de ZnO. Este segundo nanofluido se desarrolló en la Østfold University College (Fredrikstad, Noruega), donde el doctorando realizó su estancia doctoral. Todos y cada uno de los líquidos iónicos, nanofases y nanofluidos se incorporaron a la matriz polimérica. Se realizó una caracterización de la matriz polimérica, de los líquidos iónicos, de los nanomateriales, de las nanofases y de los nuevos nanocomposites desarrollados. Se han utilizado numerosas técnicas de caracterización y ensayo de materiales como microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM), microscopía electrónica de transmisión (TEM), difracción de rayos X (XRD), espectroscopía infraroja (FTIR), espectroscopía Raman, calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC), análisis termogravimétricos (TGA), ensayos reológicos, medida del ángulo de contacto, microscopía de luz polarizada, microperfilometría, espectroscopía ultravioleta-visible (UV), dureza, análisis dinamo-mecánico (DMA) y ensayos tribológicos. Se realizó la calibración y puesta a punto del sistema de extrusión. Previo al procesado de los materiales se estudió la procesabilidad de la matriz polimérica. Una vez conocidas las condiciones óptimas de extrusión se procedió al procesado de todos y cada uno de los nanocomposites desarrollados en la tesis. Se evaluó la reología de los nuevos nanofluidos estudiando la influencia de la concentración de la nanofase con la temperatura del ensayo y el gradiente de cizalla. Se estudió cómo la modificación del PLA con los diferentes nanomateriales, líquidos iónicos y nanofluidos altera el comportamiento viscoelástico del polímero a través de ensayos oscilatorios evaluando la influencia de la temperatura. Una de las limitaciones que presentan los bioplásticos es su escasa resistencia a la fricción y al desgaste. Para dar solución a esta problemática, se pueden aplicar lubricantes sobre la superficie del polímero o bien modificar el polímero para mejorar sus propiedades tribológicas. Mediante ensayos tribológicos se puede determinar el coeficiente de fricción del polímero en seco, del polímero con un lubricante en la superficie y del polímero modificado para analizar el efecto de los líquidos iónicos y los nanofluidos sobre las propiedades tribológicas. Tras los ensayos tribológicos, se estudiaron las huellas de desgaste con la ayuda de un microperfilómetro, evaluando el daño superficial generado tras el ensayo y comparando las diferentes tasas de desgaste. Se ha observado que todos los líquidos iónicos y todos los nanofluidos utilizados reducen el coeficiente de fricción y el daño superficial cuando se utilizan como lubricantes externos sobre el polímero. Cuando se utilizan como lubricantes internos se observa que los líquidos iónicos apróticos que contienen el anión hexafluorofosfato no mejoran las propiedades tribológicas del polímero ni reducen el daño superficial. En cambio, tanto los líquidos iónicos apróticos que contienen el anión tetrafluoroborato, como el líquido iónico prótico y el nanofluido preparado a partir del líquido iónico prótico con óxido de zinc reducen notablemente el coeficiente de fricción de la matriz polimérica y el daño superficial. [ENG] The accumulation of domestic plastics derived from fossil fuels is a major global environmental problem. One of the strategies being pursued to confront this problem is the use of bioplastics. Although bioplastics have many interesting properties, they generally have poorer mechanical properties than conventional polymers. Hence, they are commonly modified with nanofillers, nanofluids and nanomaterials. This thesis focuses on the development, characterization and study of the properties of different nanomaterials, ionic liquids, and nanofluids to be included into bioplastic matrices. The biopolymer selected as polymeric matrix is polylactic acid (PLA). The nanomaterials used are graphene oxide (GO) and zinc oxide (ZnO). The ionic liquids used are the aprotic ionic liquids 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium hexafluorophosphate (LPI104), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (LP106), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (LP104), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (L106) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (L104), and the protic ionic liquid Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium salicylate (DSa). Two nanofluids were developed, the first one combines the ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium hexafluorophosphate (LPI104) with the nanomaterial graphene oxide (GO), and the second one combines the protic ionic liquid Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium salicylate (DSa) with the nanomaterial zinc oxide (ZnO). This second nanofluid was developed at Østfold University College (Fredrikstad, Norway), during a pre-doctoral stay. A characterization of the polymeric matrix, ionic liquids, nanomaterials, nanophases and the newly developed nanocomposites was carried out. Numerous materials characterization and testing techniques have been used such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), rheological testing, contact angle measurement, surface profilometry, ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, hardness, dynamo-mechanical analysis (DMA) and tribological testing. Calibration and tuning of the extrusion system was performed. Prior to the processing of the materials, a study of the processability of the polymer matrix was carried out. Once the optimum extrusion conditions were known, the processing of each one of the nanocomposites that were studied in the thesis was carried out. The rheology of the new nanofluids was evaluated by studying the influence of the nanophase concentration with the test temperature and shear gradient. The viscoelastic behavior of PLA with different nanomaterials, ionic liquids and nanofluids was studied through oscillatory tests evaluating the influence of temperature. One of the limitations of bioplastics is their poor resistance to friction and wear. To solve this problem, lubricants can be applied to the surface of the polymer or the polymer can be modified to improve its tribological properties. Tribological tests can be used to determine the coefficient of friction of the dry polymer, the polymer with a lubricant on the surface and the modified polymer to analyze the effect of nanofluids and nanophases on the tribological properties. After the tribological tests, wear tracks were studied with the help of a microprofilometer, evaluating the surface damage generated after the test and measuring the different wear rates. It has been observed that all ionic liquids and all nanofluids used reduce the coefficient of friction and surface damage when used as external lubricants on the polymer. When used as internal lubricants, it is observed that aprotic ionic liquids containing hexafluorophosphate anion do not improve the tribological properties of the polymer or reduce surface damage. In contrast, both the aprotic ionic liquids containing the tetrafluoroborate anion, the protic ionic liquid and the nanofluid prepared from the protic ionic liquid and zinc oxide significantly reduce the coefficient of friction of the polymer matrix and the surface damage. Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena Programa de Doctorado en Tecnologías Industriales

This paper evaluates a type of geopolymer concrete that uses hemp fibres as a natural aggregate due to the various advantages offered by these woody materials. These advantages include ease of cultivation and processing and their use in the essential structure of concretes used for green construction purposes. The sampling study was prepared using an environmentally friendly inorganic binder, based on geopolymerization reactions (Si-Na). The improvement in the hemp aggregate using two different preservation methods (fresh and wet) was assessed. The type of conservation enables anaerobic reactions to take place in the structure of the hemp, in such a way as to modify the proportions of the organic compounds contained in the hemp and the morphology of the fibres. It also encourages the proliferation of cellulose nanofibrils (CNC), which enhance the mechanical results, improving plasticity and thixotropy. The hempcrete studied in this paper could be a good alternative material for sustainable, environmentally friendly construction, as much less CO2 is emitted during the production process in comparison with conventional concrete. Using wet-preserved hemp means that less water must be added to the mix during preparation of the concrete. This also helps reduce production costs, and by extension, the cost of the final product., REMINE Project Programme for Researchand Innovation Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, Horizon 2020, WARMEST Project Research and Innovation Staff Exchange (RISE) H2020-MSCA-RISE-2017, RRRMaker project Marie Sklodowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange, National Plan for Scientific Research, Development, Technological Innovation (Ministry of Science and Technology) MAT2016-75889-R, Scientific Unit of excellence "Ciencia en la Alhambra",University of Granada UCE-PP2018-01 Junta de Andalucia RNM 0179 HUM629

This study describes the different alteration forms in 25 street art murals created between 2007 and 2018 on different substrates and located in different cities in NW Spain. The deterioration forms described affect the entire layer of the paintings as well as the substrates, with the most common being loss of colour (fading), loss of the pictorial layer -with or without loss of part of the substrate and biodeterioration. Physical, chemical, mineralogical and micromorphological analyses of samples from 10 murals revealed that (1) the deterioration mechanisms are related to environmental conditions and also to the inherent properties of the painting materials and to paint-substrate interaction, (2) the deterioration is closely associated with inherent aspects of urban art and (3) the loss of the pictorial record sometimes occurs in a very short period of time. The study findings highlight the need for preventive conservation measures in artworks (generally commissioned) that are intended to last. Graphical Abstract

[EN] Reinforced concrete structures' (RCSs) ageing and early deterioration are some of the main challenges faced by the building sector today, and steel bar corrosion is one of the main problems. In this phenomenon, water and concrete¿s electric resistivity play a fundamental role. Therefore, developing sensor systems capable of estimating any variations in these parameters in real time and remotely would represent considerable progress in sustainably maintaining RCSs. Many types of sensors capable of estimating humidity variation and electrical resistivity in concrete currently exist, but the variability of these sensors¿ sensitivity can be extreme depending on several factors; for example, temperature or presence of ions and their incorporation into smart monitoring systems, which is difficult. As an alternative to today¿s sensors, this study centered on developing two estimation models by means of the response of a novel voltammetric stainless steel (SS) sensor. The estimation models were one of humidity variation and another of concrete¿s electric resistivity. These models were calibrated, fitted and validated. In the validation, both these models explained a percentage of variance over 80%., The authors wish to thank the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the predoctoral scholarship granted to Ana Martinez Ibernon (FPU 16/00723), and the Spanish Government for Grant PID2020-119744RB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.

The Santo Domingo Diocesan School (Orihuela, SE Spain) is a singular case study that relates air quality monitoring and stone conservation. The monument suffers severe damage due to salt crystallization by rising damp, which is related to the indoor environment dynamics, high groundwater salt content, and microstructure, the building’s porous stone (biocalcarenite). Results revealed that 222Rn concentration in indoor air is low due to the building’s high ventilation rate, despite the medium-low geogenic radon potential in the area. Wavelets analysis showed that ventilation is caused by outdoor and indoor temperature variations and directly affects the 222Rn and CO2 dynamics inside the church. CO2, as well as relative humidity (RH), presented periodicities with intermediate frequencies (5–8 days) related to visits. These RH and temperature (T) variations intensified the salt damage by increasing the frequency of dissolution-crystallization cycles. The mineralogical characterization and geochemical calculations concluded that chlorides (halite and sylvite), sulfates (thenardite, epsomite, hexahydrite and aphthitalite) and nitrates (niter) present from dissolution forms to whiskers and hopper-type morphologies. This indicates high saturation values and, therefore, higher crystallization pressure values within the porous media of the biocalcarenite. On the contrary, the near-equilibrium crystal shape and incongruent precipitation reaction for humberstonite suggest a lower alteration for this salt on the building stone., This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities [grant number RTI2018-099052-BI00], and Regional Governments of Comunidad Valenciana (Spain) [grant number AICO/2020/175] and Madrid (Spain) [Top Heritage, grant number S2018/NMT-4372]. A pre-doctoral research fellowship (PRE2019-088294) was awarded to S.G.O. for the project RTI2018-099052-BI00. A pre-doctoral research fellowship (GRISOLIAP/2020/124) was awarded to M.C.R. by the Department of Innovation, Universities, Science and Digital Society of the Generalitat Valenciana.

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUG In architecture and civil engineering, maintaining historical constructions is essential for preserving cultural heritage. This is especially relevant in constructions exposed to a high degree of degradation, such as historic steel structures. The HBIM (Heritage Building Information Modeling) technology can facilitate and automate this task. In this paper, a methodology based on an HBIM framework is proposed and applied, which allows the control and monitoring of structural health over time. On the one hand, an architectural model of the construction is created. This model collects, in detail, aspects such as the geometrical shape, material composition, structural configuration, and additional data required for the control and management of the construction. On the other hand, a calibrated structural model is also automatically generated. This model represents the actual overall mechanical behavior of the construction. Both models are seamlessly integrated, evolve, and collect data of all the different control or maintenance phases of the construction. The methodology has been validated in the case study of the riveted steel bridge of O Barqueiro, located in Galicia, Spain. Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. RTI2018-095893-B-C21 European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) | Ref. EAPA_826/2018

Within the construction sector, the use of gypsum-based pastes features in the majority of monuments, giving this material significant relevance in conservation and restoration projects affecting the world’s cultural heritage. In this research, we evaluated special gypsum-based colored pastes mixed with air lime, hydraulic lime and sodium silicate, and eight different pigments for their use as replacement materials in architectural restoration and construction. We analyzed the suitability of their physical and chemical properties and their hydric characteristics, mechanics and colorimetric implications in two different studies after 28 days and 120 days. The characterization of the products has mainly confirmed the suitability of the pastes containing pigments for use in the most common applications for these kinds of mixes, highlighting that their specific capacities are worth leveraging. The crystallization of gypsum minerals, observed in all of the mixes, helps to consolidate the shrinkage cracks which appear inside the pastes, improving their mechanical strength values. Another observation of the pastes is related to the amorphous silica precipitates in the mixes which contained sodium silicate: the latter provided to them good mechanical behavior. The improvement observed in the pastes containing the green earth pigment is substantial, due to the inclusion of aluminum silicates and Mg, which is partly responsible for the increased compressive strength of the pastes. Finally, the colorimetric analysis is of vital importance in determining the loss of intensity of the colors of the pastes used, since subjective observation leads to serious errors of interpretation., REMINE Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions WARMEST H2020-MSCA-RISE-2020 (Marie Sklodowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange), Junta de Andalucia RNM 0179 HUM 629

Esta nueva entrega de las fi chas prácticas elaboradas por la Fundación MUSAAT para contribuir a la mejora de la calidad de la edifi cación aborda el control de la resistencia del hormigón fresco.

Sol-silicate paints and polyvinyl acetate paints with similar red and green colour tones were applied to concrete and brick specimens and underwent either natural outdoor exposure in a marine setting for 12 months or accelerated ultraviolet radiation exposure (total exposure 4620 h). Chromatic changes were regularly monitored via spectrophotometer measurements. After exposure, physical, chemical, and mineralogical changes were evaluated using a multianalytical protocol based on stereomicroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle and peeling test measurements. After both tests, all the samples underwent colour changes whose intensity was independent of the type of substrate and type of exposure, being more related to the nature of the chromophore than to the nature of the base paint (organic or sol-silicate). After the outdoor test, the detachment of the pictorial layer was occurred in all the samples, more intensely in the sol-silicate painted brick mockups; this detachment process was related to salt precipitation-dissolution phenomena, mainly gypsum from marine aerosol, which causes effects that are more adverse when the adhesion between the paint and the substrate is weak. Compared to conventional organic paints, the use of sol-silicate paints in works of art in public spaces could meet the durability expectations of artists, always performing a prior evaluation focused to the selection of substrates that provide good adhesion and located in environments free from sources of salts. Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUG Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. RYC2020-028902-I

Laser-directed energy deposition (LDED) is an additive manufacturing (AM) technology which can be an alternative to the traditional subtractive milling process for the obtention of porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) prosthesis. Still, the adhesion performance of the veneering ceramics for this material has been not studied yet. The main objective of this study is to perform a systematic comparison of the adhesion performance of Co-Cr-W metal frameworks obtained through LDED and conventional milling techniques. Comparison includes microstructural, superficial, and adhesion analysis. Co-Cr manufactured via LDED technique presents similar behavior (p < 0.05) in comparison to the material obtained via milling techniques, and its performance was validated with the veneering ceramics and veneering composites currently employed in the dental industry. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. EQC2019-005892-P Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431C 2019/23 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. PID2020-117900RB-I00

Graffiti spray paints are commonly used in contemporaneous mural paintings in public spaces, contributing to the transformation of sites and urban life. These outdoor artworks are now beginning to show different deterioration forms, such as physical-mechanical alteration (loss of material and cohesion, etc.) and chromatic changes. However, the deterioration has not been formally characterized, and the influence of the paint composition and underlying substrate are not known. In this study, three non-metallic (red, blue and black) alkyd graffiti spray paints and one metallic (silver) polyethylene graffiti spray paint were applied to two granite stones with different mineralogy and texture and exposed to a natural urban-marine environment near Vigo (NWSpain) for one decade (2010−2020). Physical changes were evaluated by stereomicroscopy, colour spectrophotometry, measurements of gloss, surface roughness and static contact angle, and peeling test. Mineralogical changes were determined by x-ray diffraction and molecular changes by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, micromorphological and chemical characterization of the surfaces was conducted by scanning electron microscopy. Physical-mechanical changes, such as craquelure and paint loss, depended on the texture of the granite. More specifically, paint on the granite with the finest grain size showed most intense cracking and loss of material. Chemical changes, which were not related to the granite substrate, were most intense in the red and silver paint coatings. In the red paint, loss of binder was accompanied by an intense fading of the colour (due to titanium dioxide relative enrichment), while in the silver paint coating, chemical changes occurred in both the organic binder and aluminiumparticles, thus darkening the colour. Fewer chemical changes were observed in the blue and black paints. Physical and chemical changes detected in these paints were not correlated. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. RYC2020-028902-I European Commission | Ref. n. 588082-EPP-A-2017-1-IT-EPPKA2-KA

This research was funded by the I+D+i PGC2018-093470-B-I00 project financed by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033., This work presents a methodology for the assessment of ancient plasterworks based on traditional inspection techniques, such as organoleptic tests and chemical characterization, and also on digital tools, such as photogrammetric surveys, thermography images, and measurement of ambient conditions with thermohygrometers. This method allows not only defining the alterations detected and establishing the state of conservation but also digitalizing the plasterworks to preserve the heritage and replicate the model if necessary (i.e., replacement of a detachment piece), drawing a hypothesis of the original hidden design of the plasterwork, and conducting a chronological study about the polychromies used over time. In some cases, the assessment has shown that the liming and repolychrome interventions to which plasterworks have been subjected and the powdery state of some areas do not ensure the possibility of the complete polychromy restoration, only its preservation by taking conservation and maintenance measures., MCIN/AEI I+D+i PGC2018-093470-B-I00

Estamos en una época crucial en el desarrollo futuro de la humanidad, enmarcada en un contexto integral sobre protección ambiental. Este interés del ser humano se debe a varios factores, como la sostenibilidad ambiental y la reducción de las emisiones de CO2. Estos factores han generado otra visión en el aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales. El material base cemento reforzado con fibras naturales está solventando hoy en día, un esquema eficaz para satisfacer dicha demanda mundial de materiales de construcción más sustentables. La presente investigación estudia las características más destacadas de materiales base cemento fabricados con diferentes tipos de fibras de origen vegetal de la República Dominicana y de la Región de Murcia. Analizando las propiedades físico-mecánicas, se demuestra que los materiales base cemento que contienen fibra naturales y gel de sílice, muestran una resistencia a compresión y una resistencia a flexión sustancialmente mayores y con mejores prestaciones en cuanto a durabilidad, en comparación con los morteros de referencia (sin ningún tipo fibra), analizando también las mejoras microestructurales que presenta el gel de sílice como remplazo parcial del árido natural en la zona interfacial. Tales beneficios hacen que valga la pena analizar este estudio sobre cómo se pueden implementar estos nuevos materiales. Consejo General de la Arquitectura Técnica de España

Protection of contemporary murals to reduce paint fading caused by exposure to sunlight is currently under study due to a general demand. In this study we evaluated the effectiveness of a commercial protective acrylic finish applied to concrete and brick mock-ups previously painted with different coloured (red and yellow) paints for outdoor and indoor uses. The mock-ups were exposed to an accelerated aging test, with artificial UV irradiation for 3630 h. UV radiation is the most threatening sunlight portion to the paints used in these artworks, inducing mainly fading. Colorimetric measurements were made on the surfaces every 15 days. At the end, aged samples and the respective controls (not subjected to the aging test) were evaluated by stereomicroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Application of the protective finish modified the surface of the paintwork, but generally reduced the rate at which the colour changed. In the mock-ups painted with paint for indoor use without the protective finish, the paintwork degraded faster on brick than on concrete.The findings highlight the need for appropriate selection of paints depending on where they will be applied and the suitability of using a protective finish depending on the composition of each paint. Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. RYC2020-028902-I Universidade de Vigo/CISUG

Roughness, pigment impurities, and neoformed minerals are important factors affecting the reflectance of painted surfaces. However, other factors that have not yet been studied in detail, such as the total thickness of the paint layer and the amount of binder, should also be considered. In this research, oil painting mock-ups, each made with a different number of layers of paint containing a single pigment (lead white, orpiment, cinnabar, azurite or malachite) mixed with different proportions of oil binder, were examined using a hyperspectral imaging system. The results indicate that these characteristics do not directly influence the reflectance of the painted surface. Interestingly, we found that the distribution of the pigments and the oil binder in the paint system (and pigment-binder interaction) are also key to understanding the reflectance values. Thus, accumulation of oil on top of the uppermost paint layer in the multilayer painting mock-ups caused a reduction in reflectance. The increased translucency of the oil paint containing lead white pigment also modified the reflectance, possibly due to the formation of metal soap. Other factors found to affect the reflectance of the painting mock-ups are discussed. Universidade de Vigo | Ref. CINTECX Universidad de Granada | Ref. RMN-179 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. RYC2020-028902-I

The environmental problems caused by industrial waste are of a universal nature. In this sense, achieving an adequate management of construction and demolition waste has become one of the great challenges of today’s society. This work studies the possibility of recovering mineral wool thermal insulation waste for its reincorporation into the manufacturing process of masonry mortar. To this end, an experimental campaign has been conducted with mortars made with natural aggregate and two types of recycled aggregates: concrete and mixed ceramic, in which mineral wool fibers are incorporated as a partial replacement of sand in percentages of 0%, 10% and 20%. The results show that, although the traditional mortars offer better technical performance, the mortars made with recycled aggregate present adequate viability for use on-site. Furthermore, it has been concluded that the incorporation of recycled mineral wool fibers in the mortar matrix decreases the thermal conductivity and shrinkage during the setting of these materials, increasing their mechanical flexural strength and durability. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Bell towers are essential elements of religious architecture, which have been part of villagers’ lives for centuries and have marked their identity and orientation from a far distance. This research provides widens our knowledge of geometrical aspects of bell towers through a search for common building patterns. Throughout the history of construction and architecture, there have been specific studies about particular bell towers, but few have taken a more general approach, studying 18th-century architectural treatises and building warnings for ecclesiastical buildings after the Council of Trent. In the Spanish ecclesiastical territorial organisation, the Diocese of Orihuela and its region (Bajo Segura) had great importance, with outstanding social development and territorial expansion due to the colonising action of the clergy and nobility in the 18th century. In 1829, an earthquake had destructive effects on the area’s architectural heritage. This paper studies the bell towers that endured the earthquake by recording data in situ, generating a catalogue, and analysing and comparing the data obtained. The results outline a construction model that meets the established guidelines of the architectural treatises as far as geometrical proportions and building patterns are concerned. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

After more than two years wearing surgical masks due to the COVID-19 pandemic, used masks have become a significant risk for ecosystems, as they are producing wastes in huge amounts. They are a potential source of disturbance by themselves and as microplastic contamination in the water system. As 5500 tons of face masks are estimated to be used each year, there is an urgent need to manage them according to the circular economy principles and avoid their inadequate disposal. In this paper, surgical wear masks (WM), without any further pretreatment, have been introduced as addition to mortars up to 5% in the weight of cement. Mechanical and microstructural characterization have been carried out. The results indicate that adding MW to the cement supposes a decrease in the properties of the material, concerning both strength and durability behavior. However, even adding a 5% of WM in weight of cement, the aspect of the mortars is quite good, the flexural strength is not significantly affected, and the strength and durability parameters are maintained at levels that—even lower than the reference—are quite reasonable for use. Provided that the worldwide production of cement is around 4.1 Bt/year, the introduction of a 5% of WM in less than 1% of the cement produced, would make it possible to get rid of the mask waste being produced.

[ES] Debido a los avances de los últimos años en distintos campos de la ingeniería, se ha hecho necesario un avance simultáneo en el desarrollo de materiales, en una búsqueda de materiales con mejor rendimiento, mejores propiedades mecánicas o simplemente con comportamientos más apropiados para las exigencias de diferentes aplicaciones. Dada esta necesidad, a finales de la década de 1980 los materiales auxéticos empiezan a captar el interés de los investigadores. Este tipo de materiales se caracteriza por tener un coeficiente de Poisson negativo, es decir, al ser “estirados” su sección transversal aumenta, a diferencia de los materiales convencionales (coeficiente de Poisson positivo), cuya sección transversal disminuye. Durante las siguientes treinta años se ha comprobado el gran potencial que muestran este tipo de materiales, no solo en el campo de la ingeniería, sino también en ciencias, medicina, materiales inteligentes, biomedicina e incluso defensa y deportes. Además, su aplicación se ha podido extender a diferentes tipos de materiales; como metales, polímeros, cerámicos y materiales compuestos. Con el fin de avanzar y contribuir en esta carrera de desarrollo e investigación de los materiales auxéticos, se ha llevado en este trabajo un estudio de una estructura reticular reentrante auxética mediante su aplicación, combinada en una estructura compuesta, en un sistema de protección balística. Se ha realizado un diseño, modelado y modelización de un prototipo de protección, seguido de una serie de simulaciones de elementos finitos con el fin de validar su eficacia ante diferentes tipos de impacto de proyectiles. [EN] Due to the advances of recent years in different fields of engineering, a simultaneous advance in the development of materials has become necessary, in a search for materials with better performance, better mechanical properties or simply with more appropriate behaviors for the requirements of different applications. Given this need, auxetic materials began to attract the interest of researchers in the late 1980s. This type of material is characterized by having a negative Poisson's ratio, i.e., when "stretched" its cross-section increases, unlike conventional materials (positive Poisson's ratio), whose cross-section decreases. Over the next thirty years, the great potential shown by this type of materials has been proven, not only in the field of engineering, but also in science, medicine, intelligent materials, biomedicine and even defense and sports. Furthermore, its application has been extended to different types of materials, such as metals, polymers, ceramics and composites. In order to advance and contribute to this development and research career of auxetic materials, a study of an auxetic reentrant lattice structure has been carried out in this work through its application, combined in a composite structure, in a ballistic protection system. The design, modeling and modeling of a protection prototype was carried out, followed by a series of finite element simulations in order to validate its effectiveness against different types of projectile impact.

The durability of building materials is a fundamental issue addressed by many researchers who seek to improve working life by obtaining durable and more sustainable materials. In the Canary Islands, there are traditional buildings with carpentry elements that remain unchanged, without any apparent degradation. Specifically, the wood used in Canarian heritage comes from the resinous heartwood of Pinus canariensis. Most of these buildings were built between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, and their architectural relevance has been decisive in declaring the city of La Laguna a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The objective of this research is to identify the carpentry elements made with the heartwood of Pinus canariensis within the Canarian architectural heritage and to evaluate its durability. The results show that the loss of mass for the heartwood of Pinus canariensis after the incubation of the fungus was less than 1% in all cases. However, other conifers show a considerable loss of mass, between 25% and 38%. © 2020, © 2020 Taylor & Francis.

Some reinforced concrete structures must be repaired at an early stage in their life due to the oxidation processes suffered by their reinforcements; such processes involve serious pathologies that affect the stability and safety of buildings. Spanish legislation distinguishes several classes of environments, with non-aggressive and normal exposure providing a longer useful life of the structure. The present study shows that some structural elements in reinforced concrete, mainly the pillars in the area of contact with the ground, are exposed to significant corrosion by carbonation. This position of the structural elements dramatically and abruptly shortens the useful life of the models provided for the current regulations. A total of 17 pillars in 10 buildings of different ages and locations in the Spanish Mediterranean area, not subject to the presence of chlorides, have been analyzed. These buildings are situated in environments considered by the standard as normal and non-aggressive. The actual carbonation that these elements present have been compared with that which can be derived from the model established by Spanish regulations. Of these pillars, 14 present a carbonation higher than that derived from the model, and the last three pillars largely conform to the figures of the model. This significant deviation shows the need for a revision of the Spanish EHE 08 regulation, which should include aspects such as the action of dampness by capillarity and the differences in electrochemical potential between the different materials. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

The construction industry must meet current environmental requirements, mostly those pertaining to the reduction in construction and demolition waste and the consumption of raw materials. The use of recycled concrete aggregates can be part of the solution, but one question that arises is how many times recyclables can be recycled. This unknown involves other related queries regarding the properties and possible uses of repeated recycled concrete aggregates. This research is derived from the precast concrete industry, where multi-recycling is a pressing need. From good-quality parent concretes, three cycles of recycled concrete aggregates were produced and analysed. The final results are promising due to the good quality of the recycled and multi-recycled concrete aggregates obtained. Not only can they be used in low-level applications (backfilling) as usual, but they can also be used for more demanding purposes, such as graded aggregates, cement-treated road bases and concrete pavements. Their use in structural concrete is feasible, but it will be dependent on the water absorption level and the amount of recycled aggregate substitution. This research proves the viability of multi-recycled concrete aggregates with all of the associated environmental benefits. © 2022 by the authors.

This study analyses the façades of a white concrete building located in Cádiz (Spain). Numerous sections of the concrete cladding on the façades have become detached and there are clear signs of reinforcement corrosion. For the purposes of this study, the arrangement of the reinforcement was evaluated by georadar (GPR). Cylindrical concrete cores measuring 10 cm in diameter by 15–18 cm in depth were extracted and their carbonation front was evaluated. Samples were characterized by physical properties determination; chemical and mineralogical analysis and the chloride penetration profiles. According to the results obtained, the concrete used can be considered permeable and porous (16.5–19.7%). Only two sampling points fulfilled the minimum reinforcement coating requirements for this type of environmental exposure, in accordance with current Spanish legislation. The carbonation fronts have reached the reinforcements, causing their depassivation. Depending on the orientation of the façade, the penetration of chlorides from marine spray was observed with a maximum value of 0.250% by weight of cement, without reaching the limit states of durability.

El desarrollo de esta Tesis Doctoral ha sido posible gracias al apoyo económico otorgado al proyecto “El cultivo de bambú en la Costa Tropical de Granada como estímulo medioambiental y económico”, referencia PPJI.B.08, financiado por la Universidad de Granada (Plan Propio de Investigación 2017). La aportación económica del Instituto de la Mujer y para la Igualdad de Oportunidades a través del proyecto Quiero Ser Ingeniera (2019), permitió la adquisición de Guadua angustifolia Kunth, la especie utilizada en el desarrollo de dicho proyecto y que fue utilizada dos años después como parte de esta investigación. La especie Bambusa vulgaris Vulgaris fue proporcionada gratuitamente por la empresa Viveros Algaidas S.L., que la cultivaba de forma natural en sus instalaciones en Motril (Granada, España). La empresa Volterra Ecosystem S.L. regaló al grupo de investigación seis nuevas especies de bambú que, a día de hoy, continúan en estudio: Bambusa oldhamii, Dendrocalamus asper, Phyllostachys atrovaginata, Phyllostachys nigra Nigra, Phyllostachys pubescens y Pseudosasa japónica. El Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA) y las empresas Caja Rural de Granada© S.Coop. y La Huerta Xpaña© S.L., han aportado gratuitamente las fincas experimentales en las que se están cultivando las distintas especies de bambú., El bambú es uno de los materiales de construcción más respetuosos con el medio ambiente y que más colabora en la lucha contra el cambio climático, pues es una de las plantas con mayor capacidad de absorción de dióxido de carbono (CO2) del mundo. Además, su particular estructura lo dota de características físicas únicas y de una buena resistencia a compresión, tracción y flexión en relación con su limitada densidad. Existen más de 1600 especies de bambú catalogadas, cada una de las cuales presenta sus propios atributos y singularidades. Por este motivo, el bambú tiene un enorme abanico de usos y aplicaciones. Desde hace milenios se emplea como cultivo, alimento y medicina, así como para fabricar papel, artesanías, muebles, instrumentos y ropa. También se utiliza para controlar la erosión del suelo en las cercanías de ríos y otras fuentes de agua. Entre sus aplicaciones más recientes, se ha descubierto que es capaz de descontaminar aguas residuales contaminadas con arsénico y/o con azul de metileno. Pero sin duda uno de sus usos más antiguos es como material y elemento constructivo. En América del Sur y Asia, se emplea en todo tipo de construcciones, desde puentes y casas humildes hasta colosales andamios y magistrales edificaciones internacionalmente reconocidas y galardonadas. Sin embargo, en España no existe ninguna normativa que regule su uso en edificación, por lo que el bambú no está contemplado como material de construcción y, por lo tanto, no puede emplearse con carácter estructural, quedando su uso restringido al ámbito de los materiales de acabado. En este contexto, esta Tesis Doctoral realiza, mediante una amplia revisión bibliográfica, un estudio sobre el bambú, sus características, propiedades y principales usos. También se detalla su empleo como material de construcción en otros países y se explica su situación actual en España. Por último, se evalúan experimentalmente dos especies: la Guadua angustifolia Kunth y la Bambusa vulgaris Vulgaris. Para ello, y como primer paso, se describen las características generales del bambú, así como sus características físicas y mecánicas. También se detallan sus ventajas e inconvenientes, los principales países productores y algunos de sus usos más extendidos. A continuación, se profundiza en el uso del bambú en el sector de la Construcción. Se explican los diferentes elementos constructivos que pueden fabricarse con él y los usos concretos que pueden dársele en edificación. Además, se muestran ejemplos de todo tipo de construcciones realizadas con bambú a lo largo del mundo y se describen brevemente las normativas sobre el uso del bambú en la construcción existentes actualmente en distintos países. Por último, se analiza la situación del bambú en España y se describen pormenorizadamente las especies que están siendo estudiadas actualmente en la Universidad de Granada. Como parte de dicha investigación, se evalúan experimentalmente dos especies de bambú, calculando la resistencia que ofrecen ante las principales solicitaciones a las que se ven expuestos los edificios. La investigación llevada a cabo en esta Tesis ha permitido conocer los valores de resistencia de las especies analizadas, determinando cómo responden a las condiciones climáticas de Granada., Bamboo is one of the most respectful building materials with the environment and one of the most helpful materials in the fight against climate change, as it is one of the plants with the highest CO2 absorption capacity in the world. Furthermore, its particular structure endows it with unique physical characteristics and good resistance to compression, tensile and bending concerning its limited density. There are more than 1600 catalogued bamboo species, each of which has its attributes and uniqueness. For this reason, bamboo has a vast range of uses and applications. For millennia it has been used as a crop, food and medicine, as well as to make paper, handicrafts, furniture, instruments and clothing. Bamboo is also used to control soil erosion in the vicinity of rivers and other water sources. Among its most recent applications, it has been discovered that it is capable of decontaminating wastewater contaminated with arsenic and/or methylene blue. But without a doubt, one of its oldest uses is as a material and a constructive element. In South America and Asia, it is used in all types of constructions, from humble bridges and houses to colossal scaffolding and internationally recognized and award-winning masterful buildings. However, in Spain there are no normative that regulate its use in buildings, so bamboo is not considered as a construction material and, therefore, cannot be used structurally, leaving its use restricted to the field of finishing materials. In this context, this Doctoral Thesis carries out, through an extensive bibliographic review, a study on bamboo, its characteristics, properties and main uses. Its use as a building material in other countries is also detailed and its current situation in Spain is explained. Finally, two species are experimentally evaluated: Guadua angustifolia Kunth and Bambusa vulgaris Vulgaris. To do this, and as a first step, the general characteristics of bamboo are described, as well as its physical and mechanical characteristics. Its advantages and disadvantages, the main producing countries and some of its most widespread uses are also detailed. Next, the use of bamboo in the Construction sector is delved into. The different building elements that can be manufactured with it and the specific uses that can be given to it in a building are explained. In addition, examples of all types of constructions made with bamboo throughout the world are shown and the regulations on the use of bamboo in construction that currently exist in different countries are briefly described. Finally, the situation of bamboo in Spain is analysed and the species currently being studied at the University of Granada are described in detail. As part of this research, two species of bamboo are experimentally evaluated, calculating the resistance that they offer to the main stresses to which buildings are exposed. The research carried out in this Thesis has made it possible to know the resistance values of the analysed species, determining how they respond to the climatic conditions of Granada., Tesis Univ. Granada., PPJI.B.08 Universidad de Granada (Plan Propio de Investigación 2017), Instituto de la Mujer y para la Igualdad de Oportunidades a través del proyecto Quiero Ser Ingeniera (2019), Viveros Algaidas S.L., Volterra Ecosystem S.L., Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA) y las empresas Caja Rural de Granada© S.Coop. y La Huerta Xpaña© S.L.

This study tries to solve some issues in the construction sector related to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) numbers 3 (health and well-being) and 8 (decent work and economic growth) of the 2030 Agenda, improving the working conditions of workers in the construction sector, at certain latitudes, since they are constantly exposed to inclement weather conditions and their safety may be adversely affected. Therefore, a design of a new procedure for the installation of a panel-based façade is proposed, which allows the complete closing of the building during its execution and thus improves the comfort and safety of workers. In addition to the constructive definition of the proposed system, its implementation procedure and the energy consumption during the interior air conditioning phase are analyzed. In addition, a comparative study of execution times between the proposed procedure and a conventional solution is performed. The conclusions of the study highlight that the proposed system improves: the working conditions in extreme climates and prevents risks derived from work in extreme weather conditions; the precision in the formation of window and door openings and their coordination with the modular façades; the ease of execution and delays the placement of the exterior scaffolding. Overall, the proposed procedure reduces the weight of the façade and the thermal transmittance by 13.5% and reduces not only costs due to the modulation of the system, but also execution times in the façade and interior work phases (around 40%) and the structure phase (around 32%). © 2021

La madera, muy presente en estructuras de edificios patrimoniales, es un material de gran vulnerabilidad ante escenarios adversos (humedad y xilófagos, fundamentalmente). Durante la inspección de las estructuras de madera para decidir si es necesario realizar una intervención y conservación de esta, se debe diagnosticar su estado atendiendo a distintos parámetros, respetando la legitimidad del monumento de ser conservado. Este trabajo presenta una metodología de inspección no destructiva basada en métodos acústicos con el objetivo de tomar decisiones inteligentes de intervención. En concreto, se estudia la detección de xilófagos activos en la madera mediante la técnica de emisión acústica y la determinación de las características resistentes de las vigas mediante inspección por ondas elásticas para la obtención del módulo elástico y asignación de una clase resistente según la norma UNE-EN 338:2016. Además, se presentan ejemplos de aplicación en edificios patrimoniales incluyendo la clasificación visual para detección de patologías y la asignación de clases resistentes según la norma UNE-EN-56544, y el análisis estructural mediante modelado numérico. Wood, which is very present in the structures of heritage buildings, is a material that is highly vulnerable to adverse scenarios (mainly damp and xylophages). During the inspection of wooden structures to decide whether an intervention and conservation of the structure is necessary, its condition must be diagnosed according to different parameters, respecting the legitimacy of the monument to be conserved. This work presents a non-destructive inspection methodology based on acoustic methods with the aim of making intelligent intervention decisions. Specifically, it studies the detection of active xylophages in wood using the acoustic emission technique and the determination of the strength characteristics of beams by means of elastic wave inspection to obtain the elastic modulus and assign a strength class according to the UNE-EN-338:2016 standard. In addition, examples of application in heritage buildings are presented, including visual classification for the detection of pathologies and the assignment of strength classes according to UNE-EN-56544, and structural analysis by means of numerical modelling.

This literature review deepens in how the properties of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) affect the strength behavior of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) and how the expected effect of RCA can be modified by changes in its composition. It is demonstrated that, if the flowability of the SCC remains constant, the compressive strength decreases linearly with the RCA content, although this decrease is lower if the RCA is obtained from the crushing of a concrete with higher strength. The decrease of the water-to-cement ratio allows compensating this loss of strength, although its value should also allow keeping a suitable flowability. The water absorption of RCA and its interaction with other components of the mix increase the variability of the effect of RCA. Therefore, due to the large number of factors involved in this behavior, it is recommended to experimentally study the RCA and the SCC produced with it before its use., La presente revisión bibliográfica profundiza en cómo las características del Árido de Hormigón Reciclado (AHR) afectan al comportamiento resistente del Hormigón AutoCompactante (HAC) y cómo el efecto esperado del AHR puede alterarse por cambios en la composición del HAC. Se demuestra que, si la trabajabilidad del HAC se mantiene constante, la resistencia a compresión disminuye linealmente con el contenido de AHR, aunque este descenso será menor si el AHR procede del machaqueo de un hormigón de mayor resistencia. La disminución de la relación agua/cemento permite compensar esta pérdida de resistencia, aunque su valor debe permitir también mantener una adecuada trabajabilidad del HAC. La absorción de agua del AHR y su interacción con otros compontes incrementan la variabilidad del efecto del AHR. Debido a la gran cantidad de factores implicados en este comportamiento, es recomendable un estudio experimental del AHR y del HAC producido con él antes de su utilización.

This research aims to revalue the possibilities presented by lime mortars for use in renovation and as cladding material on facades. The study focuses on analyzing the technical feasibility of lime mortars with the incorporation of residues from three types of thermal insulation materials: expanded polystyrene with graphite especially suitable for use on facades; expanded polystyrene for use indoors; and insulating mineral wool. The incorporation of these construction and demolition residues makes it possible to improve several technical performance aspects of lime mortars, and to incorporate circular economy criteria in the manufacturing process of these materials. The results showed that the incorporation of mineral wool improves the mechanical resistance to the bending of mortars, increases their durability against freeze–thaw cycles and salt crystallization, and reduces the final shrinkage of mortars. For their part, mortars with the addition of polystyrene-insulating residues reduce mechanical resistance, but also reduce thermal conductivity, and are lighter, which is why they are shown as a possible alternative for use in precast. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

El sector de la construcción se encuentra inmerso en un proceso de transformación constante protagonizado por la innovación, la sostenibilidad y la industrialización. La estandarización de procesos, la agilidad en la ejecución y el ahorro de Costes para ser más competitivos, son factores que sin duda están marcando el futuro de la construcción a nivel global. La Paloma Cerámicas ha desarrollado Termoklinker, un producto en el que convergen todos estos factores que pudiera ser aplicado a los diferentes tipos de construcción: la rehabilitación, obra nueva tradicional y la construcción industrializada. Termoklinker es un sistema modular prefabricado con panel aislante revestido de plaquetas cerámicas con una superficie por panel de 0.744m2 (1240 x 600). La versatilidad del producto permite seleccionar el grosor del panel aislante (de 48 a 138mm XPS) que oscila en base a las condiciones climatológicas y exigencias normativas del lugar del proyecto. Las plaquetas cerámicas, calidad Clinker, van adheridas sobre él mediante morteros de fijación, consiguiendo así un panel solido que se fija a la fachada mecánicamente mediante un sistema compuesto por taco y tornillo alojado en unas rosetas insertadas de origen en el propio panel. Una vez colocados los paneles sobre la fachada se procede al rejuntado con mortero aportando homogeneidad a la fachada. Además, el sistema ofrece todo tipo de piezas necesarias para su completa ejecución (piezas de esquina, dintel, etc.). Es un sistema patentado por La Paloma Cerámicas, compañía líder en España y referente mundial en la fabricación y comercialización de productos cerámicos. Este sistema cuenta con los máximos estándares de calidad y ha sido certificado por el Instituto Eduardo Torroja. Los resultados los podemos ver en más de 70 obras en tres continentes, desde edificios residenciales, hasta hospitalarios, hoteleros, colegios, residencias de estudiantes, tanto en obra nueva, como en rehabilitación y casas industrializadas. Todos los agentes implicados manifiestan su gran satisfacción por la calidad del sistema, su eficiencia y sencillez, tanto a nivel de proyecto sobre plano como a nivel de colocación en la ejecución de la obra. Su sencillez de montaje facilita su preferencia frente a otros materiales más complejos de instalar y ante la importante carestía de profesionales cualificados. Cabe destacar también el escaso impacto medioambiental del desperdicio que se genera en cada obra frente a otros materiales dado que permite hacer un replanteo completo de la misma. Nace como nueva solución industrializada para revestimiento de fachadas, respetando la imagen tradicional de ladrillo. Esta innovación cumple con la normativa más exigente y el nuevo CTE tanto en proyectos de obra nueva, rehabilitación e industrialización. Además, Termoklinker ofrece una solución óptima con el consecuente ahorro energético, ayudando al sector a cumplir con los hitos de reducciones de emisiones de CO2 marcados por la UE. Consejo General de la Arquitectura Técnica de España

Santa Margarida de Montbui és un municipi de la comarca de l’Anoia. La Tossa de Montbui és el turó més emblemàtic del municipi i una porta que s’obre a l’espai natural de la Serra de Miralles-Queralt. El conjunt patrimonial de la Tossa és també un símbol del mateix i forma part de la Ruta Anoia, Terra de Castells. Entendre el castell de la Tossa com una peça dins d’una xarxa i d’un sistema de construccions estratègiques (així com el mateix per cadascuna de les altres) aporta un valor indispensable com a peça d’un raïm més ampli i complex i que, en cas de desaparèixer, aniria més enllà de la pèrdua individual i esdevindria una patologia en el conjunt. Dos artículos sobre Restauració del castell de la Tossa de Montbui: - Paisatge, temps i arquitectura/ Cristina Arribas Sánchez - Mirador de l’Anoia / Elisenda Gadea Solina

Esta nueva entrega de las fichas prácticas elaboradas por la Fundación MUSAAT para contribuir a la mejora de la calidad de la edificación aborda el diseño y la ejecución de las fachadas de bloques cerámicos aligerados multialveolares.

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUG [Abstract] Three cleaning methods, namely i) a commercial biocide applied by brush with the subsequent extraction of organic remains by a rod, ii) a scalpel or iii) a Nd:YVO4 laser at 355 nm, single application as well as paired combinations, were tested for removing from a granite two different crustose lichens: Diploschistes scruposus (lighter with a clearly distinguished thallus) and Polysporina simplex (darker with a poorly developed thallus). In addition to the removal rate, side effects such as melting of biotite and feldspar grains and chromatic changes were assessed. The multianalytical approach was based on stereomicroscopy, light microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and color spectrophotometry. Combining cleaning methods enhanced the removal efficacy. Biocide followed by laser was the most effective method for removing both lichens colonizing this granite. Mineral melting was more intense for the samples covered by Polysporina simplex due to its lower coverage degree and darker color. This research was funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad under grant number BIA2017-85897-R. J.S. Pozo-Antonio was supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation, Government of Spain through grant number RYC2020-028902-I. The authors thank Ms Cristina Montojo from Escola Superior de Conservación e Restauración de Bens Culturais de Galicia and PhD Maria del Carmen López from Universidade de Santiago de Compostela for technical assistance. Funding for open access charge: Universidade de Vigo/CISUG

This article analyzes the different materials of the sector in order to achieve an improvement and awareness towards a more sustainable construction. As the fleas of the article, the behavior of these materials and their responses to the phases o construction have been studied. After carrying out the analysis it has been possible to demonstrate that the controlled evolution of certain materials such as the use of Clinker or cementite, significantly improves the context sustainable construction. On the other hand, by replacing cement with other materials such as fly ash or slag, durability can be improved by 50%, which is a high figure related to the sustainable point of view, thus reducing the impact on the environment.

Hormigón autocompactante con árido reciclado de hormigón y de baja retracción que comprende cemento Portland como primer conglomerante, escoria siderúrgica granulada molida como segundo conglomerante, escoria blanca de horno de cuchara como tercer conglomerante, áridos, agua y aditivos, los áridos comprenden árido reciclado de hormigón, siendo la totalidad de la fracción gruesa y la totalidad de la fracción polvo del hormigón de dicho árido reciclado de hormigón, pudiendo tener además fracción fina del citado árido. El procedimiento de elaboración consta de tres etapas de adición de componentes y mezclado, cada una con su correspondiente reposo.

Acknowledgments J.S. Pozo-Antonio was supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation, Government of Spain through grant number RYC2020- 028902-I. J. Otero’s current research is funded by the European Commission on the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA-IF) from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 on research and innovation, grant agreement N. 893762 (NANOMORT). Funding for open access charge was provided by Universidade de Vigo/CISUG., Consolidation treatment with nanolime is a common conservation intervention which needs more research to enhance penetration and mechanical properties while also minimizing the undesired white veil on the surface which significantly alters the surface appearance. In this light, the application of a cellulose poultice soaked in distilled water over the treated surface with nanolime tries to prevent the formation of white hazes and to favour nanolime carbonation and penetration in the pore structure. However, the real influence of this practice on the consolidation effectiveness has never been studied yet and is not yet well understood. In order to provide more insights about its most suitable application method, in this study, we investigated the effectiveness of a wet cellulose poultice for two different nanolime consolidation treatments on a weathered limestone. Nanolime has been synthetized by anion exchange processes and dispersed in two mediums: i) water and ii) 50% v/v of water and alcohol. The influence of the poultice on the penetration and aesthetic properties has been studied by drilling resistance measurement, ultrasounds test, stereomicroscopy, measurements of roughness and static contact angle, spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy (superficial and cross sectioned samples). Additionally, consolidation effectiveness has been evaluated through the changes in apparent density, open porosity, porosity network in the outer 5 mm of the surface by mercury intrusion porosimetry and surface cohesion by the peeling test. Results show that, contrary to what is usually assumed, samples where a wet cellulose poultice was applied after the consolidant reached the lowest penetration levels and retained lower dry matter in comparison to their counterparts without poultice. A consolidation treatment with nanolime is more complex that it is generally considered, and the application of poultices is not always enhancing consolidation level; the most suitable application procedure must be chosen with regards to the nanolime and substrate specific characteristics., Ministry of Science and Innovation, Government of Spain through grant number RYC2020- 028902-I., European Commission on the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA-IF) from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 on research and innovation, grant agreement N. 893762 (NANOMORT), Funding for open access charge was provided by Universidade de Vigo/CISUG

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUG This paper provides preliminary data on the use of three different mechanical procedures to remove the lichen Diploschistes scruposus and a gypsum black crust from an ornamental granite. The methods used were wet sandblasting (Hydrogommage®), dry sandblasting (IBIX®) and dry-ice blasting. In addition, lichens were also removed by scraping with a scalpel. The cleaning efficacy and undesirable effects to granite were evaluated by stereomicroscopy, colour spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The cleaning efficacy of the mechanical methods depended on the deposit being removed: i) for lichen, dry sandblasting and dry ice blasting produced the best results, while for the black gypsum crust, although both dry and wet sandblasting removed the black particulate matter from the crust, gypsum crystals remained on the surface; ii) the dry sandblasting method induced extraction of granite grains with the subsequent appearance of fissures; iii) for the lichen, the wet sandblasting method was totally unsatisfactory and iv) for the gypsum black crust, dry ice blasting failed to remove the black particulate matter from the crust. Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad | Ref. IJCI-2017-32771

[EN] The use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) is increasingly widespread within the Architecture, Engineering, Construction & Operations (AECO) sector. BIM allows the construction of a digital scale model of the asset to be built, ensuring the early detection of conflicts and interferences, enabling communication between the different participant agents, and facilitating the processes in the maintenance and management phase. Studies on the subject are many and varied. However, very few works refer to the inclusion of BIM in the public procurement stage, one of the most complex and competitive stages within the asset's life cycle. A bibliographic review has been conducted about the BIM situation in the AECO sector contracts, the existing problems and the possible solutions to implement. In the specific field of public procurement, Spain has made great progress, especially at the regional level. During 2020, a total of 440 tenders with BIM requirements were published, with an investment volume of EUR 752 million, which represents an increase of 230% compared to 2017. The aim of this research is to analyze the Spanish public procurement, highlighting the progress made so far in the implementation of this technology, as well as to develop a proposal of BIM requirements that, in general, could be used as a reference for tenders of the AECO sector in the country. With this objective, a selection of twenty relevant public tenders is made, covering both the building and infrastructure fields. The requirements address areas such as: BIM uses, BIM deliverables, model structure, Level of Development, Common Data Environment, classification systems, standards or quality control., This research was funded by Contract with Cabildo de Tenerife (Spain) and Agreement with City Hall of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Spain): ULLCT2101; ULLASC2102. The work of Ana Perez-Garcia was funded by the Predoctoral Program for Training of Research Personnel of the Canary Islands Government Agencia Canaria de Investigacion, Innovacion y Sociedad de la Informacion (ACIISI), co-financed with the European Social Fund (contract number TESIS2021010090).