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Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUG Current trends are shifting away from using synthetic compounds in favor of discovering new natural component sources that will allow them to create goods that are healthful, environmentally friendly, sustainable, and profitable. The food industry, in light of these trends, has opted to look for safe natural ingredients that will allow the production of low-fat, artificial-additive-free, gluten-free, prebiotic, and fortified foods. Similarly, the pharmaceutical and medical industries have attempted to apply natural ingredients to address the challenges related to biomaterials more efficiently than synthetic ingredients. Against this background, plant mucilage has proven to be a polysaccharide with excellent health features and technological properties, useful for both food and biomedical applications. Many studies have shown that its inclusion in different food matrices improves the quality of the products obtained under appropriate reformulations. At the same time, plant mucilage has been indicated to be a very interesting matrix in biomedical field especially tissue engineering applications since it has been emerged to favor tissue regeneration with its highly biocompatible structure. This concise review discusses the most recent advances of the applications of plant mucilage in different foods as well as its recent use in biomedical field. In this context, firstly, a general definition of mucilage was made and information about plant-based mucilage, which is frequently used, about the plant parts they are found in, their content and how they are obtained are presented. Then, the use of mucilage in the food industry including bakery products, meat emulsions, fermented dairy products, ice cream, and other foods is presented with case studies. Afterwards, the use of plant mucilage in the biomedical field, which has attracted attention in recent years, especially in applications with tissue engineering approach such as scaffolds for tissue regeneration, wound dressings, drug delivery systems and pharmaceutical industry was evaluated Axencia Galega de Innovación (GAIN) |Ref. IN606B-2022/006 Axencia Galega de Innovación (GAIN) |Ref. IN607A2019/01 CYTED | Ref.119RT0568

Artemisia campestris L. is commonly used in folk medicine due to its antioxidant, antidiabetic, nutritional, and culinary properties. Our study assessed the total phenolics contents, antioxidant, and pharmacological activities of various organic extracts prepared from the aerial parts of Artemisia campestris, and its mineral elements and chemical profile were analyzed. ICP-OES was used to analyze the mineral profile and the LC-MS/MS analysis was used to characterize the phytochemical profiling. A series of antioxidant tests were carried out using DPPH, ABTS, beta-carotene, GOR, RP, CUPRAC, and O-Phenanthroline assays. In vitro potent inhibitory actions of A. campestris extracts were investigated to evaluate their anti-cholinesterase, anti-lipase and anti-diabetic activities. The photoprotective effect of the plant was measured by the sun protection factor. The most powerful inhibitor of α-amylase was AcPEE (IC50 = 11.79 ± 0.14 μg/mL), which also showed a significant butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory effect (IC50 = 93.50 ± 1.60 μg/mL). At IC50 = 23.16 ± 0.19 μg/mL, AcEAE showed the most powerful inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase. A. campestris was found to have a strong photoprotective ability, absorbing UV radiations with SPF values ranging from 26.07 ± 0.22 to 40.76 ± 0.11. The results showed that A. campestris extract has strong antioxidant activity in all the test samples except for the carotene bleaching assay. The LC/MS-MS results showed that AcDE, AcEAE, and AcBE identified 11 compounds belonging to Polyphenols Compounds. Our result also showed that A. campestris contains a high concentration of essential minerals, including macro-and micro-elements with their values close to the FAO’s recommended concentration. A. campestris has the capacity to improve pharmaceutical formulations, health, and medical research, due to its compositions and potent biological properties.

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUG The sea is a vast ecosystem that has remained primarily unexploited and untapped, resulting in numerous organisms. Consequently, marine organisms have piqued the interest of scientists as an abundant source of natural resources with unique structural features and fascinating biological activities. Marine macrolide is a top-class natural product with a heavily oxygenated polyene backbone containing macrocyclic lactone. In the last few decades, significant efforts have been made to isolate and characterize macrolides’ chemical and biological properties. Numerous macrolides are extracted from different marine organisms such as marine microorganisms, sponges, zooplankton, molluscs, cnidarians, red algae, tunicates, and bryozoans. Notably, the prominent macrolide sources are fungi, dinoflagellates, and sponges. Marine macrolides have several bioactive characteristics such as antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, antiviral), anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, and neuroprotective activities. In brief, marine organisms are plentiful in naturally occurring macrolides, which can become the source of efficient and effective therapeutics for many diseases. This current review summarizes these exciting and promising novel marine macrolides in biological activities and possible therapeutic applications.

Saffron is a valued herb, obtained from the stigmas of the C. sativus Linn (Iridaceae), with therapeutic effects. It has been described in pharmacopoeias to be variously acting, including as an anti-depressant, anti-carcinogen, and stimulant agent. The therapeutic effects of saffron are harbored in its bioactive molecules, notably crocins, the subject of this paper. Crocins have been demonstrated to act as a monoamine oxidase type A and B inhibitor. Furthermore, saffron petal extracts have experimentally been shown to impact contractile response in electrical field stimulation. Other research suggests that saffron also inhibits the reuptake of monoamines, exhibits N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonism, and improves brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling. A host of experimental studies found saffron/crocin to be similarly effective as fluoxetine and imipramine in the treatment of depression disorders. Saffron and crocins propose a natural solution to combat depressive disorders. However, some hurdles, such as stability and delivery, need to be overcome. United States Department of Agriculture | Ref. 2020-38821-31113 National Institute of Food and Agriculture | Ref. NC.X337-5-21-170-1 National Institute of Food and Agriculture | Ref. NC.X341-5-21-170-1

Bee products have long been used in traditional healing practices to treat many types of disorders, including cancer and microbial-related diseases. Indeed, several chemical compounds found in bee products have been demonstrated to display anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and antiparasitic properties. With the improvement of research tools and in view of recent advances related to bee products, this review aims to provide broad yet detailed insight into the pharmaceutical prospects of bee products such as honey, propolis, bee pollen, royal jelly, bee bread, beeswax, and bee venom, in the domain of cancer and infectious disease management. Available literature confirms the efficacy of these bee products in the alleviation of cancer progression, inhibition of bacterial and viral proliferation, and mitigation of parasitic-related symptoms. With such potentials, bioactive components isolated from the bee products can be used as an alternative approach in the long-run effort to improve humans’ health at a personal and community level.

Sterculia foetida, also known as jangli badam in Bangladesh, is a traditionally used plant that has pharmacological activities. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed to assess the metabolites in a methanolic extract of S. foetida seeds (MESF), and the cytotoxic, thrombolytic, anti-arthritics, analgesic, and antipyretic activities were examined using in vitro, in vivo, and in silico experiments. Quantitative studies were performed through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. The brine shrimp lethality bioassays and clot lysis were performed to investigate the cytotoxic and thrombolytic activities, respectively. The anti-arthritics activity was assessed using the albumin denaturation assay. Analgesic activity was determined using the acetic acid-induced writhing test and the formalin-induced paw-licking test. A molecular docking study was performed, and an online tool was used to perform ADME/T (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion/toxicity) and PASS (Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances). GC-MS analysis identified 29 compounds in MESF, consisting primarily of phenols, terpenoids, esters, and other organic compounds. MESF showed moderate cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp and significant thrombolytic and anti-arthritics activities compared with the relative standards. The extract also showed a dose-dependent and significant analgesic and antipyretic activities. Docking studies showed that 1-azuleneethanol, acetate returned the best scores for the tested enzymes. These findings suggested that MESF represents a potent source of thrombolytic, anti-arthritic, analgesic, antipyretic agents with moderate cytotoxic effects.

Molineria capitulata is an ornamental plant that has traditionally been used to treat several chronic diseases. The present study was designed to examine the antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities of a methanolic extract of M. capitulata leaves (MEMC) using both experimental and computational models. Previously established protocols were used to perform qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening in MEMC. A computational study, including molecular docking and ADME/T analyses, was performed. The quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as 148.67 and 24 mg/g, respectively. Antioxidant activity was assessed by examining the reducing power of MEMC, resulting in absorbance of 1.87 at 400 µg/mL, demonstrating a strong reduction capacity. The extract exhibited significant protection against blood clotting and showed the highest protein denaturation inhibition at 500 µg/mL. In both the acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced paw-licking models, MEMC resulted in significant potential pain inhibition in mice. In the computational analysis, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, orcinol glucoside, curcapital, crassifogenin C, and 2,6-dimethoxy-benzoic acid displayed a strong predictive binding affinity against the respective receptors. These findings indicated that M. capitulata possesses significant pharmacological activities to an extent supported by computational studies.

This study describes the minerals elements, chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Algerian Melissa officinalis plant. The essential oil (EO) was extracted by hydrodistillation (HD) using a Clevenger-type apparatus of dry leaves of M. officinalis and was analyzed by two techniques, gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Eighteen minerals comprising both macro- and microelements (As, Br, K, La, Na, Sb, Sm, Ba, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, Rb, Sc, Th, and Zn) were determined using neutron activation analysis technique for the first time from Algerian Melissa officinalis plant. Seventy-eight compounds were identified in the essential oil, representing 94.090% of the total oil and the yields were 0.470%. The major component was geranial (45.060%). Other predominant components were neral (31.720%) and citronellal (6.420%). The essential oil presented high antimicrobial activity against microorganisms, mainly five human pathogenic bacteria, one yeast, Candida albicans, and two phytopathogenic fungi. The results can be used as a source of information for the pharmaceutical industry and medical research.

Bromelain is an effective chemoresponsive proteolytic enzyme derived from pineapple stems. It contains several thiol endopeptidases and is extracted and purified via several methods. It is most commonly used as an anti-inflammatory agent, though scientists have also discovered its potential as an anticancer and antimicrobial agent. It has been reported as having positive effects on the respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems, and potentially on the immune system. It is a natural remedy for easing arthritis symptoms, including joint pain and stiffness. This review details bromelain’s varied uses in healthcare, its low toxicity, and its relationship to nanoparticles. The door of infinite possibilities will be opened up if further extensive research is carried out on this pineapple-derived enzyme.

Lepidagathis hyaline Nees is used locally in Ayurvedic medicine to treat coughs and cardiovascular diseases. This study explored its pharmacological potential through in vivo and in vitro approaches for the metabolites extracted (methanolic) from the stems of L. hyalina. A qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of numerous secondary metabolites. The methanol extract of L. hyalina stems (MELHS) showed a strong antioxidative activity in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and reducing power assays, and in the quantitative (phenolic and flavonoid) assay. Clot lysis and brine shrimp lethality bioassays were applied to investigate the thrombolytic and cytotoxic activities, respectively. MELHS exhibited an expressive percentage of clot lysis (33.98%) with a moderately toxic (115.11 μg/mL) effect. The in vivo anxiolytic activity was studied by an elevated plus maze test, whereas the antidepressant activity was examined by a tail suspension test and forced swimming test. During the anxiolytic evaluation, MELHS exhibited a significant dose-dependent reduction of anxiety, in which the 400 mg/kg dose of the extract showed 78.77 ± 4.42% time spent in the open arm in the elevated plus maze test. In addition, MELHS demonstrated dose-dependent and significant activities in the tail suspension test and forced swimming test, whereas the 400 mg/kg dose of the extract showed 87.67 ± 6.40% and 83.33 ± 6.39% inhibition of immobile time, respectively. Therefore, the current study suggests that L. hyalina could be a potential source of anti-oxidative, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, anxiolytic, and antidepressant agents. Further study is needed to determine the mechanism behind the bioactivities.

The use of conventional drugs to treat metabolic disorders and the pathological consequences of diabetes further increases the complications because of the side effects, and is sometimes burdensome due to relatively higher costs and occasionally painful route of administration of these drugs. Therefore, shifting to herbal medicine may be more effective, economical, have fewer side effects and might have minimal toxicity. The present review amasses a list of ethnomedicinal plants of 143 species belonging to 61 families, from distinctive domestic survey literature, reported to have been used to treat diabetes by the ethnic and local people of Bangladesh. Leaves of the medicinal plants were found leading in terms of their use, followed by fruits, whole plants, roots, seeds, bark, stems, flowers, and rhizomes. This review provides starting information leading to the search for and use of indigenous botanical resources to discover bioactive compounds for novel hypoglycemic drug development.

La fibromialgia es una patología de evolución crónica, cuyo síntoma representativo es el dolor crónico que se puede acompañar de trastornos del sueño, disfunción cognitiva y otras manifestaciones de tipo somático. Afecta al 2% de la población, observándose un incidecia mayor en las mujeres frente los varones, en un ratio de 1:9. En España la prevalencia es del 2,4% y el ratio de incidnecia entre ambos sexos es de 22:1. Las medidas de tratamiento deben ir enfocadas a mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente. Por ello y siguiendo en esta línea, el abordaje no farmacológico debería radicar, junto con otras medidas, en la educación para la salud, ya que se demostró una mejoría de la calidad de vida cuanto mayor es el conocimiento del proceso. Una estrategia que evidenció su eficacia unida a la educación sanitaria, con escasos efectos secundarios para el tratamiento de él dolor crónico, es el uso tópico de aguas mineromedicinales. Su utilización es segura y bien aceptada, además de provocar relajación muscular analgesia y sedación, fundamental en estos pacientes. A fibromialxia é unha patoloxía de evolución crónica, cuxo síntoma representativo é o dor crónico que se pode acompañar de trastornos do sono, disfunción cognitiva e outras manifestacións de tipo somático. Afecta o 2% da poboación, observándose unha incidencia maior nas mulleres fronte os varóns, en un ratio de 1:9. En España a prevalencia é do 2,4% e o ratio de incidencia entre ambos sexos é de 22:1. As medidas de tratamiento deben ir enfocadas a mellorar a calidade de vida do paciente. Por elo e seguindo nesta liñea, o abordaxe non farmacolóxico debería radicar, xunto con outras medidas, na educación para a saude, xa que se demostrou unha melloría da calidade de vida cuanto maior é o coñecemento do proceso. Unha estratexia que evidenciou a sua eficacia unida a educación sanitaria, con escasos efectos secundarios para o tratamento del dor crónico, é o uso tópico de augas mineromedicinales. A súa utilización é segura e ben aceptada, ademais de provocar relaxación muscular analxesia e sedación, fundamental nestes pacientes. Fibromyalgia is a pathology of chronic evolution, whose symptom is chronic pain that can be accompanied by sleep disorders, cognitive dysfunction and other manifestations of somatic type. It affects 2% of the population, with a greater incidence in women compared to men, with a ratio of 1: 9. In Spain the prevalence is 2.4% and the incidence ratio between both sexes is 22: 1. Treatment measures should be focused on improving the patient's quality of life. Therefore, and in line with this, the non-pharmacological approach should, along with other measures, be based on health education, since an improvement in the quality of life was demonstrated when the process was better understood. One strategy that demonstrated its effectiveness linked to health education, with few side effects for the treatment of chronic pain, is the topical use of mineral-medicinal waters. Its use is safe and well accepted, besides causing muscle relaxation analgesia and sedation, fundamental in these patients.

[ES] La salud como derecho fundamental se encuentra reconocido en las cartas magnas de los ordenamientos jurídicos democráticos. La protección de este derecho por parte de los Estados debe iniciarse a través del fomento de la investigación lo que conduce al desarrollo de medicamentos novedosos y eficaces. A su vez, los gobiernos deben asegurar que toda la ciudadanía tenga acceso a estos nuevos fármacos, creados con el fin de erradicar y apalear las distintas enfermedades que aquejan a miles de persona de nuestra sociedad. El Derecho de patentes farmacéuticas y biofarmacéuticas, así como el Derecho de la competencia componen un tema trascendente en el sector de la salud. Nos encontramos ante una controversia de ámbito global, por una parte, están quienes defienden los derechos de exclusividad porque consideran que se debe apostar por la inversión en innovación. De otro lado, se hallan quienes abogan que se debe limitar ese derecho exclusivo, argumentando que afecta al Derecho Antitrust y por consiguiente se limita el acceso universal a los medicamentos y como consecuencia se vulnera el Derecho fundamental de la salud. Es necesario, por lo tanto, ahondar en el estudio de un sistema adoptado por las modernas legislaciones de patentes, y que busca crear un ambiente competitivo en el que se mejore el funcionamiento del mercado permitiendo que participen en él nuevos agentes que ofrecen una alta variedad de productos farmacéuticos y biofarmacéuticos a precios asequibles buscando el beneficio del consumidor. De esta manera se pretende que todos los miembros de la sociedad tengan un fácil acceso a aquellos medicamentos esenciales los cuales deben ser seguros, eficaces y a precios razonables. Las crisis económicas y sanitarias globales como la actual crisis por la pandemia de la COVID-19, más otros factores como el aumento de las clases sociales de nivel económico medio-bajo, el aumento de personas de avanzada edad, los cambios demográficos que ya se van indicando en las pirámides poblacionales de los países desarrollados y el aumento de la esperanza de vida, coadyuva a frenar el acceso universal a los medicamentos, sumada, asimismo, a la ausencia de apoyo de los países desarrollados a los países más pobres y aquellos países en vías de desarrollo. La cooperación entre los Estados es esencial a la hora de proteger la salud pública, a través de los diferentes acuerdos internacionales. Los Acuerdo sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio, ADPIC, en uno de sus objetivos se busca el bienestar social, económico y el equilibrio entre derechos y obligaciones. Uno de los objetivos a resaltar en este trabajo de investigación, se fundamenta en encontrar un equilibrio adecuado entre las necesidades que incentivan la innovación y favorecer el acceso a los medicamentos, preservando siempre la libre competencia. Del mismo modo se pretende reflexionar sobre el sistema internacional de patentes a fin de patrocinar y mejorar el acceso a la salud de la población. En esta investigación se pretende demostrar que existe un sistema de patentes flexible que combine el derecho de exclusividad con ciertos límites, tales como, la posibilidad de experimentación de productos patentados, las licencias obligatorias de productos farmacéuticos y biofarmacéuticos, entre otros. La búsqueda de soluciones equilibradas al incentivo de la investigación y a su vez que pueda cubrirse las necesidades sociales de acceso a los medicamentos con el fin de salvaguardar el sistema de salud pública. La introducción de medicamentos biológicos en el mercado requiere de una participación notable de las autoridades sanitarias a nivel comunitario y estatal. Dicha intervención se ve reflejada en las directrices sobre los procedimientos de desarrollo del fármaco y de la autorización para la comercialización que las empresas originadoras y de biosimilares deben seguir para introducir el producto en el mercado. Una vez delimitados los elementos esenciales para la obtención de una autorización de comercialización de un biológico original, nos adentramos en lo que hemos considerado como una de las principales alternativas para el acceso a la salud. Desde que los sistemas nacionales de salud recurren a los medicamentos biosimilares como alternativa más económica de disposición de compuestos esenciales, se producen una serie de efectos positivos en el plano de la competencia y un impacto potencial en el gasto farmacéutico. Esta disertación se centra en el respeto a la competencia, en el apoyo a la innovación y en la protección incansable del Derecho a la salud.

Dhaiphul (Woodfordia fruticosa) is a frequently demanded plant in South-East Asian regions for its diverse medicinal values. This study was proposed to examine antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antidepressant potentials of methanol extract of W. fruticosa leaves (MEWF) and its derived n-hexane (NHFMEWF) and ethyl acetate (EAFMEWF) fractions through in vitro, in vivo, and computational models. Among test samples, MEWF and EAFMEWF contained the highest phenolic content and showed maximal antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging and ferric reducing power assays. In comparison, NHFMEWF possessed maximum flavonoid content and a significantly potent α-amylase inhibitory profile comparable with positive control acarbose. In animal models of depression (forced swimming and tail suspension test), EAFMEWF and NHFMEWF demonstrated a dose-dependent antidepressant-like effect, explicitly, the depressive-like behaviors significantly declined in EAFMEWF-treated dosing groups in contrast to the control group. In the computational analysis, previously isolated flavonoid compounds from Dhaiphul leaves manifested potent binding affinity against several key therapeutic target proteins of diabetes and depressive disorders including α-amylase, serotonin transporter, dopamine transporter, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase with varying pharmacokinetics and toxicity profiles. This research’s outcomes may provide potential dietary supplements for mitigating hyperglycemia, cellular toxicity, and depressive disorder.

Byttneria pilosa is locally known as Harijora, and used by the native hill-tract people of Bangladesh for the treatment of rheumatalgia, snake bite, syphilis, fractured bones, elephantiasis and an antidote for poisoning. The present study was carried out to determine the possible anti-inflammatory, analgesic, neuropharmacological and anti-diarrhoeal activity of the methanol extract of B. pilosa leaves (MEBPL) through in vitro, in vivo and in silico approaches. In the anti-inflammatory study, evaluated by membrane stabilizing and protein denaturation methods, MEBPL showed a significant and dose dependent inhibition. The analgesic effect of MEBPL tested by inducing acetic acid and formalin revealed significant inhibition of pain in both tests. During the anxiolytic evaluation, the extract exhibited a significant and dose-dependent reduction of anxiety-like behaviour in mice. Similarly, mice treated with MEBPL demonstrated dose-dependent reduction in locomotion effect in the open field test and increased sedative effect in the thiopental sodium induced sleeping test. MEBPL also showed good anti-diarrheal activity in both castor oil induced diarrheal and intestinal motility tests. Besides, a previously isolated compound (beta-sitosterol) exhibited good binding affinity in docking and drug-likeliness properties in ADME/T studies. Overall, B. pilosa is a biologically active plant and could be a potential source of drug leads, which warrants further advanced study.

Bee venom (BV) is usually associated with pain since, when humans are stung by bees, local inflammation and even an allergic reaction can be produced. BV has been traditionally used in ancient medicine and in acupuncture. It consists of a mixture of substances, principally of proteins and peptides, including enzymes as well as other types of molecules in a very low concentration. Melittin and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) are the most abundant and studied compounds of BV. Literature of the main biological activities exerted by BV shows that most studies focuses on the comprehension and test of anti-inflammatory effects and its mechanisms of action. Other properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, neuroprotective or antitumor effects have also been assessed, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, human trials are necessary to confirm those clinical applications. However, notwithstanding the therapeutic potential of BV, there are certain problems regarding its safety and the possible appearance of adverse effects. On this perspective, new approaches have been developed to avoid these complications. This manuscript is aimed at reviewing the actual knowledge on BV components and its associated biological activities as well as the latest advances on this subject. European Union | Ref. 0181_NANOEATERS_01_E European Union | Ref. 0377_IBERPHENOL_6_E Xunta de Galicia | Ref. IN852A 2018/58

Pani heloch (Antidesma montanum) is traditionally used to treat innumerable diseases and is a source of wild vegetables for the management of different pathological conditions. The present study explored the qualitative phytochemicals, quantitative phenol and flavonoid contents, in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and thrombolytic effects, and in vivo antipyretic and analgesic properties of the methanol extract of A. montanum leaves in different experimental models. The extract exhibited secondary metabolites including alkaloids, flavonoids, flavanols, phytosterols, cholesterols, phenols, terpenoids, glycosides, fixed oils, emodines, coumarins, resins, and tannins. Besides, Pani heloch showed strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 99.00 &micro, g/mL), while a moderate percentage of clot lysis (31.56%) in human blood and significant anti-inflammatory activity (p &lt, 0.001) was achieved with the standard. Moreover, the analgesic and antipyretic properties appeared to trigger a significant response (p &lt, 0.001) relative to in the control group. Besides, an in silico study of carpusin revealed favorable protein-binding affinities. Furthermore, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity analysis and toxicological properties of all isolated compounds adopted Lipinski&rsquo, s rule of five for drug-like potential and level of toxicity. Our research unveiled that the methanol extract of A. montanum leaves exhibited secondary metabolites that are a good source for managing inflammation, pyrexia, pain, and cellular toxicity. Computational approaches and further studies are required to identify the possible mechanism which responsible for the biological effects.

Chukrasia velutina is a local medicinal plant commonly known as chikrassy in Bangladesh, India, China, and other South Asian countries. The leaves, bark, and seeds are vastly used as herbal medicine for fever and diarrhea, and its leaves essential oils are used for antimicrobial purposes. In this study, we discuss the neuropsychiatric properties of C. velutina leaves through several animal models, quantitative and qualitative phytochemical analysis, and computational approaches. Neuropsychiatric effects were performed in rodents on the methanolic extract of C. velutina leaves (MECVL). Antidepressant, anxiolytic, and sedative effects experimented through these rodent models were used such as the force swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), hole board test (HBT), elevated plus maze test (EPMT), light/dark box test (LDBT), open field test (OFT), and hole cross test (HCT). In these rodent models, 200 and 400 mg/kg doses were used which exhibited a significant result in the force swimming and tail suspension test (p &lt, 0.001) for the antidepressant effect. In the anxiolytic study, the results were significant in the hole board, elevated plus maze, and light/dark box test (p &lt, 0.001) for doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. The result was also significant in the open field and hole cross test (p &lt, 0.001) for sedative action in the sake of similar doses. Moreover, qualitative and quantitative studies were also performed through phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis, and fifty-seven phytochemical compounds were found. These compounds were analyzed for pharmacokinetics properties using the SwissADME tool and from them, thirty-five compounds were considered for the molecular docking analysis. These phytoconstituents were docking against the human serotonin receptor, potassium channel receptor, and crystal structure of human beta-receptor, where eight of the compounds showed a good binding affinity towards the respective receptors considered to the reference standard drugs. After all of these analyses, it can be said that the secondary metabolite of C. velutina leaves (MECVL) could be a good source for inhibiting the neuropsychiatric disorders which were found on animal models as well as in computational studies.

Este trabajo de historia de la medicina persigue como objetivo fundamental conocer y transmitir la medicina y sus prácticas en la antigüedad, basándonos en la figura del mejor cirujano del siglo XVI según los historiadores, el extremeño Francisco Arceo de Fregenal de la Sierra (1494-1575d.C.). Fue uno de los más célebres personajes del Monasterio de Guadalupe. Dedicó su vida al estudio de las enfermedades como la tuberculosis (tisis) o la sífilis. Estas fueron muy temidas y devastadoras en la Europa de los siglos XV, XVI y XVII. En este trabajo haremos mención a importantes autores que abordaron la enfermedad de “bubas”, así como las disímiles teorías que en torno a ella se originan y mencionaremos obras maestras de autores que conocieron la sífilis muy de cerca. Arceo también escribe un amplio tratado sobre la curación de las diferentes fiebres a la vez que podemos encontrar trabajos relacionados con la ortopedia, avances que en esta rama científica fueron abrumadores puesto que construye aparatos ortopédicos cuyo uso perdura en el tiempo., This work of history of medicine aims to essential to know and transmit the medicine and their practices in ancient times, based on the figure of the best surgeon of the 16th century according to historians, the Extremadura Francisco Arceo of Fregenal de la Sierra (1494-1575d.C.). He was one of the most famous characters of the Monastery of Guadalupe. He dedicated his life to the study of diseases such as tuberculosis (consumption) or syphilis. These were very feared and devastating in the Europe of the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. In this work, we will mention important authors who addressed the disease of "bumps", as well as the dissimilar theories around it originate and we will mention masterpieces of authors who knew the syphilis very closely. Arceo also writes a comprehensive treaty on the healing of the various fevers at the same time we can find jobs related to the orthopedics, progress in this scientific branch were overwhelming since it builds braces that endures over time.

The present PhD thesis shows a proposal of valorization of the invasive alga "S. muticum" including several processes to obtain and purify bioactive compounds and some of their applications. Extraction and fractionation steps have been tested and optimized, the obtained fractions and compounds were characterized and their potential as cosmetic and pharmaceutical ingredients were determined. Utilized processes and obtained streams were integrated and connected under the biorefinery concept, due to minimize the waste production, maximize subproducts advantage and increase the yield of high-added value products. In addition, the colaboration with other research centers by short-term researchs or work colaboration, a compound was isolated and its structure was elucidated. Obtained compound, extracts and fractions were tested in vitro for photodamage attenuation capacity in UVA irradiated dermal cells, for anti-tumoral capacity in cancer cells, and as antioxidant agents in cosmetics formulations stability assays. There are some works describing the use of different components of the algal biomass and, probably, there are still new applications to discover in cosmetics and pharmaceutics. Several studies are needed to complete and make progresses on this proposal of S. muticum valorization. Se pretende desarrollar un proceso de fraccionamiento del algas invasoras, en particular de una de las más peligrosas desde el punto de vista ecológico y económico, "Sargassum muticum", para aprovechar componentes útiles como ingredientes cosméticos con actividad antioxidante. El aprovechamiento integral supone una aproximación práctica a la producción sostenible y la gestión racional de recursos naturales, reduciendo el impacto ecológico y económico negativo de estas algas y minimizando la generación de residuos. Se realizará la optimización de los procesos de extracción, concentración y purificación de antioxidantes y su evaluación para empleo cosmético. Se plantea la extracción sucesiva de componentes del citoplasma y de la pared celular (alginatos, fucoidanos, florotaninos) con diversas tecnologías y su purificación posterior. Se abordará la caracterización físico-química y evaluación de propiedades toxicológicas, biológicas y tecnológicas de diversas fracciones para la formulación de cosméticos modelo, cuya estabilidad oxidativa se evaluará durante el almacenamiento. Se incluye el análisis comparativo de diferentes alternativas, una estimación preliminar de mercado de los productos obtenidos y el análisis económico del proceso propuesto. Se pretende que la tecnología desarrollada sea además aplicable al procesamiento de otras algas invasoras y/o a fracciones de desecho de algas alimentarias. Preténdese desenvolver un proceso de fraccionamento de algas invasoras, en particular das más perigosas dende o punto de vista ecolóxico e económico, "Sargassum muticum", para aproveitar os compoñentes útiles como ingredientes cosméticos con actividade antioxidante. O aproveitamento integral supón unha aproximación práctica á producción sostible e a xestión racional dos recursos naturais, coa reducción do impacto ecolóxico e económico negativo destas algas e a minimización da xeración de residuos. Realizarase a optimización dos procesos de extracción, concentración e purificación de antioxidantes e a súa evaluación para o empleo cosmético. Plantésaxe a extracción sucesiva de compoñentes do citoplasma e da parede celular (alxinatos, fucoidanos, florotaninos) con diversas tecnoloxías e a súa purificación posterior. Abordarase a caracterización físico-química e a evaluación de propiedades toxicolóxicas, biolóxicas e tecnolóxicas de diversas fraccións para a formulación de cosméticos modelo, das que se evaluará a súa estabilidade oxidativa durante o almacenamento. Inclúese a análise comparativa de diferentes alternativas, unha estimación preliminar de mercado dos productos obtidos e a análise económica do proceso proposto. Preténdese que a tecnoloxía desenvolvida sexa, ademais, aplicable ó procesamento de outras algas invasoras e/ou ás fraccións de desfeito das algas alimentarias. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia | Ref. BES 2010-041807 Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. CTM 2012-38095

Trabajo de Fin de Master en Antropología de Iberoamérica. Curso 2013-2014, [ES] El ritual Zujbirej es una ceremonia que dura un día, pero el rito de paso de los jóvenes Zoró pasa a través de varios años de su vida, e incluye muchos rituales como el ritual de Juli, de Wataga que se inicia cuando el niño tiene 05 años y solo se concluye en la edad adulta, alrededor de los 20 años. Hay todavía una fase intermedia de los ritos a los 10 años de edad. En cuanto al ritual Zujbirej Kaj Pamawê se conoce también como la preparación del cazador, sino también como la iniciación en la edad adulta. Mi acercamiento al ritual toma un enfoque antropológico para de Victor Turner con la tema de la “performance”. En cuanto a los beneficios para la salud, del Ritual Zujbirej Kaj Pamawê, señalamos la posible resultante biológica de las picaduras de las hormigas. Mediante la inyección de ácido fórmico en el cuerpo, estas picaduras contribuyen a la defensa endógena del individuo, el aumento de la inmunidad contra las enfermedades. Entre los Zoró puede encontrar tratamiento a través de las propiedades curativas de ácido fórmico de las hormigas para combatir la dificultad para respirar, ronquidos y la apnea del sueño. El Zoró habitualmente cura este tipo de enfermedades a través de las picaduras de la hormiga roja. Un joven nativo de Brasil, aún hoy, a pesar de la aculturación necesita coraje para vivir bien, porque además de las adversidades históricas que enfrentan en su contexto indígena, enfrentará otras a lo largo de su vida adulta. Adversidades generadas por el contacto con la sociedad brasileña no originaria, la tecnología, la política, y mucho más. Y es por eso, a pesar de las experiencias religiosas evangélicas uno Zoró depende de conocimientos y experiencias rituales tradicionales para conocer los medios para vivir bien en medio de la adversidad que tendrá de enfrentar y superar en el resto de la vida, es decir, desde su juventud, en la edad adulta y en la vejez. Esta investigación se realizó con el Pueblo Indígena Zoró, ubicada en el municipio de Rondolândia en el estado brasileño de Mato Grosso, es una propuesta para la comprensión de cómo este grupo recuerda, atribuye sentidos y hace rituales importantes de la tradición de su pueblo con los jóvenes adolescentes. Esta investigación transcurrió en dos periodos: el primero desde febrero 1998 a diciembre de 2001 y el segundo de noviembre 2006 a mayo de 2014., [PT] O ritual do Zujbirej é uma cerimônia que tem a duração de um dia, mas a iniciação do jovem Zoró passa por vários anos de sua vida e inclui diversos rituais como o ritual do Juli, do Wataga que inicia quando o menino tem 05 anos e termina na idade adulta, por volta dos 20 anos, tendo uma fase intermediária aos 10 anos de idade, entre outros rituais. Com relação ao ritual Zujbirej Kaj Pamawê é referido como momento de preparação do caçador, mas também como iniciação do menino na vida adulta, quando aprende o modo de ser tradicional de seu povo. Minha aproximação do ritual se dá a partir da abordagem antropológica da Performance de Victor Turner. No que concerne aos benefícios à saúde do Ritual Zujbirej Kaj Pamawê, cabe ressaltar as possíveis resultantes biológicas das ferroadas das formigas. Ao injetar ácido fórmico no organismo, essas ferroadas contribuiriam para a defesa endógena do indivíduo, aumentando a imunidade contra doenças. Entre os Zoró se podem encontrar tratamento através das propriedades curadoras do ácido fórmico das formigas, no trato otorrino, para combater a dificuldade respiratória, o ronco e a apneia do sono. Os Zoró tradicionalmente praticaram a cura deste tipo de enfermidade através das picadas da formiga vermelha. Um jovem indígena no Brasil, ainda hoje, apesar da aculturação, necessita de coragem para viver bem, pois além das adversidades históricas enfrentadas no seu contexto indígena, enfrentará outras na sua vida adulta. Adversidades estas geradas pelo contato com a sociedade brasileira não índia, pela tecnologia, pela política, entre outras. E, é por isso que, apesar da vivencia religiosa evangélica um Zoró depende dos conhecimentos e experiências rituais tradicionais para conhecer os meios de viver bem diante das adversidades a serem enfrentadas e vencidas no resto da vida, ou seja, desde já na sua juventude, na vida adulta e na velhice. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o Povo Indígena Zoró, localizada no município de Rondolândia no estado brasileiro de Mato Grosso, é uma proposta de compreensão de como este grupo memoriza, atribui sentidos e faz importantes rituais da tradição do seu povo, com os jovens adolescentes e foi desenvolvida em dois períodos o primeiro de fevereiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2001 e o segundo período que vai de novembro de 2006 a maio de 2014.

Tesis Doctoral leída en la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos en marzo de 2001. Director de la Tesis: Tomás de la Quadra Salcedo, Derecho Público I y Ciencia Política