Search

Eastern Europe has been the object of orientalising discourses portraying it as a region defined by problematic statehood, underdevelopment, and nationalist-religious warmongering. These discourses have produced 19th-century mental maps of Europe contrasting a perceived ‘core’ European area ending with the Frankish Empire's eastern border and coinciding with later Enlightenment influence and an indistinct ‘Orient’ or ‘East’, bypassed by “modernising” processes. This contribution focuses on (post-)Cold War discourses in social science and shows how these discourses re-produce 19th-century layers of orientalising map-making and keep East-West differences alive by tracing deficient, fragile or repressive state institutions back to alleged Eastern European ‘mentalities’.

Background: The state and prospects of the healthcare industry of a country are among its top priorities because the quality of life and health of its citizens are indicators of its success and competitiveness. The aim of this study is to conduct a theoretical analysis and qualitative and quantitative assessments of indicators by developing an integral indicator in the context of behavioral, social, demographic, and economic factors that characterize the level of healthcare system development in European countries using multivariate statistical modeling methods. Methods: The study was implemented using Statistica 10 and Statistica Portable statistical packages. The statistical base of the study was formed using descriptive analysis; a group of 10 European countries was identified using a cluster analysis based on the application of an iterative divisive k-means method. The degree and significance of the interrelations between the components characterizing the studied groups of indicators were determined using canonical correlations by conducting a canonical analysis. Factor modeling is conducted by applying the analysis of the main components to determine the relevant indicators for assessing the level of healthcare system development to build integral indicators of the level of healthcare system development in European countries. Results: The need to improve the level of healthcare system development in European countries was confirmed. Shortcomings and possible reserves for potential improvement of the healthcare system were identified. Conclusions: The results can help public authorities, officials and employees of the healthcare sector organize and conduct effective, timely, high-quality regulation and adjustment of the regulatory and legislative framework to improve healthcare system development.

Recent research in economic history has found that mortgage debt in relation to GDP has taken off in the historical long run (“great mortgaging”), as growing banking assets have been redirected into mortgage credit. This paper maps the parallel long-run investment history of private (life) insurance as the much overlooked second pillar of the financial system. Drawing on in-depth studies of the US and Germany, it finds that a “great de-mortgaging” took place in insurers’ portfolios, with mortgages falling from up to 90 percent in the 19th century to below 5 percent today in favor of fixed-income securities. A parallel shift to secondary mortgage bonds has hardly offset this decline, while direct real estate remained largely a residual investment class. Banks’ great mortgaging is thus partly an institutional substitution effect. The paper sees insurers’ asset shift itself as mainly driven by long-run changes in capital demand and competition with banks and pension funds. It extends these findings to other long-term institutional investors and other OECD countries in the historical long run.

In Debatten um Sexarbeit und Prostitution wird viel über »die osteuropäischen Prostituierten« diskutiert. Doch wie gestalten sich die Lebensalltage von Menschen aus osteuropäischen Ländern, die in Deutschland der Sexarbeit nachgehen? Basierend auf langfristiger ethnographischer Feldforschung in Berlin bietet Ursula Probst Antworten auf diese Frage. In Auseinandersetzung mit den Erfahrungen von Frauen und Männern aus verschiedenen Ländern des östlichen Europas zeigt sie auf, dass prekäre Lebensumstände sexarbeitender Migrant*innen Ausdruck weitreichender Marginalisierung, Sexualisierung und Rassifizierung von Osteuropäer*innen im neoliberalen Europa sind.

In dieser Arbeit habe ich mich mit religiösem Wandel im früheren Königreich von Ankole im Südwesten Ugandas beschäftigt, insbesondere mit Konversionen zwischen Christentum und Islam. Die Konversion ist ein komplexer und von zahlreichen Unwägbarkeiten geprägter Prozess. In der umfangreichen Literatur zum Thema religiöser Dynamiken in Afrika kommt diese Komplexität oft zu kurz. So unterstellen viele psychologische Ansätze der Konversion eine pathologische Grundlage und auch soziologische Studien sprechen meist von einer Krise als Voraussetzung der Konversion. Ethnlogische Arbeiten hingegen orientieren sich oft an der Frage, warum es zu religiösem Wandel überhaupt kommt und schauen dabei oft nicht hinter die komplexen Entwicklungen auf der Mikroebene. In dieser Arbeit möchte ich die Komplexität des Konversionsprozesses aufzeigen und ihn durch die Aufteilung in die Teilbereiche der Initiation, der Segragation und der Aushandlung greifbarer machen. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass die Initiation verschiedene Ebenen aufweist, etwa eine aktive, also durch den Konvertiten selbst vollzogene Transformationen, wie auch eine passive, die durch Advokaten der neuen Religion geschieht. Bei der Segregation ist der Grad der Transformation der sozialen Nezwerke sehr unterschiedlich und reicht von reinen Diskussionen bis hin zu einem vollständigen Zusammenbruch. Doch egal zu welchem Grad es im jeweiligen Konversionsprozess auch kommt – stets ist dieser mit Aushandlungen und Neudefinitionen von Grenzen verbunden. Diese betreffen etwa die Alltagsgestaltung, Kleidung, Ernährungsgewohnheiten bis hin zu Fragen von Genderrollen.

Relational accounts of risk explain variation in risk perception through situated cognitions defining risk as a relationship between “risk objects” and “objects at risk”. We extend this approach to include not only the relational constitution of cognitive risk objects, but also of the different actors assessing risk. Risk in this perspective is relational because it establishes a link between two different cognitive objects and between two (or more) actors. We argue that this is the case when at least two actors refer to a common risk object while retaining distinct objects at risk. We call this a constellation of risk entanglement across actors. We illustrate our theoretical arguments using data from 68 qualitative interviews and ethnographic fieldwork in the German finance-state nexus. Our analyses indicate how risk entanglement affects and transforms the fundamental logics according to which both of these fields operate.

Im Rahmen meines Promotionsprojektes erforschte ich die Bedeutungszuschreibung psychischer Beschwerden, Laientheorien über Krankheitskonzeptualisierungen sowie eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit psychiatrischen Paradigmen aus der Betroffenenperspektive. Die theoretische Einbettung erfolgte in Arthur Kleinmans (1980/1988) Konzeptionen von illness, disease und explanatory models of illness. Die einjährige ethnologische Studie führte ich in niederschwelligen, sozialpsychiatrischen Hilfseinrichtungen und Selbsthilfevereinen für Menschen mit einer psychiatrischen Diagnose in Freiburg durch. Unter Anwendung eines qualitativen Forschungsansatzes wurde ersichtlich, dass die psychiatrische Diagnostik als ein existenzieller Vorgang betrachtet werden kann, der sowohl das Selbst- als auch das Fremdbild von NutzerInnen psychiatrischer Hilfen nachhaltig prägt. Letztere rezipieren psychiatrische Zuschreibungs-, Erklärungs- und Handlungsmuster nicht nur, sondern internalisieren, reproduzieren und repräsentieren sie. Eine besondere Form der Sozialisation in eine Diagnose durch Praxis, Routine und Gewöhnung stellt meine Theoriegenese des disease comfort dar, auf den sowohl soziologische als auch psychiatrische Definitionen von Selbststigmatisierungsphänomenen zutreffen. Daneben wurde das große Bedürfnis ‚psychisch Kranker‘ nach Entpathologisierung evident, wobei sie z. B. das Label der ‚Krankheit‘ von sich weisen und dem eigenen konfliktreichen sozialen Umfeld zuschreiben, Eigenbezeichnungen (‚Ver-rücktheiten‘ an Stelle von ‚Krankheiten‘) als Gegendiskurse entwerfen und/oder alternative Bewusstseinszustände wie Psychosen als sinnstiftenden Erkenntnisgewinn postulieren. Erhebliche Diskrepanzen konnten zwischen psychiatrischen disease-Ätiologien sowie daraus resultierenden Behandlungsschwerpunkten und illness-Erklärungsmodellen Betroffener beschrieben werden: Während das biologistische Paradigma der Hirnstoffwechselstörung primär Pharmakotherapien vorsieht, führen NutzerInnen psychiatrischer Hilfen ihre Beschwerden auf lebensweltliche bzw. -geschichtliche Faktoren zurück, die mit Hilfe konsequenter, langfristig angelegter Gesprächstherapien sowie Veränderungen der psychosozial belastenden Lebensumstände aufgearbeitet werden sollen. Im Rahmen der Analyse der verschiedenen Stadien psychiatrischer Hospitalisierungsrituale wurden eine Institutionalisierung von Liminalität mit Gewöhnungs- und Abhängigkeitseffekten sowie die Entstehung einer Communitas beobachtet. Die Omnipräsenz von Sprachlosigkeit sowohl im fachmedizinischen als auch sozialen Umgang mit PsychiatriepatientInnen wurde evident. Des Weiteren konnte festgestellt werden, dass Betroffene nicht nur unter den psychischen Problemen leiden, sondern mitunter auch unter den psychiatrischen Behandlungspraktiken, die weitere Traumatisierungen zusätzlich zu der Krankheitslast verursachen können., In this PhD project, I conducted a one-year ethnographic field research in low-threshold social-psychiatric support facilities and self-help associations for people with a psychiatric diagnosis in Freiburg. Referring to Arthur Kleinman’s (1980/1988) theoretical concepts of illness, disease and explanatory models of illness, I focused on lay theories about disease conceptualizations, the attribution of meaning to psychological complaints and a critical reflection on psychiatric paradigms from the perspective of the affected patients. Using a qualitative research approach, it was found that psychiatric diagnosis can be regarded as an existential process that has a lasting impact on both the self-image and the social image of users of psychiatric aids. Service users not only receive psychiatric patterns of attribution, explanation and action, but also internalize, reproduce and represent them. A special form of socialization into a diagnosis through practice, routine and habituation is my theory genesis of disease comfort, to which both sociological and psychiatric definitions of self-stigmatization phenomena apply. At the same time, the great need of those affected for depathologization became evident, for example by rejecting the label of ‘disease‘ and attributing it to their own conflict-ridden social environment, by designating self-descriptions (‘Ver-rücktheiten‘ instead of ‘Krankheiten‘) as counter-discourses and/or by postulating alternative states of consciousness like psychosis as a meaningful knowledge extension. Considerable discrepancies between psychiatric disease etiologies and the resulting treatment focus on the one hand, and illness explanation models of service users on the other hand could be found: While the biological paradigm of brain metabolic disorder primarily provides for pharmacotherapies, people with a psychiatric diagnosis attribute their complaints to (biographic) life-world factors. These are to be addressed with the help of consistent, long-term conversational therapies as well as changes in the psychosocially stressful living conditions. Analyzing the different stages of psychiatric hospitalization rituals, an institutionalization of liminality with effects of habituation and dependence as well as the emergence of a communitas were observed. The omnipresence of speechlessness in both the medical and social treatment of psychiatric patients became evident. Furthermore, it was found that psychiatric survivors suffer not only from mental health problems but also from psychiatric treatment practices which can cause further trauma in addition to the burden of illness.

In view of persistent global inequalities in scientific knowledge production with clear centers and peripheries, this paper examines a lingering concern for many scientists in the Global South: why is it, at times, so hard to have scientific insights from the South recognized? This paper addresses this big question from within a long-term field immersion in a Ugandan–Australian scientific collaboration in molecular biology. I show how disciplinary hierarchies of value affect the distribution of labor between Uganda and Australia and thematize the role of place and its affective atmospheres that texture the quotidian scientific work in this project. Unsurprisingly, they tend to devalue Ugandan sites and contributions, and turn Uganda into a rather unlikely site for new insights to emerge. However, in spite of doing devalued and outsourced “menial” labor such as fieldwork, Ugandan biologists’ fieldwork involves affective encounters with their experimental banana plants that thereby become differently thinkable. The paper argues that attending to affective atmospheres that infuse research sites offers clues about scientists’ position in global hierarchies and at the same time can help make room for insights that emanate from unexpected places.

Deutschland ist ein Einwanderungsland, in dem Menschen zusammentreffen, die aus unterschiedlichen Herkunftsländern stammen. Sie orientieren sich zum Teil an Verhaltensregeln und Wertvorstellungen, die in Deutschland als ungewöhnlich oder „fremdartig“ gelten, was häufig Irritationen und Missverständnisse auslöst. Einen besonders sensiblen Bereich stellen Erziehungsvorstellungen und -praktiken dar, die nicht den in Deutschland gültigen pädagogischen Leitlinien entsprechen, an denen sich das Handeln von Fachkräften orientiert. Die Beiträge dieser Reihe vermitteln Kenntnisse über die kulturell vielfältigen Formen der Fürsorge für und Erziehung von Kindern. Dabei werden verschiedene Familienformen sowie unterschiedliche Vorstellungen über „gute Kindheit“, „richtige Erziehung“ und „emotionale Bindung“ thematisiert. Kenntnisse über die Vielfältigkeit von Fürsorge- und Erziehungsformen sind unbedingt notwendig im Umgang mit Familien, die anderen sozialen und kulturellen Kontexten entstammen und mit ihren Kindern auf eine Art und Weise umgehen, die westeuropäischen Mittelschichtsvorstellungen über „richtige“ Kindererziehung nicht entsprechen. Der vorliegende Beitrag beleuchtet die kulturelle Vielfalt von Familienkonstellationen, Fürsorgesystemen und Bindungsmustern und setzt sich kritisch mit der psychologischen Bindungstheorie auseinander, deren universale Gültigkeit aus sozialanthropologischer Perspektive zweifelhaft ist. Anhand diverser Fallbeispiele werden Praktiken multipler Fürsorgesysteme angeführt, die nahelegen, dass eine „sichere Bindung“ von Kindern nicht aus ihrer Beziehung zu ein oder zwei zentralen Bezugspersonen resultiert, sondern aus ihrer festen Einbettung in ein Beziehungsnetz. Die Inhalte richten sich an Fachkräfte aus den Bereichen Soziale Arbeit, Erziehung, Familienhilfe sowie Kinder- und Jugendpsychologie.

The dropout rate in vocational education and training (VET) programs is high in Germany. Yet, this study shows that most instances of dropout are not permanent departures from VET. Instead, most trainees later re-enter into a new training program in a different occupation or company (a phenomenon labelled “stopout”). We use Tinto’s model of college dropout, which suggests that the importance of performance-related and integration-related risk factors differs for permanent dropouts and stopouts, and their timing. Our analyses are based on longitudinal data from the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), which provides measures for competencies and socioemotional (also called noncognitive) skills prior to starting VET programs, information to capture factors related to dis/satisfaction with training and longitudinal information on school-to-work transitions. To examine the relative importance of performance- and integration-related factors, we use Shapley decompositions. Our analyses reveal that performance-related risk factors (in terms of low math competence) increase the risk of permanently dropping out, and both cognitive and socioemotional skills predict occupational changes (occupational stopouts). Whether the VET program corresponds to the desired occupation is the most important integration-related factor, and a poor match increases the risk of both permanent dropout and occupational stopout. Moreover, lower satisfaction with training leads to changes in occupations or training companies. Finally, early training dissolutions are more strongly linked to integration-related problems, while later ones are more due to performance-related problems., Die vorzeitige Beendigung einer Berufsausbildung ist häufig in Deutschland. Diese Studie zeigt jedoch, dass die meisten Abbrüche keine dauerhaften Abgänge aus der Berufsausbildung sind. Stattdessen nehmen die meisten Auszubildenden später wieder eine neue Ausbildung in einem anderen Beruf oder Betrieb auf. Wir verwenden Tintos Modell des Ausbildungsabbruchs, das davon ausgeht, dass die Bedeutung von leistungs- und integrationsbezogenen Risikofaktoren für dauerhafte Ausbildungsabbrüche und Ausbildungswechsel in einen anderen Beruf oder Betrieb sowie deren Zeitpunkt unterschiedlich ist. Unsere Analysen basieren auf Längsschnittdaten aus dem Nationalen Bildungspanel (NEPS), das Indikatoren für Kompetenzen und sozio-emotionale (auch genannt nicht-kognitive) Fähigkeiten vor Beginn der Berufsausbildung, Informationen zur Erfassung von Faktoren im Zusammenhang mit der Unzufriedenheit mit der Ausbildung und Längsschnittdaten zum Übergang von der Schule ins Berufsleben liefert. Um die relative Bedeutung von leistungs- und integrationsbezogenen Faktoren zu untersuchen, verwenden wir Shapley-Dekompositionen. Unsere Analysen zeigen, dass leistungsbezogene Risikofaktoren (im Sinne von geringer Mathematikkompetenz) das Risiko eines dauerhaften Ausbildungsabbruchs erhöhen, und dass sowohl kognitive als auch sozio-emotionale Fähigkeiten Wechsel in einen anderen Ausbildungsberuf vorhersagen. Die Übereinstimmung des Ausbildungsberufs mit dem angestrebten Beruf ist der wichtigste integrationsbezogene Faktor: Eine schlechte Übereinstimmung erhöht das Risiko sowohl eines dauerhaften Abbruchs als auch eines Wechsels in einen anderen Ausbildungsberuf. Außerdem führt eine geringere Zufriedenheit mit der Ausbildung zu einem Wechsel des Ausbildungsberufs oder -betriebs. Schließlich sind frühe Abbrüche und Wechsel stärker mit integrationsbezogenen Problemen verbunden, während spätere eher auf leistungsbezogene Probleme zurückzuführen sind.

Not all hope is equal. For the Christian religion, hope is a theological virtue, and refers to the expectation of future life, beyond death. With the transformation of European society in a secular sense and the rise of individualism between the 17th and 18th centuries, hope becomes a program of political and social transformation, aimed at this world. In my contribution I trace the emergence of the concept of hope in social thought and, then, in sociology. My analysis begins with the Philosophie sociale (Paris, 1793) by Moses Dobruska (1753–1794), a pioneering and largely overlooked text that founds a new vision of social science. After Dobruska, I then devote my attention to the great thinkers of the early nineteenth century, Henri de Saint-Simon (1760–1825) and Auguste Comte (1798–1857), and then I move on to the work of Émile Durkheim (1858–1917). It is a historical perspective that has been neglected until now, and that allows us to appreciate the construction of an idea of hope that frees itself from religious determinants and is oriented toward society and the individuals who live in it, and that anticipates the utopias and failures of the social ideologies of the 20th century.

In the last 20 years, several major terror attacks conducted in the name of political Islam hit Western Europe. We examine the impact of such terror attacks on hostile behaviour on social media from a cross-national perspective. To this end, we draw upon time-stamped, behavioural data from YouTube and focus on the frequency and popularity (‘likes’) of ethnically insulting comments among a corpus of approximately one hundred thousand comments. We study aggregate change and use individual-level panel data to investigate within-user change in ethnic insulting in periods leading up to and following major terror events in Germany, France and the UK. Results indicate that terror attacks boost interest in immigration-related topics in general, and lead to a disproportional increase in hate speech in particular. Moreover, we find that attack effects spill over to other countries in several, but not all, instances. Deeper analyses suggest, however, that this pattern is mainly driven by changes in the composition of users and not by changing behaviour of individual users. That is, a surge in ethnic insulting comes from hateful users newly entering online discussions, rather than previous users becoming more hateful following an attack.

Aus wissenssoziologischer Perspektive fragt dieser Beitrag nach Deutungsmodellen von Arbeit, die historisch-soziologisch aus Debatten über freie vs. unfreie Arbeit erschlossen werden. Um das Begriffs- und Referenzfeld dieser Unterscheidung zu analysieren, verwenden wir O. Pattersons Soziologie der Sklaverei und der Freiheit als theoretischen Bezugsrahmen. Sie wird durch die historische Wissenssoziologie und die vergleichstheoretische Perspektive spezifiziert. Empirisch basiert der Beitrag auf einer explorativen Studie zur Kategorisierung von Zwangsarbeit durch die International Labour Organization (ILO), die den instruktiven Fall einer frühen internationalen Beobachtungsordnung bildet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Kategorisierung in den kulturellen Rahmen der europäischen Zivilisierungsmission eingebettet war. Zwangsarbeit wurde im Spiegel kolonialer und geschlechtlicher Differenzierung von der Sklaverei unterschieden und am Kriterium der freien Lohnarbeit verglichen. Der heuristische Gewinn des Beitrags liegt darin, die Wissenskultur und historische Kontingenz freizulegen, in der heutige soziologische Begriffe von Arbeit, Differenzierung und Geschlecht entstanden sind., From a sociology of knowledge perspective, this article explores interpretative models of work in the light of debates about free vs. unfree work. To analyze this distinction, we draw on O. Patterson’s sociology of slavery and freedom as the theoretical framework. The historical sociology of knowledge and the sociology of comparison are specifying the analysis. Empirically, the article builds on an exploratory study of the categorization of forced labour at the International Labour Organization (ILO) as the instructive case of an early international observational order. The results suggest that the categorization was embedded in the cultural framework of the European civilizing mission. The ILO discerned forced labor from slavery in the mirror of colonial and gender differentiation and compared it along the criterion of free wage labor. The article’s heuristic value is to expose the knowledge culture and historical contingency in which today’s sociological concepts of work, differentiation, and gender emerged.

Justice evaluations are proposed to provide a link between the objective level of inequality and the consequences at the individual and societal level. Available instruments, however, focus on the subjective perception of inequality and income distributions. In light of findings that subjective perceptions of inequality and income levels can be biased and subject to method effects, we present the newly developed Justice Evaluation of the Income Distribution (JEID) Scale, which captures justice evaluations of the actual earnings distribution. JEID comprises five items that provide respondents with earnings information for five groups at different segments along the distribution of earnings in a given country. We provide a German-language and an English-language version of the scale. The German-language version was developed and validated based on three comprehensive heterogeneous quota samples from Germany; the translated English-language version was validated in one comprehensive heterogeneous quota sample from the UK. Using latent profile analysis and k-means clustering, we identified three typical response patterns, which we labeled “inequality averse,” “bottom-inequality averse,” and “status quo justification.” JEID was found to be related to normative orientations in the sense that egalitarian views were associated with stronger injustice evaluations at the bottom and top ends of the earnings distribution. With a completion time of between 1.50 and 2.75 min, the JEID scale can be applied in any self-report survey in the social sciences to investigate the distribution, precursors, and consequences of individuals’ subjective evaluations of objective differences in earnings.

This thesis aims for a broader understanding of and a contribution to the field of transnational lifestyle migration. In the global context of unequal north-south migration patterns, where rather affluent citizens from countries of the Global North move to the Global South for a number of lifestyle-related reasons, this thesis explores the question of individual motivation for migration and the challenges that emerge through such a hyper-mobile migration dynamic towards a small-town community in the Ecuadorian Andes. A combination of on-site participant observation and narrative interviews with lifestyle migrants from the United States, Europe, and South Korea constitute the methodological basis for this research project; showing that individual motivations for migration decision-making are simultaneously similar as they are versatile, and that a strong migration influx of affluent foreigners creates multilayered fields of tension within the receiving community.

In September 2020, Oromo women marched through the streets of Berlin, Germany, demanding recognition for their struggle. This protest march, called a Hiriira in the Oromo language, offers a case study into the entanglements between settler colonial Ethiopia, Germany’s post‐empire, and the forces of oppression which link them. This paper uses the spatiotemporal reckonings generated from the Hiriira perspective to understand violence and elucidate the practices of resistance that have emerged despite it. These contrasting ways of viewing space and time are expressed through the tension between imperial spatialising, a way of knowing the world that is imperial and oppressive in nature, and geography guraacha, a Black and Blackened way of knowing space with a particularly Oromo perspective. The result is a type of mapping, tracing the Hiriira route across Berlin while describing the histories that shadow these streets, and the pathways towards liberation that Oromo women are organising.

Die Rolle des Christentums wird im gegenw��rtigen Rechtsruck bisher als diffuser Identit��tsmarker f��r das Eigene, als belonging without believing, beschrieben. Referenzen wie die christliche Kultur w��rden zwar f��r das Identit��re stehen, damit artikuliere sich aber eher ein s��kulares und kulturelles als ein glaubendes Wir. Diagnosen dieser Art wurden bisher vor allem an ��ffentlichen Programmatiken oder Diskursen festgemacht. Weniger klar ist, wie christliche Wissensbest��nde auch auf der lebensweltlichen Ebene neuer lokaler Gruppen ihre Relevanz erhalten und zu einer kollektiven Identit��t der sogenannten Neuen Rechten beitragen. Aufbauend auf dem Konzept der affektiven Grenzziehungen, das den Blick f��r ebendiese erfahrungsbasierten Prozesse der Sinnstiftung sch��rft, geht dieser Beitrag den Bedeutungen und Funktionen des Christentums f��r verschiedene lokal agierende Gruppen (AfD, Pegida, Identit��re Bewegung) nach. Drei exemplarische F��lle verdeutlichen, wie facettenreich und damit auch umstritten das Christentum als verbindende Ressource der Neuen Rechten ist: Zwar zeigt sich ein vereinendes Potenzial in der gemeinsamen Identifikation mit dem Christentum als s��kularisierter Kulturleistung. Doch letztlich offenbaren sich in den Positionierungen zum Christentum fundamentale Identit��ts- und gesellschaftliche Ordnungsvorstellungen. Die Befunde verweisen damit auch auf die Grenzen einer gemeinsamen Politisierung durch den Ethnopluralismus., In the current politicization from the far-right, the role of Christianity has so far been described as a diffuse identity marker, as belonging without believing. References such as ���Christian culture��� express identity, but they articulate a secular and cultural rather than a believing ���We���. Such diagnoses have been based primarily on public programs or discourses. But it remains unclear to what extent Christian ideas also appear meaningful on the level of new local groups and their identity formation. Building on the concept of affective boundary making which sharpens the focus on precisely these experience-based processes of meaning-making, this article explores the meanings and functions of Christianity for various locally active groups of the so-called New Right (AfD, Pegida, Identitarian Movement). Three exemplary cases show how multifaceted and also controversial Christianity is for a collective identity of the New Right: Christianity unifies as a secularized cultural force, but beyond that commonality, fundamentally different concepts of identity and social order are revealed. The findings point to the limits of politicization through ethnopluralism.

Hansjörg Dilger is Professor of Social and Cultural Anthropology at Freie Universität Berlin with a specialisation in critical medical anthropology and the anthropology of religious diversity. His research has a regional focus on Tanzania and South Africa and migratory contexts in Germany. He was a visiting professor at the University of Vienna and visiting fellow at the University of Witwatersrand (both in 2014) and Assistant Professor of Anthropology and African Studies at the University of Florida (2005–2007). Between 2015 and 2019, he was President of the German Anthropological Association (GAA): in this capacity, he and the GAA board pushed toward the firm integration of ethical reflexivity in Social and Cultural Anthropology in Germany. Rosa Cordillera A. Castillo talked with him about research ethics and the role of professional organisations and academic institutions., International Quarterly for Asian Studies, Vol. 53 No. 4 (2022): Negotiating Research Ethics in Volatile Contexts, Part I

Gestational surrogacy is a reproductive arrangement where a woman gestates a child for others—the “intended parents”—in order to be handed over to them after birth. Since the turn of the millennium, demands for surrogacy have continuously increased due to social and demographic changes, rising rates of infertility, and the normalization of new, non-heteronormative, family forms. Many countries prohibit surrogacy, and others that previously permitted this reproductive arrangement closed down as a result of political decisions or surrogacy scandals. Moreover, surrogacy is offered at greatly varying costs, ranging from approximately US$50,000 in countries like the Republic of Georgia to US$200,000 in fertility clinics in California. Accordingly, many of these arrangements are transnational, with intended parents who cannot access surrogacy or afford surrogacy in their home country commissioning it in countries such as the United States, until recently Ukraine, and today increasingly in the Republic of Georgia. Existing research has focused on surrogacy from different angles, such as practices of kinning and de-kinning, inequality and stratification, the political economy of the fertility industry, and its gender dimensions. We engage in, but further these debates by drawing attention to settings, accounts, experiences, and new theoretical notions that diverge from “mainstream” presentations of surrogacy. Moreover, in this Special Issue, we experimented with writing joint papers with a deliberative aim to provide comparative analyses and emphasize the links between and diversity of different cases of surrogacy. Therefore, all papers have an explicit comparative character and are all based on empirical studies from more than one field site. They provide nuanced understandings of surrogacy arrangements, grounded in empirical data rather than ideological, political, or moral assessments.

In the last few decades, assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have become increasingly transregional and transnational, often involving travel within or between countries or even continents. Until recently, the global ART industry was marked by so-called ‘reprohubs’—places (such as southern California, Dubai, Anand, and Mumbai) specializing in the provision of reproductive services. While reprohubs continue to exist, in the last few years, many have splayed out, transforming into something more akin to webs that encompass, but go beyond these hubs. These webs show a unique dynamic capability to tighten, entangle, or extend in reaction to local and global changes, a characteristic which became particularly obvious during the global Covid-19 pandemic. In this paper, we propose conceptualizing this new dynamic capability as ‘reprowebs’—an approach that adds a new dimension to the existing conceptualization of reproductive travel and helps us to better understand current developments in the global ART industry.

The Marcha das Margaridas is a mass mobilization in Brazil led by women’s organizations within rural unions in alliance with other social movements and nongovernmental organizations, including transnational partners such as the World March of Women. The main political subjects are rural working women, a political identity that articulates gender, class, and urban-rural inequalities. These are foundational for the popular feminism of the Marcha. An examination of the Marcha das Margaridas guided by a theoretical discussion of poststructural feminism and postcolonial feminism on the role of political identities in building coalitions reveals that it expands the agenda of popular feminism in its relationship to historical feminist agendas and intersectional feminisms and in its coalition politics with men and the left., A Marcha das Margaridas é uma mobilização de massa no Brasil liderada por organismos de mulheres dentro de sindicatos rurais em aliança com outros movimentos sociais e organizações não governamentais (ONGs), incluindo parceiros transnacionais como a Marcha Mundial das Mulheres. Os principais sujeitos políticos são as mulheres trabalhadoras rurais, uma identidade política que articula as desigualdades de gênero, classe e urbano-rurais. Estes são fundamentais para o feminismo popular da Marcha. Um estudo da Marcha das Margaridas guiado por uma discussão teórica do feminismo pós-estrutural e do feminismo pós-colonial sobre o papel das identidades políticas na construção de coalizões revela que ela expande a agenda do feminismo popular em sua relação com agendas feministas históricas e feminismos intersetoriais, como também em sua coalizão política com os homens e a esquerda.

The landscape configuration of socio-ecological land systems results from the interaction between the environmental conditions (relatively homogeneous within ecoregions) and country-level management and land-use decisions. However, social, land-use and sustainability research disciplines often study each independently. We used Euclidean distance analyses of five indicators of land systems functioning to explore the geographical patterns of across-border human-induced asymmetries in transnational ecoregions of South America. The most asymmetric transnational ecoregions occurred in the tropical rainforest biome which also showed the widest range of asymmetry values compared to other biomes. In contrast, transnational ecoregions in montane grasslands showed comparatively little asymmetries, and tropical dry forests showed intermediate asymmetry values. This pattern indicates that major asymmetries occur in land systems located in productive biomes with a comparatively recent history of development, whereas mature socio-ecosystems with a long history of human land use are more homogeneous across borders. In some cases, asymmetries may stabilize as a consequence of reinforcing feedbacks that promote contrasting land-use decisions across borders, including, for example, the establishment of protected areas, or the promotion of agro-industrial activities. Transnational socio-ecological land systems can be used to evaluate alternatives for sustainable development because they highlight the influence of institutions under different governance regimes in defining the spatial configuration and ecological properties of regions. We invite land-use and sustainability scientists to consider political border interactions as valuable “natural experiments” to better understand the interrelations between biophysical and political systems in defining planetary geographical-ecology in the Anthropocene. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100007482 Geo.X Research Network Freie Universität Berlin (1008)

International audience; Der Beitrag untersucht das Verhältnis von statistischen Klassifikationen und Vergleichen in deutschen Kolonialstatistiken zwischen 1885 und 1914 und geht der Frage nach, welche Bedeutung und welche Ausprägungen dem Vergleich in Bezug auf Raum und Bevölkerung in kolonialen Statistiken zukamen. Ziel ist, den Blick für Methoden und Kategorien der statistischen Praxis im imperialen Kontext zu schärfen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der statistischen Beobachtung der Kolonien eine territoriale Grundunterscheidung zwischen Metropole und Kolonien zugrunde lag, die in unterschiedlichen Methoden mündete. Diese territoriale und methodologische Spaltung war mit einer grundsätzlichen Unvergleichbarkeit zwischen kolonisierter Bevölkerung und Kolonisierenden gekoppelt, so die These des Beitrags.; This article explores the relationship between statistical classifications and comparisons in German colonial statistics between 1885 and 1914. It questions the importance and the characteristics of comparison in terms of space and population in colonial statistics. The aim is to sharpen the view of statistical methods and categories in an imperial context. The results show that the statistical observation of colonies was based on a territorial distinction between metropole and colonies, which led to the use of different methods. I argue that this territorial and methodological distinction was interwoven with a fundamental incomparability between colonized populations and colonizers.

Situated within the sociological debate on social change, the present article examines the potential for food movements to transform agrifood systems. Existing analyses within the field of food studies predominantly examine agrifood systems at either the global or local level. By contrast, our analysis begins with the national sphere, and seeks to demonstrate how national transformations relate to those on the global and local scales. We, thus, challenge the approach of dichotomous scales by providing categories and perspectives that highlight the relational and interdependent character of food movements. To do so, we examine the Marcha das Margaridas – a movement based in Brasil – and its achievements in transforming the national agrifood system. Established in 2000, the Marcha das Margaridas is a feminist mobilization that plays a central part in the fight against inequalities in agrifood systems and foments discussion of food politics on a multiplicity of scales. We demonstrate this by mapping the march’s public policy achievements, and by analyzing three of these in detail.

This article complicates romances of infrastructural improvisation by describing infrastructural failures that expose researchers to hazardous chemicals in a Ugandan molecular biology lab. To meet project deadlines, to make careers and to participate in transnational collaborative projects, Ugandan biologists have to stand in for decaying or absent infrastructures with their bodies. Ugandan biologists hide such sacrifices from their international scientific partners and direct the blame elsewhere. An unclear culpability results precisely from the ways in which power works and is distributed across transnational scientific infrastructures.

Reseña de libro: Cannon, Barry. The Right in Latin America: Elite Power, Hegemony and the Struggle for the State. Routledge, 2016, 196 pág

Contemporary societies are not only “risk societies”, but also insurance societies. While the shift of systemic risks from the community to the individual is a distinctive trait of modernity, research on the consequences of this process has focused almost exclusively on welfare state responses aimed at re-collectivizing societal risks. Individual-level reactions associated with the need for a private safety net against the uncertainty brought by risk societies have been largely overlooked. What happens to a society and its individuals when private insurance becomes commonplace? Focusing on Germany, we use the data of the German Socio-Economic Panel (1984–2018) to investigate the attitudinal antecedents and consequences of contracting private insurance. As one of the most important sources of private welfare, life insurance attracts risk-averse individuals who are highly concerned with public economic affairs and see the market-based solutions of conservative parties as the best way to safeguard their economic security. While short-term attitudinal effects are absent, a longitudinal approach reveals that becoming insured gradually increases economic security but also entails withdrawal from public life and aversion to parties that support social redistribution. The loss of dynamism of a society may thus be related not only to public welfare but also to a private institution at the heart of the financial markets, which moreover has privatizing, welfare-eroding effects. The paper argues for a more general sociology of insurance. 1 Introduction: The unknown world of private economic security 2 The origins and consequences of private insurance: Theoretical framework 3 A longitudinal approach: Data and methodological elements 4 Descriptive, average and dynamic effects: Results 5 Discussion: The public costs of private virtue 6 Toward a sociology of insurance: Conclusion Acknowledgments Open Research Supporting Information References

The political debate over the inclusion of refugees frequently revolves around cultural differences, in particular differences pertaining to values, which are suspected to hamper social integration. Sociological accounts of values in principle warrant the assumption that different values promote conflict over sensitive social issues. However, only little is known about the actual values of refugees who recently arrived in many European countries. Comparative values research suggests that immigrants from culturally distant countries increase value heterogeneity. In contrast, acculturation and assimilation theories argue that values are not static constructs, but subject to change and transformation. Using data from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP survey, a representative panel of refugees in Germany, and from the World Values Survey, the present study investigates differences in liberal democratic and gender equality values between refugees and German citizens. Results indicate that refugees from almost all countries investigated show higher levels of agreement to these values, except secularism, than Germans.

The guiding idea of this analysis concerns the development of social innovation theory on the paradigmatic basis of the social interaction concept. The aims of the discussion are three-fold. First, the central task is to elaborate on a multidimensional concept of social innovation, defined as organized social change. Second, the development of the social innovation concept is used to evaluate the heuristic potentials of the sociological paradigm of social interaction. Third, the paradigm of social interaction and its capacities to guide the structuration, functioning and development of knowledge about social innovations are put under close scrutiny. The conclusion is that the suggested disciplinary paradigm of sociology and the new concept of social innovation facilitate the explanatory approach to relevant social phenomena, the overcoming of theoretical and methodological dilemmas in sociology and the systematic building up of cumulative sociological knowledge.

Drawing on ethnographic research in a Nigerian-based Pentecostal church in Berlin, this article explores the discussions that emerged when my scholarly representations of the congregants’ aesthetic engagements with the Elsewhere diverged from the church leadership’s expectations. More specifically, it interrogates my representational practice in relation to the stakes of the diasporic congregation, which is operating at the political margin of Berlin’s widely diverse religious landscape. In exploring the collision of my analytical focus on the affect-charged elements of the believers’ routines of connecting to the Elsewhere with the church’s emphasis on affective discipline and moderation, the article demonstrates how aesthetic practices that engage with the Elsewhere not only have a religious but inevitably also a political bearing.

How is access to the Elsewhere facilitated through affective pedagogy in a contemporary Sufi setting in Germany? This article draws analytical lessons from Inayati healing seminars that took place in the summer of 2013. Participants were instructed to feel the Elsewhere of ‘inner space’ in the material/corporeal realities by attuning to breath, sonic resonance, collective movement, and attentive listening. The affective pedagogy of the teacher extended the spatial-temporal coordinates of the Elsewhere (as framed by Mittermaier) to include ‘fleeting affects’ among its unknown elements. These pedagogic tactics entangled religious and secular life-worlds with aesthetic and therapeutic traditions. Learning to feel the unknown affects emanating from the Elsewhere in this setting aimed to provide existential resources to cope with the everyday struggles of post-secular life.

Purpose While socioeconomic inequalities in health-related quality of life are well documented in the scientific literature, research has neglected to look into the reasons for these inequalities. The purpose of this study is to determine in what way social inequalities in health-related quality of life among patients with the same chronic disease could be explained by variations in disease severity. Methods We used the data of 748 people aging with HIV in Germany who took part in the nationwide study 50plushiv and provided self-report data on socioeconomic status, health-related quality of life (SF-12) and various markers of disease severity (comorbidity, falls, late presentation and AIDS diagnosis). Regression analyses were applied to determine the impact of SES on HRQOL after adjusting for disease severity variables. Results The mental and physical subscales of the SF-12, comorbidity burden and falls were significantly related to SES. SES explained 7% of the variance in PCS scores and 3% of the variance in MCS scores after adjusting for age and time since diagnosis. Markers of disease severity explained 33% of the variance in PCS scores and 14% of the variance in MCS scores. After adjusting for disease severity SES was still significantly related to PCS and MCS scores. Conclusions The diverse sample of people aging with HIV showed social inequalities regarding HRQOL and most of the disease severity markers. SES was significantly related to mental and physical HRQOL after adjusting for disease severity. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are discussed.

Why have feminists in Mexico been arguing with women's groups and against the state over the criminalization of digital violence, and what do these struggles mean for its governance? This article analyzes the social struggles surrounding passage of the Olimpia Law of 2019, which criminalizes digital violence in Mexico. Although criminalization of digital violence as a means of governing online behavior has recently attracted much attention globally, this study proposes that such measures can, at the same time, put at risk the human rights of women actively participating in the political realm (human rights defenders, activists, and journalists). I further contend that governing digital violence is not so much a regulatory question but should, rather, be understood as a field of struggle among diverse collective projects. Thus, I argue that there is a need to further reconceptualize digital violence against women in politics as a way to address the multiplicity of actors and perspectives involved in internet governance. Following textual analysis of documents from feminist organizations arguing against the criminalization of digital violence, I conclude by proposing public policies to fight this phenomenon beyond criminalization.

The digitalization of human life has impacted many aspects of politics in the last two decades. Intra-party decision-making is one of them. While new political parties appear to be rather native digital organizations, established parties are increasingly beginning to incorporate online tools into their internal processes. However, not much is known about how intra-party selectorates evaluate the digitalization of a crucial decision-making process. This study asks whether party members who participate in candidate selection support online consultations—or not. Using an original large-N dataset on the preferences of party members attending candidate selection assemblies for the German Bundestag, we determine variables that increase or decrease the likelihood to support the introduction of online consultations as part of intra-party democracy. Our results show that attitudes toward digitalization do not depend on a generational or a partisan factor, as might have been expected. Instead, we highlight that digitalization support is first and foremost related to, on the one hand, the seniority in the party, and, on the other, on one's preferences toward inclusion. We relate these findings to the distribution of powers and incentives within the party and discuss both the implications of these results and what they might mean for established parties trying to reform. CA extern

Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich mit Chemie, Körpern und Stadt in ihren intimen Verstrickungen und wechselseitigen Beeinflussungen. Er untersucht, wie sich die Stadt mittels Chemie auf verschiedene Weise in Körper einschreibt und gleichzeitig das Städtische in chemisch vermittelten Körperpraktiken ständig neu produziert wird. Ausgehend von einer ethnographischen Forschung in einem höherpreisigen Friseursalon in Berlin schlage ich vor, die intentionale und lustvolle Nutzung chemischer Substanzen mit ihren zugehörigkeitsstiftenden Effekten in den Blick zu nehmen. Urbane Zugehörigkeit wird dabei nicht als abgeschlossener Zustand verstanden, sondern als Fluchtpunkt, den einige Berliner*innen in sich überschneidenden Anwendungsformen von Schönheitsprodukten, Drogen und Pharmazeutika anstreben. Das Konzept des „Chemisch-Werdens“ begreift dabei spezifische Lokalitäten in Berlin, Körper in ihren intimen Beziehungen und Imaginationen des Städtischen als ein beständiges Wechselverhältnis. Ich stelle diese materiellen und affektiven Ko-Transformationen ethnographisch anhand von zwei Momenten des „Chemisch-Werdens“ vor: der Herstellung erstens von Looks mithilfe von Schönheitsprodukten im Salon und zweitens von Lust unter Zuhilfenahme von Drogen und der pharmazeutischen HIV-Prophylaxe PrEP in der (schwulen) Klubszene. In diesen Praktiken manifestiert sich urbane Zugehörigkeit nicht zwangsläufig in einer geteilten Identität oder festen Subkultur, sondern erscheint als affektives Zugewandt-Sein und materiell-körperliches Streben-nach.

Drawing on ethnographic research across two street-level bureaucratic institutions in Istanbul, Turkey in the late 2010s, this paper traces the causes and implications of the politicisation of bureaucrats in the context of authoritarianisation. It argues that politicisation of bureaucrats cannot solely be taken as a reflection of the erosion of bureaucratic autonomy and capacity but must be explored further to reveal how bureaucrats cope with authoritarian pressure as well socio-legal destabilisations to preserve their institutional ethos. To this aim, I demonstrate how bureaucrats get politicised in response to authoritarian policies and, in turn, labour to uphold the rule of law despite politico-legal risks. The paper particularly focuses on how bureaucrats weave political solidarity and circulate anti-government discourses and how they use their knowledge of the legal-regulatory repertoire and archives to deter and ‘correct’ unlawful practices through their everyday work. The paper generates insights into the fashionings of political subjectivities and agency by bureaucrats through their labouring in the face of authoritarian interventions, legal disruptions and the increasing interactions with the citizenry. In doing this, my objective is to shed light on the everyday workings of authoritarian state and to get a better picture of the way the law is ‘made real’ (Latour, 2002) across mundane encounters between bureaucrats and the citizenry.

Die Behandlung frühkindlicher Fütterstörungen findet zunehmend in von Migration geprägten Kontexten statt. Die sich hierdurch erweiternde soziale und kulturelle Diversität wird auf verschiedenen Ebenen in der Therapie relevant. Neben etwaigen sprachlichen Differenzen und unterschiedlichen Kommunikationsstilen ist mit variierenden Ernährungspraktiken und Eltern-Kind-Interaktionsstilen zu rechnen. Der kulturelle Faktor ist gleichermaßen bei den behandelten Familien wie den behandelnden Fachkräften und Institutionen zu sehen. Auch wenn die Standards und Leitlinien zur Behandlung von Fütterstörungen wissenschaftlich begründet werden, reflektieren sie zugleich kulturspezifische Ernährungsnormen des euro- amerikanischen Raums, dem die Forschung größtenteils entstammt. Bei ungenügender Berücksichtigung können diese kulturellen Differenzen zu Fehleinschätzungen und Missverständnissen in der Elternberatung führen und damit den Therapieerfolg beeinträchtigen. In diesem Beitrag stellen wir eine Reihe von Fallstricken vor, die sich bei der Behandlung vietnamesischer Familien im Sozialpädiatrischen Zentrum (SPZ) am Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain (Berlin) gezeigt haben. Damit möchten wir Fachkräfte für die kulturelle Variabilität von Ernährungspraktiken und die Notwendigkeit sensibilisieren, die elterlichen Praktiken und Sichtweisen verstärkt im Diagnose- und Behandlungsprozess zu berücksichtigen.

Throughout the last decades, integration programmes in Western Europe have centrally revolved around debates on Muslim populations and the institutionalization of Islam. The concept of integration has become a master paradigm with which to structure plurality of immigration societies across Western Europe. Critically reflecting this inflation, this article argues that the integration of Muslims is animated by a contingent liberal-secular matrix through which the sovereign state, in close connection with civil society, is enabled to decide what counts as proper and improper religion. Integration directed toward Muslims as a “religious minority” is therefore indicative of the very problems that it purports to resolve. In a genealogical vein, the article begins by suggesting that integration is a liberal “recursion” of earlier projects of minority management such as assimilation and conditional recognition within emerging nation-states. It argues that the epistemological ground which animated the assimilatory forces of the modern nation-state has been intimately bound by an imperial knowledge order which classifies and hierarchizes people along a race-religion nexus. The analysis continues by dwelling on contemporary examples of state organized dialog with Muslims, and more specifically the establishment of Islamic Theology Chairs at state universities. Through these examples the article shows that the institutionalization of Islam in Europe reconfigures a pattern which conditionally embraces religious difference, while at the same time continuing hierarchical rankings and by transforming it to make it fit for religion's legitimate place in public life. Finally, the article suggests that the somatic aspirations prevalent in assimilation projects and imperial race-religion constellations are both inscribed and concealed in the frequent invocation of Muslims to reveal their loyalty to the liberal-secular contract by bracketing their religious sensibilities for the sake of secular reason.

Ante el panorama creciente de restricciones y vigilancia de las manifestaciones de urbanidad y, al mismo tiempo, de la regulación y disciplina de la planificación urbana formal, el presente trabajo contextualiza las dinámicas de constitución de urbanidad por parte de los colectivos LGBTQ en Berlín a lo largo del tiempo, como referencia de la constitución de nuevas estéticas de existencia y representación frente a una cultura material y urbana restrictiva y condicionada por las políticas cisheteropatriarcales. A partir de esta referencia historiográfica berlinesa, constituida desde el método fenomenológico-hermenéutico, consideramos que las acciones innovadoras de los grupos disidentes deben ser continuas en la efímera apropiación de la ciudad, como movimiento de resistencia a los estados de permanencia y conservadurismo., In view of the growing panorama of restrictions and policing of urbanity manifestations and, at the same time, the regulation and discipline of formal urban planning, this paper contextualizes the dynamics of urbanity constitution by LGBTQ groups in Berlin over time, as a reference of constitution of new aesthetics of existence and representation, in the face of restrictive material and urban culture, conditioned by cis-heteropatriarchal policies. Because of said Berlin historiographical reference, made up from the phenomenological-hermeneutical method, we finally conclude that innovative action of dissident groups must be continuous in the ephemeral appropriation of the city, as a movement of resistance to the states of permanence and conservatism.

Mature female entrepreneurs represent a non-traditional model of self-employed workers in both ways: in terms of gender and age. The transition into self-employment for women aged 45 years and older represents a topic of aging research that still tends to be overlooked. Previous studies found ambivalent results for the issue regarding motives and entrepreneurial pathways between former employmen or unemployment–and starting one's own business and the ways in which these entrepreneurial activities are shaped by social differences (such as gender) and biographically accumulated resources and restrictions. This article studies biographical-related factors and motivations that determine what is variously referred to as mature entrepreneurship for men and women aged 45 and above. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), the descriptive analysis explains the main gender differences among people within the target age group who have taken the step into self-employment. The multivariate analysis interrogates the main determinants that govern any increase in the probability of becoming self-employed after the age of 45 and seeks to identify the main differences between women and men in relation to such determinants. The results show substantial gender-based occupational segregation in entrepreneurship patterns in this age group, with men working longer hours on average than women and enjoying higher average earnings. However, the multivariate analysis shows that the main drivers for mature entrepreneurship are similar for both men and women and that necessity represents an important factor for everyone for starting a business.

Research on childhood in anthropology and neighboring disciplines has continuously broadened the range of the social partners that are considered relevant for young children’s development—from parents to other caregivers, siblings, and peers. Yet most studies as well as interventions in early childhood still focus exclusively on parents, who are presumed to be the most significant socializing agents. Objecting to such a hierarchical understanding of the social world of children, I propose a complementarity view. Rather than being linearly ranked in a hierarchy of significance, children’s social partners may complement each other by providing different but equally significant experiences. My suggestions are based on an ethnographic study in a rural community in Madagascar. Focusing on children in the first 3 years of life, I explore the full range of their social partners and the respective experiences they provide. Caregivers focus on children’s physical needs and aim to keep them in a calm emotional state, while other young, related children are the most crucial partners when it comes to play, face-to-face interaction, and the exchange of intense emotions. These complementary roles, I argue, lead to the parallel formation of two distinct socio-emotional modes—a hierarchical and an egalitarian one.

In den 1990er Jahren wurden die vietnamesischen Immigranten:innen noch in vielen journalistischen Beiträgen als illegal, mafiös und brutal – „Zigaretten-Mafia“ oder „Verbrecher-Clans“ – dargestellt. Seit den 2000er Jahren herrscht – durch den großen evidenten Bildungsaufstieg vietnamesischer Kinder – eine wiederrum sehr idealisierte Neudeskription von Vietnamesen:innen in Deutschland vor. Diese positiv konnotierte mediale Darstellung führte dazu, dass sie im Diskurs um Probleme und Hindernisse im Migrationskontext vernachlässigt wurden und unbeachtet blieben. Viele Kinder ehemaliger vietnamesischer Kontraktarbeitende in der DDR – die so genannte 1.5 Generation – besitzen einen hohen Bildungshintergrund, was wiederum als „...Schlüssel für gesellschaftliche Partizipation, sozialen Aufstieg...“ definiert wird, welche jedoch nicht unbedingt erfolgen, nur weil strukturelle Bedingungen erfüllt sind. Sie sind aber ein relevanter Aspekt in diesem Prozess, was die Frage aufwirft, welche Indikatoren hierbei noch eine signifikante Rolle einnehmen? Es ist anzunehmen, dass die Sozialisationserfahrungen sowie die im Elternhaus kulturspezifisch praktizierten Parenting-Stile in der Prä- und Adoleszenzphase der Kontraktarbeiterkinder wichtige Faktoren dafür sind, um in deren Postadoleszenz gute Bildungs- und Integrationsprozesse zu fördern. Die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Sozialisationskontext und den Parenting-Stilen der Eltern ist essentiell, um die Komplexität des Parenting und dessen Auswirkung auf die Entwicklungsprozesse vietnamesischer Kontraktarbeiterkinder der 1.5 Generation zu verstehen. Anzunehmen ist auch, dass nicht nur strukturelle Faktoren gesellschaftspolitisches und soziokulturelles Leben in Deutschland ermöglichen, sondern dass hierbei auch Sozialisationskontext und Parenting-Stile eine wichtige Rolle einnehmen. Das primäre Ziel des Vorhabens dieser Arbeit im Rahmen einer Interviewstudie mit 23 Partizipierenden besteht darin, die Bedeutung von Sozialisationskontext und Parenting-Stilen der Elterngeneration für die Kindergeneration im Migrationskontext herauszuarbeiten. Im Zusammenhang mit der Migration in ein anderes Land stehen Immigranten:innen vor einer besonderen Herausforderung, nämlich die des Verlustes der Sozialstruktur, in welche die tradierten Parenting-Praktiken, -Stile und -Strategien eingebettet sind und begegnen einer neuen Kultur, in der diese Orientierungen in der Regel keine Gültigkeit haben und oft auch direkt hinterfragt werden (vgl. Ochocka/Janzen 2008: 86). Die vorliegende Arbeit intendiert, ein besseres Verständnis für Parenting im Kontext von Migration das sog. Immigrant Parenting zu schaffen und aufzuzeigen, mit welchen Herausforderungen für die Eltern das Aufziehen und Erziehen derer Kinder im Migrationskontext verbunden ist. Zudem ist sie ebenfalls als Beitrag zu einer anwendungsbezogenen Sozial- und Kulturanthropologie zu verstehen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auf, dass Immigration auch mit einer Offenheit gegenüber verschiedenen soziokulturellen Eigentransformationsprozesse einhergeht, um eventuell einsetzende Akkulturationsschwierigkeiten bewältigen und überwinden zu können. Aufgrund der Immigration nach Deutschland und des Einflusses der westlich deutschen Kultur lassen sich große Bemühungen um Transformation, Modifikation und Inkorporierung neuer Parenting-Idealen und -Praktiken nicht nur bei der Erst-, sondern auch der Folgegeneration feststellen. Es kann konstatiert werden, dass sich Veränderungswille und Modifikationsbereitschaft als zwei essentielle Attribute identifizieren lassen, um Parenting im Migrationskontext bewerkstelligen zu können. Vietnamesisches Parenting in Deutschland ist ein sehr komplexer, umfassender, transkultureller und transgenerationaler Prozess, welcher sich nicht auf einen konkret identifizierbaren und spezifisch benennbaren Parenting-Stil reduzieren lässt, da mannigfaltige Aspekte hierbei mitberücksichtigt werden müssen, um diese multidimensionale Thematik adäquat adressieren zu können., In the 1990s, Vietnamese immigrants were still portrayed in many journalistic articles as illegal, mafia-like and brutal - "cigarette mafia" or "criminal clans". Since the 2000s, due to the evident rise of Vietnamese children in education, a very idealised new description of the Vietnamese in Germany has prevailed. This positive media portrayal led to them being neglected and ignored in the discourse on problems and obstacles in the context of migration. Many children of former Vietnamese contract workers in the GDR - the so-called 1.5 generation - have a high educational background, which in turn is defined as "...the key to social participation, social advancement...", which, however, does not necessarily happen just because structural conditions are met. It is, however, a relevant aspect in this process, which raises the question of which indicators still play a significant role here? It can be assumed that the socialisation experiences as well as the parenting styles practised culturally in the parental home during the pre-adolescence and adolescence phases of the children of contract workers are important factors in promoting good educational and integration processes in their post-adolescence. The examination of the socialisation context and the parenting styles of the parents is essential in order to understand the complexity of parenting and its impact on the developmental processes of Vietnamese contract workers' children of the 1.5 generation. It can also be assumed that not only structural factors enable socio-political and socio-cultural life in Germany, but that the socialisation context and parenting styles also play an important role. The primary aim of the project, within the framework of an interview study with 23 participants, is to work out the significance of the socialisation context and parenting styles of the parents' generation for the children's generation in the migration context. In the context of migration to another country, immigrants face a specific challenge, namely the loss of the social structure in which the traditional parenting practices, styles and strategies are embedded and experience a new culture in which these orientations are usually not valid and are often directly questioned (cf. Ochocka/Janzen 2008: 86). This paper aims to create a better understanding of immigrant parenting in the context of migration and to show the challenges of raising and educating children in migration contexts. Furthermore, it is also to be understood as a contribution to an applied social and cultural anthropology. The results show that immigration also goes hand in hand with an openness to different socio-cultural self-transformation processes so as to be able to cope with and overcome any acculturation difficulties that may arise. Due to immigration to Germany and the influence of Western German culture, great efforts to transform, modify and incorporate new parenting ideals and practices can be observed not only in the first generation of Vietnamese immigrants, but also in the following generation. It can be stated that the will to change and the willingness to modify can be identified as two essential attributes for parenting in a migration context. Vietnamese parenting in Germany is a very complex, comprehensive, transcultural and transgenerational process, which cannot be reduced to a concretely identifiable and specifically nameable parenting style, as manifold aspects must be taken into consideration in order to adequately address this multidimensional topic.

This dissertation maps the process of spatial planning for small towns in Sichuan as it takes place between local politics, public administration, and professional planners. It argues that spatial planning is informed by ideal imaginations and attributions of worthiness, which following Sociology of Conventions, are framed here as orders of worth. Five orders of worth are identified and described: 'Planning as a craft,’ 'planning as regulation and public provision,’ 'planning as a business,’ 'planning for development and growth,' and 'planning for ecology and civilization.' With the involvement of an administrative apparatus and professional planners in the planning process, there are many influences on a spatial plan's contents apart from political negotiation and political strategy. In empirical chapters separate from the analysis, first, a description of the administrative structure and processes of spatial planning argues that politicians and administrative staff constitute two separate groups of actors and that an understanding of the workings of the administration is necessary to explain policy decisions and outcomes. Second, an investigation into the planning profession demonstrates that the marketization of spatial planning affords professionals certain independence. This chapter also shows that in the planning profession, analytical capacities and policy consultation are increasingly valued. Data has been obtained through nine months of ethnographic fieldwork in Sichuan, Diese Dissertation bildet den Prozess der Raumplanung kleiner Städte in Sichuan ab, wie er zwischen lokaler Politik, öffentlicher Verwaltung und Raumplaner*innen stattfindet. Das Argument ist, dass Raumplanung von Idealvorstellungen und der Zuweisung von Wertigkeiten geleitet ist, die in dieser Arbeit, der Soziologie der Konventionen folgend, als Wertigkeitsordnungen gefasst sind. Fünf Wertigkeitsordnungen werden identifiziert und beschrieben: ‚Planung als Handwerk,’ ‚Planung als Reglementierung und öffentliche Versorgung,’ ‚Planung als Geschäft,’ ‚Planung für Entwicklung und Wachstum,’ sowie ‚Planung für Ökologie und Zivilisation.’ Angesichts der Einbindung von Verwaltung und professionellen Planer*innen in den Planungsprozess, lassen sich viele Einflussfaktoren jenseits politischer Verhandlung und Strategie auf die Inhalte eines Raumplanes feststellen. In von der Analyse getrennten empirischen Kapiteln wird erstens anhand der Verwaltungsstrukturen und -prozesse der Raumplanung argumentiert, dass Politiker*innen und Verwaltungspersonal zwei unterschiedliche Akteursgruppen darstellen und dass ein Verständnis von Verwaltungshandeln notwendig ist, um politische Entscheidungen und Ergebnisse zu erklären. Zweitens zeigt eine Untersuchung der Profession der Raumplanung auf, dass die marktorientierte Neuorganisation von Raumplanung den Expert*innen eine gewisse Unabhängigkeit gewährt. Hier wird ebenfalls aufgezeigt, dass analytische Fähigkeiten und Politikberatung in der Raumplanung zunehmend an Stellenwert gewinnen. Die Daten wurden in neun Monaten ethnographischer Forschung in Sichuan gewonnen.

Esta publicação analisa a situação de insegurança alimentar na cidade de Belo Horizonte, capital do estado de Minas Gerais e município reconhecido nacionalmente por um histórico de execução de políticas públicas de segurança alimentar. Os dados analisados foram coletados por meio de pesquisa de opinião pública representativa da população Belo-horizontina, realizada em pontos de fluxo distribuídos em 113 bairros entre os dias 7 e 27 de abril de 2022. Esta pesquisa foi coordenada pelo Grupo de Pesquisa Alimento para Justiça: Poder, Política e Desigualdades Alimentares na Bioeconomia, da Freie Universität Berlin (Alemanha), em parceria com pesquisadoras/es da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), do Fórum de Pesquisadores em Soberania e Segurança Alimentar de Belo Horizonte, da Subsecretaria de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional da Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte, do Instituto Fome Zero (IFZ) e do Centro de Estudo das Metrópolis da Universidade de São Paulo (CEM/USP). Os resultados demonstram que 55,7% dos domicílios viviam algum tipo de insegurança alimentar, seja leve (30,1%), moderada (12,4%) ou grave (13,2%). Verificou-se também que alguns domicílios estavam mais expostos à insegurança alimentar que outros, por exemplo quando eram chefiados por única pessoa do sexo feminino (63,3%) ou de raça ou cor parda (57,3%) e preta (68,4%), ou ainda, quando tinham em sua composição crianças de até 4 anos (66,9%) ou crianças e adolescentes de 5 a 17 anos (64,7%). A frequência de insegurança alimentar é também significativa nos domicílios cuja renda per capita é equivalente a até ¼ do salário-mínimo (R$ 303,00, trezentos e três reais) (86,9%). Conclui-se que a insegurança alimentar se reproduz a partir do entrelaçamento de desigualdades, o que exige um conjunto amplo de ações que venham a superar tais assimetrias, o que inclui uma ação Estatal que articule diferentes níveis e esferas de poder, com participação popular, e de abordagem intersetorial, que integre e assegure um conjunto de direitos e políticas à população que mais precisa., This publication analyses the food insecurity situation in the city of Belo Horizonte, the capital of the Brazilian state Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte is publicly recognized for its history of implementing public policies on food security. The data analyzed was collected through a public opinion survey representative of the population of Belo Horizonte, with data collection carried out in areas with high pedestrian flow distributed in 113 neighborhoods from 7 to 27 April 2022. The Research Group Food for Justice: Power, Politics and Food Inequalities in the Bioeconomy, based at the Freie Universität Berlin (Germany), coordinated this data collection in cooperation with researchers from the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), the Forum of Researchers on Food Sovereignty and Food Security of Belo Horizonte and the Undersecretariat of Food Security and Nutrition of the Mayor of Belo Horizonte, Fome Zero Institute (IFZ) and Center for the Study of Metropolis of the Universidade de São Paulo (CEM/USP). The results show that 55.7% of households experienced food insecurity, whether mild (30.1%), moderate (12.4%), or severe (13.2%). The findings also point out that some domiciles were more exposed to food insecurity than others, according to household features. For example, food insecurity was significantly higher in households headed by a single female person (63.3%), headed by someone who was racialized as brown (57.3%) or black (68.4%), or when the household had in its composition children up to 4 years old (66.9%) or children and teenagers from 5 to 17 years old (64.7%). The frequency of food insecurity is also significant in households whose per capita income is equivalent to up to 25% of the minimum wage (R$303.00, three hundred and three reais) (86.9%). It is possible to conclude that food insecurity is reproduced from the interweaving of inequalities, which requires a broad set of actions to overcome such asymmetries. It includes a state action that articulates different levels and spheres of power, with popular participation, and an intersectoral approach, which integrates and ensures rights and policies to the most vulnerable population.

In the context of the rise of right-wing populist parties in the past decades, many researchers have addressed the question of increasing social polarization and threats to social cohesion. In this article, we contribute to this discussion by looking at the cultural side of the globalization divide from the perspective of cleavage theory. More precisely, we ask if respondents interpret lifestyle characteristics as signals for the socio-political position of others and whether these attributions influence the willingness to interact socially. Based on data from a factorial survey experiment, we show that cosmopolitans categorize other persons based on different lifestyle characteristics and are more likely to interact with those who have a similar cosmopolitan lifestyle., Im Zusammenhang mit dem Aufstieg rechtspopulistischer Parteien in den letzten Jahrzehnten haben sich viele Forscher:innen mit der Frage der zunehmenden sozialen Polarisierung und der Bedrohung des sozialen Zusammenhalts beschäftigt. In diesem Artikel leisten wir einen Beitrag zu dieser Diskussion, indem wir die kulturelle Seite der Globalisierungsspaltung aus der Perspektive der Cleavage Theorie betrachten. Genauer gesagt fragen wir, ob die Befragten Lebensstilmerkmale als Signale für die gesellschaftspolitische Position anderer interpretieren und ob diese Zuschreibungen die Bereitschaft zu sozialer Interaktion beeinflussen. Auf der Grundlage von Daten aus einem faktoriellen Umfrageexperiment zeigen wir, dass Kosmopolit:innen andere Personen anhand verschiedener Lebensstilmerkmale kategorisieren und eher bereit sind, mit Personen zu interagieren, die einen ähnlichen kosmopolitischen Lebensstil haben.

Aggressive and hateful user comments on news sites and social media threaten discussions on the Internet and pose a difficult challenge for content regulation. Previous research has mainly focused on the analysis of moderation strategies in dealing with such comments. In contrast, little attention was paid to the issue of which comments are considered problematic by content moderators in the first place. The answer to this question has more than theoretical relevance, but practical significance against the backdrop of increasing efforts to automate the detection of hate speech or toxicity in user comments. Based on 20 interviews, this paper explores what comment moderators in Germany consider to be hate comments, how they moderate them, and how differences in moderation practices can be explained. Our findings show strong agreement regarding extreme cases of hate comments, whereby there is overlap with the theoretical concept of hate speech, but also forms of incivility. Moreover, the interviews revealed differences in the perception and handling of hate comments, which can be linked to explanatory factors at the levels of the individual, professional routines, and the organization.

Transnational surrogacy—the carrying of a child by a woman in one country on behalf of persons in another—is strongly shaped by documents. Of these, identity documents are particularly crucial as they establish the belonging of a child born through such an arrangement both to its parents (birth certificate) and to a country (passport). However, the acquisition of these documents is subject to national laws that may contradict one another in transnational settings where citizens of more than one country are involved. As a result, in the last few years, there have been several cases of children stuck in legal limbo without clear parenthood and citizenship. Based on ethnographic research in India and Germany, we analyze how in such a transnational setting, documents and documentation become part of the making and unmaking of persons and belonging.

Human-centred design (HCD) approaches are adopted to develop digital agriculture interventions inclusively and responsibly. Whether these approaches indeed lead to responsible designs remains unclear, especially for low-income countries. Using a Rwandan case-study, we contribute to debates on inclusive, participatory and responsible design by developing a framework for operationalising HCD and responsible innovation in practice and studying the process of designing a digital agriculture intervention for banana disease management. The four dimensions (inclusion, anticipation, reflexivity, responsiveness) of responsible innovation and our own framework of digital rights served as analytical lenses. Findings show that power relations and digital capacity negatively affect user inclusivity in design. The context in which HCD is deployed hinders anticipation, reflexivity and responsiveness, resulting in design decisions that do not fully respect digital rights and thus in potentially irresponsible digital technologies. Broader, long-term consequences of digital technologies should be a central consideration in design processes, while responsible innovation theory needs to become cognizant of the complex realities in which digital innovations emerge.