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The article publishes the results of treatment of 27 patients with fractures of the face middle area, of which 14 used standard titanium mini-plates to reposition the fragments, and 13 – individual 3D simulated titanium mini-plates / grids. Before and after treatment, its effectiveness was assessed by the values of the displacements of bone fragments and the index of the visual-analog scale, which allows determining the functional and cosmetic effect of the surgery. It was found that the use of individual 3D simulated titanium mini-plates / grids allowed obtaining in 85 % of patients displacements not exceeding 3 mm. In 72 % of patients in whom standard titanium mini-plates were used, the displacement after surgery was 3.1–6 mm, which is significantly greater than in the group with individual modeling of structures. On the 7th day after surgery in the first group (treatment with standard mini-plates), the index on the visual-analog scale was 11 (7; 13), which was significantly (p=0.00147) less than before surgery. In the second group (treatment using individual 3D simulated titanium mini-plates / grids) the index on the visual analog scale was 4 (6; 8) points, which was significantly (Z=3.3; p=0.00098) less than before surgery. Comparison of the visual-analog scale of the first and second groups on the 7th day after surgery revealed the presence of significant (U=2.47; p=0.013) differences. The obtained results testify to the greater efficiency of individual 3D modeled titanium mini-plates / grids in comparison with standard titanium mini-plates. The object of the research: fractures of the middle area of the face. Comparison of the visual-analog scale of the first and second groups on the 7th day after surgery revealed the presence of significant (U=2.47; p=0.013) differences. Investigated problem: the comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of the middle area of the face fractures treatment using individual 3D simulated titanium mini-plates / grids and standard titanium mini-plates. The main scientific results: Optimizing the treatment of fractures of the face middle area will help to achieve good cosmetic and functional results. The area of practical use of the research results: Department of Surgical Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery. Innovative technological product: The proposed technique using individual 3D-simulated titanium miniplates will help to optimize the treatment of patients with traumatic fractures of the face middle area. Scope of the innovative technological product: Clinical practice.

PurposeThis study aimed to clarify the criteria for subjective evaluation of the similarities and differences between virtual and actual pants and propose a quantitative evaluation method for those similarities and differences based on geometric features related to the evaluation.Design/methodology/approachUsing patterns, we made five pairs of actual pants for a dummy in five fabrics. We simulated virtual pants with a 3-D simulator. Sensory evaluation was conducted with images of the virtual and actual pants: 20 participants compared the images based on a questionnaire. For the structure of evaluation, the authors undertook analysis of variance and principal component analysis. The actual and virtual pants were geometrically compared using the 3-D scanned data. To investigate the relationship between quantitative and sensory evaluation, the authors calculated the correlation coefficients.FindingsThe authors found that subjects perceived the differences between actual and simulated pants. When comparing the virtual and actual pants, the criteria for the differences were the silhouette from the front view, hem width, waist and wrinkles. Using differences in the hem width, it would be possible to evaluate the differences between actual and simulated pants. Roughness and smoothness of the silhouette also affected evaluation.Originality/valueThe authors clarified the evaluation criteria for the similarities and differences between virtual and actual pants. The authors proposed a quantitative evaluation method for the similarities and differences between virtual and actual garment based on our criteria. This study will be of benefit to 3-D simulator users and developers.

Enhanced oil recovery has been gaining relevance over the years following success stories from already executed projects from various parts of the globe. The recoveries from such successful projects have tremendously increased the terminal life cycle recoveries from the subject reservoirs and subsequently the project Net Present Value and Value to Investment Ratio. More than 90% of Field Development Plans in the Niger Delta have not considered Enhanced Recovery Mechanism as part of the field development options and as such Top Quartile Recovery Factors are never achieved. In this study, the effectiveness of Enhanced Oil Recovery within the Niger-Delta reservoir sands via 3-Dimentional Dynamic Simulation, Economic models and Experimental investigations (temperature and pressure effects on polymer effectiveness) was done. The GN7000 reservoir was used as a case study for this work. This reservoir is the largest gas cap reservoir in the N-Onshore field within the Niger Delta area and it is at the mid-life stage. This study tested the effectiveness of three Recovery mechanisms (Water Flood, Polymer Flood and Polymer Alternating Gas). Simulated and Experimental result suggests that Polymer flooding and Polymer Alternating Gas (PAG) yields greater Technical Ultimate Recovery, better economic indices but greater complexity in polymer selection due to inherent high reservoir temperature and low salinity that make the use of synthetic polymers inadequate. Experimental investigation showed that biopolymers are most suitable for this sand. The suitability of some biopolymers (Xanthan and copolymers containing high level of 2-acrylamido2-methyl propane sulfonate (AMPS) showed good results. Study results shows that with the deployment of biopolymers with high viscosifying power and high resistance to thermal degradation an incremental recovery of 8% from the natural flow could be achieved. Research findings indicate that biopolymers could yield good results for Niger Delta sands within the pressure and temperature ranges of 93°C and 290 Bar.

Extruded radial fin heat sinks are typically used in power electronics for temperature management. The goal of this study is to compare the temperature predictions of LPTN (Lumped Parameter Thermal Network), Finite element based thermal analysis (using ANSYS Mechanical) and Finite volume based CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) & thermal analysis in power electronics hardware. The power electronics hardware under study is used for control of compressors / heaters used in a medical thermal management device. The hardware consists of 2 SCRs (Silicon Controlled Rectifiers) and 2 TRIACs (TRIodes for Alternating Current) arranged in straight in-line configuration with the TRIACs having a higher internal heat generation (1.643E7 W/m3) than the SCRs (4.53E6 W/m3). Each of these four devices is bolted to a separate anodized aluminum heat sink using a TIM (Thermal Interface Material). It was found that CFD based Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) analysis with S2S (Surface to Surface) Radiation transfer gave the most accurate thermal predictions (within 6°C). These were comparable to the predictions from 3-D Solid energy equation with uniform convection and S2S radiation. Depending on the availability of computational time and resources, either full CHT study or 3-D Solid energy equation based thermal analysis with uniform convection and S2S radiation is recommended for initial design study.

Ice management in regions of offshore development with icebergs present includes re-direction of icebergs by means of towing. The prevention of tow-rope slippage and iceberg rolling due to hydrostatic instability are essential for an effective and safe operation. The ability to simulate any particular towing operation in the field, prior to attempting it, would provide some measure of assurance of its feasibility. In addition, such a model will allow optimization of towing configuration and application by showing optimal tow direction, maximum force and rate of force application; selection of single tow line or net; and optimum net configuration. The objective of the described work is to develop a simulation tool that can be used for such application. A previous project funded by Hibernia Management and Development Company Ltd. (HMDC) gathered 3-dimensional profile data on 29 icebergs off the East coast of Canada; and further data collection has been ongoing. The present project utilizes these profiles as valuable input in the development of the model for simulating single-line and net tows. This paper presents the first phase of development of a 3-D dynamic iceberg towing model that evolved from an earlier 2-D static version. The current iteration applies the ‘Total Lagrangian’ Finite-Element Method (FEM) to model the cable-and-rope structure between the towing vessel and iceberg, and a contact model that includes sticking and sliding friction between the rope/net and iceberg. The iceberg is modeled as a rigid surface mesh and is fully constrained against motion during the current phase of development, while the cables and ropes are modeled as elastic bar elements with translational inertia and velocity-squared fluid drag. The contact elements consist of penalty springs with proportional damping, and appropriate values of these are found to be critical for numerical stability of the solution. As well, due to the large difference in stiffness values between the heavy tow cable and buoyant ropes, special attention is given to obtaining the initial tangent stiffness matrix of the cable-and-rope structure. The FE dynamic equations of motion are solved implicitly in the time domain using a combination of full and modified Newton-Raphson iteration. Simulations of contact initiation between the rope and iceberg for single-loop and net configurations are presented, as well as slipping during particular single-loop tows. Current challenges and opportunities for further development are discussed, including improving computational speed, implementing iceberg motion, adding wind and wave forces, and validating rope-ice friction characteristics through small-scale iceberg towing response in a laboratory.

At deepwater sites, skirted mudmats with a sliding mechanism have been the preferred choice to support pipeline or flowline end terminations (PLET or FLET) on soft clay seafloor to accommodate line expansions and contractions that occur during shutdown and restart cycles. The sliding mechanisms can experience line expansions of up to 4 m, or if it were to lock-up, horizontal forces in excess of 2,000 kN. The design and fabrication of sliding mechanisms for such large movements can often become challenging and costly. As an alternative, the industry is now designing mudmats that do not utilize sliding mechanism but rather slide directly on the seafloor, if necessary. While it is an attractive alternative and is gaining popularity, all aspects of direct sliding mudmat design are not sufficiently understood because of the complexity that arises from the interactions among the various components, i.e., flowline/pipeline, mudmat, jumpers, and the supporting soft seafloor behaving as one system. The design must ensure that the mudmat will not unduly sink, rotate or dig into the seafloor in the course of the back and forth sliding caused by many shutdown and startup cycles during the field's operating life. Therefore, it is essential to sufficiently understand the characteristics of the sliding motions and estimate as accurately as possible the resulting interaction forces in the flowline-mudmat-jumper-seabed system. This will allow the designer to avoid the risk of any system instability from incoherent component motions, or potential overstressing of connections. This paper investigates the direct sliding behavior of the mudmat motions using realistic simulations of the flowline-mudmat-jumper-seabed system. The simulations rely on coupled Eulerian (soft seabed) and Lagrangian (flowline, mudmat and jumpers) finite element analysis (FEA) method. The simulations yield insight into the complex mudmat sliding behavior interacting with the jumper, the hydrocarbon line and the supporting seafloor. The simulations show that merely modeling the mudmat alone fails to capture the actual behavior of a real-life PLET/FLET's back and forth cycling on the seafloor, because for example, the restraints (and attendant stresses) at the flowline and jumper connections are not accounted for, or that slanting the sides of the mudmat reduces its tendency to self-embed decreasing connection stresses. The paper demonstrates that realistic simulations allow important visualization of mudmat interactions with flowline, jumper, and the seabed during the shutdown-startup cycles, and provide accurate determination of the associated critical responses.

A realistic computerized simulation of double-bar plush fabrics can result in a time-saving development process with high quality. Based on basic analysis of jacquard principles, a fast 3-D simulation method of warp-knitted plush fabrics is proposed by using a geometry shader on GPU. Firstly, pile areas and non-pile areas are identified according to the jacquard design graphs and chain notations. According to the directions of observation and raised pile, two layered chips are formed in the geometry shader with an approach of multi-layered textures. To ensure that the simulated piles resemble the real ones, the directions of the piles are randomized with the Perlin noise method. One pile is generated along its length with numerous layers in the plush fabric model. Simulation results of piles on both the technical face and technical back are obtained via the model built above, which is confirmed with practicability and efficiency. This 3D simulation approach improves the visualization appearance of piles just as they are actually raised.

Lu, C.Z.; Li, H.; Dai, W.Q.; Tao, J.F.; Xu, F.; Cybele, S.; Zhang, X.Y., and Guo, H.T., 2018. 3-D Simulation of the Suspended Sediment Transport in the Jiaojiang Estuary: Based on Validating by Remote Sensing Retrieval. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 116–120. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in Jiaojiang Estuary is characterized by high concentration and significant diurnal dynamics. The large-scale reclamation will influence the sediment transport in Jiaojiang Estuary. At present, ship-borne data, remote sensing observations, and numerical modeling technique are the main technological methods to acquire the distributions of SSC. However, every method has its own limitations in application. Conventional ship-borne survey requires a lot of manpower and resources to obtain sediment distribution of an estuary although its accuracy is high. The cloudy and rainy environment has been the bottle-neck for monitoring the land and ocean surface. With the influence of land-use by human activities (such as tidal flats reclamation) being strengthened gradually, previous numerical models are not suitable for the new environment. This paper aims to combine numerical modeling technique with remote sensing observations to acquire a higher-resolution surface suspended sediment field in time and space. MIKE3 3D model was used to simulate the suspended sediments and it is composed of hydrodynamic module and mud transport module. The surface-layer sediment distribution was calculated using suspended sediment dynamic mathematical model in MIKE 3. Based on Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) and the simultaneous surface layer sediment concentration data, a remote sensing model was developed to retrieve the distribution of SSC in the Jiaojiang Estuary. The degree of matching between the remotely sensed SSC and the numerically simulated SSC is up to 72%, both of which reveal temporal-spatial variation of the SSC. The research provides a reference for real-time monitoring and forecasting the dynamic variation of the SSC.

A new resin material has been developed by massive formula exploration. The resin is thoroughly transparent and rock-like at low temperatures. Its tension–compression strength ratio is up to 1/6.6 in the temperature range of − 10 to − 15 °C. It can simulate quite a few kinds of engineering rocks. Specimens have been made with two internal cracks. The progressive failures under uniaxial and biaxial compressions are systematically studied. The uniaxial failure process is divided into four stages as conventional rock mechanics test. Several forms of secondary cracks, like anti-wing cracks in the biaxial experiment with high lateral pressure, have seldom been described by former scholars. Three-dimensional numerical simulation has been conducted using FLAC3D. A novel elastic-brittle constitutive model is developed and programed. Superfine mesh generation is demanded as well. Both uniaxial and biaxial results of the new numerical approach show excellent consistency with experimental results in this paper.

Unclamped inductive switching (UIS) is a crucial topic for modern power devices. The UIS failure analysis has been done by 2D Technology CAD (TCAD) simulations due to the restrictions of computation capabilities. In this paper, the detailed UIS failure mechanism for IGBT was analyzed by large scale 3D TCAD simulations. The authors propose that there are two kinds of current filaments. These are avalanche induced current filament and temperature induced current filament. The avalanche induced current filament firstly developed and moved around during the UIS operation. It finally caused local latch-up. The local temperature rapidly increased by the latch-up. This triggered a destructive temperature induced current filament, which stayed in the same location and caused device failure. It was also found that these phenomena were accurately treated only by large scale 3D simulation of at least 160 µm × 160 µm device area.

There are different kinds of geometrical models and physical models used to simulate weft knitted fabrics nowadays, such as loop models based on Pierce, piecewise function, spline curve, mass-spring model, and finite element analyses (FEA). Weft knitting simulation technology, including modeling and yarn reality, has been widely adopted in fabric structure designing for the manufacturer. The technology has great potentials in both industries and dynamic virtual display. The present article is aimed to review the current development of 3-D simulation technique for weft knitted fabrics.

CISPR25 is the reference standard in the automotive industry for performing radiated emissions measurements in a semi-anechoic chamber. Significant differences can be observed between different CISPR25-compliant laboratories when measuring emissions on the same device under test. In this paper, these differences are evaluated through an interlaboratory comparison across 17 laboratories, with a special focus on the 30−100 MHz frequency range. The aim of this paper is to identify what the parameters (corresponding to degrees of freedom in the standard) leading to these observations are. A three-dimensional (3-D) model of the semi-anechoic chamber is built and validated to analyze the influence of each of these parameters individually. Recommendations are finally established to minimize the variation observed between laboratories.

We used the rigid body dynamics coupled moving particle semi-implicit (RD-MPS) method ( Park and Jeun, 2011 ) to simulate a plunging liquid jet penetrating into a denser liquid pool in two and three dimensions. Our improved algorithm revisited the simulation by Ikeda et al. (2001) that simulated special fuel–coolant interactions (FCI) during severe accidents in nuclear power plants when a coolant water jet was forcedly injected into a melt pool. The simulation results suggested that the coupled model improved the stability of simulation on dynamic interactions of multi-phase incompressible fluids. Phenomenologically, the 3-D simulation for the plunging water jet in a confined geometry showed better agreement with experimental results than the 2-D simulation did.

To prevent coal spontaneous combustion in mines, it is paramount to understand O2 gas distribution under condition of inert gas injection into goaf. In this study, the goaf was modeled as a 3-D porous medium based on stress distribution. The variation of O2 distribution influenced by CO2 or N2 injection was simulated based on the multi-component gases transport and the Navier-Stokes equations using Fluent. The numerical results without inert gas injection were compared with field measurements to validate the simulation model. Simulations with inert gas injection show that CO2 gas mainly accumulates at the goaf floor level; however, a notable portion of N2 gas moves upward. The evolution of the spontaneous combustion risky zone with continuous inert gas injection can be classified into three phases: slow inerting phase, rapid accelerating inerting phase, and stable inerting phase. The asphyxia zone with CO2 injection is about 1.25~2.4 times larger than that with N2 injection. The efficacy of preventing and putting out mine fires is strongly related with the inert gas injecting position. Ideal injections are located in the oxidation zone or the transitional zone between oxidation zone and heat dissipation zone.

In this paper, we propose a collision simulation technique the evaluation of urban trains. We perform simulation that include a dynamics bogie model which represents the dynamic behavior of bogies and a finite-element model that can model crash behavior. We perform simulation in accordance with the 40-mm vertical offset head-on scenario for overriding the evaluation of the EU and domestic crashworthiness regulations. We evaluate the overriding by the vertical displacement of the wheelset using the overriding evaluation standard. Finally, if proposed simulation technique is applied, we can evaluate the overriding for urban-train crashworthiness regulations.

Ductile fracture in alloys is a multiscale process in which primary voids formed at micron-scale particles coalesce by a zig-zag pattern of shear localization driven by finer-scale microvoiding at submicron-scale secondary particles. Employing the method of serial sectioning, unprecedented 3-D microstructural reconstructions of steel crack-tip process zones are obtained and implemented into a large-scale simulation for ductile fracture analysis. A quantitative understanding of the microvoid sheeting mechanism and mixed-mode failure controlling the zig-zag fracture surface are presented using the modeling technique utilized herein. We define and quantify metrics of fracture by analyzing the crack opening distance, process zone size, zig-zag wavelength and void growth ratios in the crack tip reconstructions. The quantitative agreement of these metrics between experiment and simulation supports a new and developing predictive structure/property theory to enable materials design.

The 3-d Euler–Euler CFD simulation was adopted to study the particle dynamics in the spouted bed under different operation conditions and different gas inlet structures (traditional single-nozzle inlet, modified single-nozzle inlet, multi-nozzle inlet and swirl flow design inlet). The maximum spouted height is mainly determined by the gas velocity. The simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results in spouted bed with traditional single-nozzle inlet. The gas velocity increase will also reduce the volume of particle clusters in spouted bed with multi-nozzle inlet. By comparing simulation results, the multi-nozzle inlet and special swirl flow design inlet is better than single nozzle inlet for obtaining a more uniform fluidization state, which can disperse the gas to increase the gas–particle contact efficiency. The specially swirl flow design can reduce the accumulation of solid particles close to the wall further, especially at the bottom of the spouted bed. The experimental study should be given to validate the superiority of this newly swirl flow design inlet before the industrial application in the future.

Three-dimensional (3-D)finite element simulation models are conducted to simulate the in-serviceinspection of the axial stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in ferromagneticpipeline using remote field eddy current (RFEC) probes. In this paper, atypical remote field eddy current probe which is internal to and coaxial withthe pipe is firstly introduced. Then a 3-D finite element simulation model isestablished in ANSYS to analyze the detection of RFEC technology. Finally theRFEC signals are observed when changing the geometric parameters, and thedefinite influences of crack size on the amplitude and phase lag of REFCsignals are evaluated. The results of the investigations are beneficial to thedetection and sizing of SCC in pipelines

Using software builda three-dimension simulation model of theTPS power supplies cable engineering. The civil engineering of TPS (Taiwan Photon Source) will soon be completed. The powersupply cables engineering should be done before the scheduled completion of the civil engineering. To use software (SolidWorks) to build a three-dimensionalcabling simulation model, we obtain detailed cablinginformation because the model is made to scale, 1 to 1. As all components are built into the model of the TPS accelerator, we can build accurately a model of the powersupply cabling project. For example, we can check the position for every cable. We also canestimate every length and the total cable length for purchase and budget control. As we can evaluate the conditions for every power cable to lay the cable tray from the power supply to the magnets, we can lay every cable to follow the sequence in the cable tray. We thereby convert the drawing of the two-dimensional construction graph when we design the finished three-dimensional cabling simulation model. The precise and excellent results are proved in this paper.

Hintergrund: Dem technischen Fortschritt folgend, werden im Operationssaal Module zur 3-dimensionalen Darstellung in der Laparoskopie eingesetzt. Erste Untersuchungen an Box-Trainern haben diskrepante Ergebnisse gezeigt. Fur die Virtual-Reality-Laparoskopie (VRL) fehlen Daten zur 3-dimensionalen Simulation. Material und Methoden: 5 Facharzte fur Chirurgie, 10 chirurgisch tatige Arzte in Weiterbildung und 29 Medizinstudenten fuhrten abstrakte und prozedurale Ubungen am VRL-Simulator im 2-D- und 3-D-Modus durch. Die Reihenfolge der Durchfuhrung (2-D/3-D) wurde randomisiert. Ergebnisse: Fur Arzte und Studenten zeigten sich keine signifikanten Leistungsunterschiede fur Ubungen im 2-D- und 3-D-Durchgang. Die Praferenz des 3-D-Moduls war mit signifikant besseren Ubungsergebnissen in beiden Durchgangen assoziiert. Diskussion: Einige Studien zur 3-D-Simulation an Box-Trainern ergaben Vorteile fur unerfahrene Probanden gegenuber der 2-D-Simulation. Dies bestatigte sich in der vorliegenden Pilotstudie an einem VRL-Simulator nicht. Schlussfolgerung: Es konnte kein Vorteil der 3-D-Darstellung gegenuber der herkommlichen 2-D-VRL-Simulation gezeigt werden.

In this paper we want to study the behaviour of an underground structure subject to blast action. Other than the normal operating loads we considered the actions generated by a thermal gradient simulating the action of a fire load and by a pressure wave simulating an explosion. Initially the theoretical aspects of the problem were exanimated, and then a model was developed in numerical form and implemented through a finite element analysis. This modelling allows the simulation of a real scenario, e.g., railway tunnels with reinforced concrete structure that is subject to a fire generation and a subsequent explosion. The simulation involved aspects of thermal analysis, and therefore the structural problem was tackled analysing the tensions in the structure generated by the effect of temperature–pressure generated by the fire and by the overpressure generated by the blast. Only following this approach the most important factors influencing the dynamic response and damage of structure can be identified and the appropriate preventive measures can be designated.

We present 3-D simulations of wormhole formation in carbonate rocks using a two-scale continuum model. We employ the multigrid technique to obtain accurate solution of the model and analyze wormhole patterns in various acidization regimes. We also present a sensitivity analysis of the dissolution process with respect to acid injection rate, dissolution rate constant and rock properties such as initial average permeability, heterogeneity and permeability–porosity relationships. Finally, we determine the wormhole properties such as tip diameter and fractal dimension and compare the simulation results with available experimental data.

In hot metal forming processes, the material is subjected to the thermo-mechanical processing. A fully three dimensional thermo-mechanically coupled FEM-simulation of an eleven pass hot rough rolling process of H-beam has been performed. Microstructure evolution equations available in literatures were incorporated into the commercial FE solver ABAQUS/Explicit, through user defined subroutine VUMAT, to simulate the microstructure evolution. Since it’s impractical to obtain the austenite grain size distribution in the beam blank during industrial hot rolling, the calculated rolling loads are compared with the mills loads instead of grain size comparison between the predicted average value and the real ones.

It is often reported that around 60% of hydraulic fracturing stages are ineffective. If so, it is likely that the design accuracy is limited by the current state of modeling and hydraulic fracture (HF) simulations. Our study presents a new alternative – a full 3-D simulation with geomechanics coupled to fluid flow. With the conventional simulation, it is extremely hard to model opening of weak lamination (Lam) and nearly impossible to generate induced horizontal fractures against the vertical overburden stress. However, horizontal fractures are routinely evident in shale reservoirs as healed fractures observed along the bedding planes. Hence, the need and importance of a true 3-D simulator that could incorporate complex geology and dynamically simulate fracture propagation by accounting for realtime changes in geomechanics and fluid pressures. Case study uses shale reservoirs, which are heavily laminated with complex natural fractures (NFs). Numerical simulations consisted of four separate coupled modules - geomechanics, hydrodynamics, a geomechanical joint model for interfacial resolution, and an adaptive remeshing module. Reservoir stress condition, rock mechanical properties, and injected fluid pressure dictate how fracture elements could open or slide. Critical stress intensity factor was used as a fracture criterion governing the generation of new fractures or propagation of existing fractures and their directions. Simulation was run on a Cray XC-40 HPC system. Typical laminated shale reservoirs anisotropic geomechanical properties obtained from literature were used to estimate a 3-D geomechanical model and NF network. HF geometry was significantly different in the presence of weak bedding, compared to when bedding was strong enough to transmit crack tip stresses across the interface. Significant amounts of fracturing fluid can be diverted into creation of horizontal fractures, even when the pressure was below the vertical stress, once bedding discontinuities are activated. Choices of NF network and Lam thickness significantly affected observed fracture propagation. The value of 3-D modeling was clearly established. This method provides more accurate solutions for stimulation design optimization, e.g., landing points, number of stages, number of clusters, spacing between stages, and stimulated reservoir volume.

We proposed a 3D model to evaluate the role of platybasia and clivus length in the development of Chiari I (CI). Using a computer aided design software, two DICOM files of a normal CT scan and MR were used to simulate different clivus lengths (CL) and also different basal angles (BA). The final posterior fossa volume (PFV) was obtained for each variation and the percentage of the volumetric change was acquired with the same method. The initial normal values of CL and BA were 35.65 mm and 112.66º respectively, with a total PFV of 209 ml. Ranging the CL from 34.65 to 29.65 – 24.65 – 19.65, there was a PFV decrease of 0.47% – 1.12% – 1.69%, respectively. Ranging the BA from 122.66º to 127.66º – 142.66º, the PFV decreased 0.69% – 3.23%, respectively. Our model highlights the importance of the basal angle and clivus length to the development of CI.

Material constitutive equation plays an important role in Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of metal cutting process. This paper proposes a method to obtain parameters for Power Law model of a Japanese type of alloy steel (SCM440H) for 3-D FEA of face milling process, involving pressure bar experiments and orthogonal metal cutting experiments. Since pressure bar test cannot reach the high strain rate occurred in cutting process, orthogonal cutting experiment was combined to obtain parameters for material model. By this method, the ideal parameters for FEA of the face milling process were finally determined. Face milling experiments were performed to verify the accuracy of the model built.

In this paper, through the three-dimensional simulation of the cargo hold in the pre-cooling process–LNGC to reflect the changes of the cooling fluid at the internal space of the hold in pictures, which can directly and properly show the changes. In that case, it is of great practical and theoretical significance for us to master the Pre-cooling law, increase the Pre-cooling rate and the management of LNGC in the future.

In this paper we want to analyse the behaviour of spatial shell structures subject to multi-physics actions. Other than the normal operating loads we analysed the accidental effects generated by a thermal gradient simulating the effects of a fire load, and also the effects generated by a pressure wave simulating an explosion. The problem was first analysed in its theoretical form, then a numerical model was developed and implemented through a finite element analysis. This modelling and simulation allows detecting a real scenario, e. g. railway tunnels with reinforced concrete structure that, as a result of accident, is subject to a scenario generated by fire and subsequently to explosion. In particular, the first stage of analysis involved aspects of thermal analysis and after the structural problem was tackled analysing the tensions in the structure generated by the effect of temperature-pressure generated by the fire and by the instantaneous pressure wave generated by the blast.

Recently, vibration control devices are often adopted in Japanese buildings. Then, the seismic behavior of the buildings with them should be seized in the design stage accurately. However, that accuracy is not enough because the test data and analyses of the full-scale building are insufficient. This paper presents the 3 dimensional simulation of the experiment of the full-scale 5-story steel building using steel dampers conducted by E-Defense in 2009. Although the analysis results agreed the test results almost well, some differences were seen. Therefore, additional analyses were performed to study the effect of used models and parameters.

A numerical study of the 3-D characteristics of electroosmotic injection and migration of sample species in microchip capillary electrophoresis systems is reported. In particular, the effect of a non-rectangular cross section commonly found in isotropically-etched microchannels is thoroughly investigated through 3-D numerical simulations. A non-rectangular cross section resulted in a vertically non-uniform sample plug during the loading stage. Conventional 2-D simulation approach can result in up to 40% errors in the calculation of injection qualities. It was also found that the 2-D simulation using a proper channel width has a good agreement with the 3-D simulation data.

A key obstacle to a successful magnetic fusion energy production in Tokamak reactors is performance during abnormal events. Abnormal events include plasma disruptions, edge-localized modes (ELMs), vertical displacement events, and runaway electrons. While tremendous efforts are being made to find ways to mitigate such events, a credible reactor design must be able to tolerate a few of these transient events. We have recently enhanced our comprehensive HEIGHTS (High Energy Interaction with General Heterogeneous Target Systems) simulation package to enable detailed 3-D investigation of the overall aspects of plasma-material interaction processes during all the transient events. Advanced models and numerical tools were developed to efficiently couple major key processes during the transient events, and in particular disruptions and giant ELMs. These include dynamic interaction, deposition, and scattering of the escaping core plasma particles with the evolving and propagating secondary divertor vapor/plasma in the strong magnetic field. These details are critical for assessing the damage to all interior components, including the hidden structure and the first wall which were not directly exposed to these transient events and never thought to be affected as a result. Despite developing numerous efficient numerical techniques and solution methods, such calculations take several months on current supercomputers to complete. Our present results show, for the first time, that unmitigated transient events could cause significant melting and vaporization damage to most interior and hidden components, including the first wall that were not directly exposed to these events. The current ITER divertor design may not work properly and need to be significantly modified or redesigned to prevent this damage.A key obstacle to a successful magnetic fusion energy production in Tokamak reactors is performance during abnormal events. Abnormal events include plasma disruptions, edge-localized modes (ELMs), vertical displacement events, and runaway electrons. While tremendous efforts are being made to find ways to mitigate such events, a credible reactor design must be able to tolerate a few of these transient events. We have recently enhanced our comprehensive HEIGHTS (High Energy Interaction with General Heterogeneous Target Systems) simulation package to enable detailed 3-D investigation of the overall aspects of plasma-material interaction processes during all the transient events. Advanced models and numerical tools were developed to efficiently couple major key processes during the transient events, and in particular disruptions and giant ELMs. These include dynamic interaction, deposition, and scattering of the escaping core plasma particles with the evolving and propagating secondary divertor vapor/plasma i...

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of hydraulic calculation of the heat accumulator in the software environment for 3D modeling - SolidWorks. Based on the results of the calculation, the values of the distribution of the velocities of the water flow and the distribution of the static pressure in the given plane of the heat accumulator were obtained, which eventually made it possible to identify the problem areas in the three-dimensional model and obtain the values of the pressure difference.

Recently, the occurrence of slow earthquakes such as low-frequency earthquakes and very low-frequency earthquakes have been recognized at depths of about 30 km in southwest Japan and Cascadia. These slow earthquakes occur sometimes in isolation and sometimes break into chain-reaction, producing tremor that migrates at a speed of about 5–15 km/day and suggesting a strong interaction among nearby small asperities. In this study, we formulate a 3-D subduction plate boundary model with two types of small asperities chained along the trench at the depth of 30 km. Our simulation succeeds in representing various types of slow earthquakes including low-frequency earthquakes and rapid slip velocity in the same asperity, and indicates that interaction between asperities may cause the very low-frequency earthquakes. Our simulation also shows chain reaction along trench with propagation speed that can be made consistent with observations by adjusting model parameters, which suggests that the interactions also explain the observed migration of slow earthquakes.

This article is intended to give design engineers an overview over some properties of numerical methods used in today's most relevant commercial electromagnetic (EM) simulation tools. It cannot and does not want to be a rigorous analysis of the methods themselves nor a concise description of their history.

SUMMARY We present an algorithm for simulation of pore pressure due to a 3-D surface water reservoir, on a porous elastic half-space with heterogeneity of different permeability/hydraulic diffusivity. The perturbation in pore pressure due to the anomalous permeability of the heterogeneity is calculated by introducing a secondary source term in the porous elastic diffusion equation. The resulting equation is solved using integral equation method. Green's functions of porous elastic half-space are used in this algorithm. As an illustrative example, the case of Koyna–Warna region, a well-known site of reservoir triggered seismicity in India, is simulated. Pore pressure due to reservoir loading is calculated in the fault zones and the surrounding medium. This algorithm will have a wide application as it can be applied to various cases, such as fluid injection, increased stream discharge, porous elastic relaxation, etc., where the diffusion of pore pressure in the porous elastic medium with heterogeneities is significant.

A 3-D virtual analysis system to analyze the motion of control rod drive mechanism (CRDM) was developed. The analysis system consists of a 3-D model established as per the actual dimensions and interfaces of CRDM parts and a routine to calculate the forces acting on the mechanism, and was verified by mock-up test using the same equipment as the actual product. The analysis system is useful for functional evaluation in maintenance or to factor out root causes in the case of malfunction of CRDM.

This paper presents a SEU hardening approach that uses a dummy collector to reduce charge collection in the main transistor. The dummy collector is obtained using the silicon space between adjacent HBTs. It is obtained without any process modification or area penalty. The simulations are performed for normal and angled strikes. The hardened device shows significant reduction in charge collection due to sharing of diffusive charge collection by the dummy collector. Multiple HBT arrays of regular and hardened HBT are simulated to study the simultaneous charge collection in multiple HBTs. With hardening, charge collection in multiple devices is suppressed considerably for normal and angled strikes as the shared dummy collector collects a large amount of charge.

A general programming interface for parameter identification for marine ecosystem models is introduced. A comprehensive solver software for periodic steady-states is implemented that includes a fixed point iteration (spin-up) and a Newton solver. The software is based on the Portable, Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Computation (PETSc) library and uses transport matrices for efficient off-line simulation in 3-D. In addition to the usage of PETSc's parallel data structures and PETSc's Newton solver, an own load balancing algorithm is implemented. A simple verification is carried out using a well investigated biogeochemical model for phosphate (PO4) and dissolved organic phosphorous (DOP) with 7 parameters. The model is coupled via the interface to transport matrices that correspond to a longitudinal and latitudinal resolution of 2.8125° and 15 vertical layers. Initial tests show that both solvers and the load balancing algorithm work correctly. Further experiments demonstrate the robustness of the Newton solver with respect to parameter variations. Moreover, the numerical tests reveal that, with optimal control settings, the Newton solver converges at least 6 times faster towards a solution than the spin-up. However, additional twin experiments reveal differences between both solvers regarding a derivative-based black-box optimization. Whereas an optimization run with spin-up-based model evaluations is capable to identify model parameters of a reference solution, Newton-based model evaluations result in an inaccurate gradient approximation.

Electric contacts of riveted type are analyzed by 3D simulation of their mechanical, electrical and thermal characteristics. Special emphasis was put on dependencies of contacts? temperatures on chosen contact material and applied load conditions. Mechanical characteristics of contacts are considered through yield stress distributions and their maximum value dependences on contact material, geometry and dimensions. All simulations are performed for contacts within switching device, i.e. together with suitable supporting structure. Results are discussed on the basis of appropriate contact material selection and determination of reliable operating time for different geometry, dimensions and imposed loading conditions of contacts.