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While the crustal structure across the Iranian plateau is fairly well constrained from controlled source and passive seismic data, the lithospheric mantle structure remains relatively poorly known, in particular in terms of lithology. Geodynamics rely on a robust image of the present-day thermochemical structure interpretations of the area. In this study, the 3-D crustal and upper mantle structure of the Iranian plateau is investigated, for the first time, through integrated geophysical-petrological modelling combining elevation, gravity and gravity gradient fields, seismic and petrological data. Our modelling approach allows us to simultaneously match complementary data sets with key mantle physical parameters (density and seismic velocities) being determined within a self-consistent thermodynamic framework. We first elaborate a new 3-D isostatically balanced crustal model constrained by available controlled source and passive seismic data, as well as complementary by gravity data. Next, we follow a progressively complex modelling strategy, starting from a laterally quasi chemically homogeneous model and then including structural, petrological and seismic tomography constraints. Distinct mantle compositions are tested in each of the tectonothermal terranes in our study region based on available local xenolith suites and global petrological data sets. Our preferred model matches the input geophysical observables (gravity field and elevation), includes local xenolith data, and qualitatively matches velocity anomalies from state of the art seismic tomography models. Beneath the Caspian and Oman seas (offshore areas) our model is defined by an average Phanerozoic fertile composition. The Arabian Plate and the Turan platform are characterized by a Proterozoic composition based on xenolith samples from eastern Arabia. In agreement with previous studies, our results also suggest a moderately refractory Proterozoic type composition in Zagros-Makran belt, extending to Albor, Atraccion Talento senior fellowship - Comunidad Autonoma de Madrid (España), University of Tehran, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

We investigate the structure of the continental lithosphere by combining two approaches: a systematic survey of abrupt changes in seismic properties detected by P-to-S converted body waves and an integrated geophysical-petrological inversion for temperature and density in the upper mantle. We refine the global thermo-chemical model WINTERC-G in eastern North America by including detailed regional information on the crust into petrological inversions and combine it with the upper mantle layering beneath eastern North America yielded by anisotropy-aware receiver-function analysis. Eastern North America's Archean, Proterozoic and Paleozoic lithospheres show an excellent agreement between the depth to the 1,30? isotherm that bounds the lithosphere and the depth range where converted waves detect abrupt changes in seismic properties. Boundaries with these abrupt changes reside within the rigid mechanical lithosphere and are uncommon in the convecting mantle beneath it. The boundaries include both impedance increases and decreases with depth, as well as anisotropy changes, and must have developed over the course of the assembly and evolution of the lithosphere. In the asthenosphere below, such heterogeneities appear to have been largely mixed out by convection. The existence of abundant interfaces with diverse origin can account for the commonly observed scattered signals from within the continental lithosphere and presents an alternative to the end-member concept of the mid-lithospheric discontinuity as a ubiquitous feature with a uniform origin. Generally, we can define continental lithosphere as a region of conductive heat transport and steep geotherm that is characterized by pervasive internal layering of density, elastic moduli and texture., National Science Foundation (NSF), Agencia Espacial Europea, Science Foundation Ireland, Geological Survey of Ireland, Marine Institute (Irlanda), Comunidad de Madrid, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

The Canary archipelago (NW Atlantic African margin) is one of the best studied volcanic chains in the world yet its structure and geodynamic evolution are still under considerable debate. Oceanic island volcanoes typically form over hot spots due to upwelling of plume material followed by decompression melting and melt migration up to the surface. Here, the 3D lithospheric-uppermost mantle thermochemical structure beneath the Canary Islands is studied using an integrated and self-consistent geophysical-petrological approach exploiting the wealth of available data after decades of geophysical and petrological studies plus recent satellite data. A precise knowledge of the present-day thermal and compositional mantle structure beneath the Canary Islands is a key element to understand the geodynamic evolution of the area and, on a global scale, the thermal state of the Earth's mantle beneath hot spots. Our results suggest a likely chemically depleted and mechanically strong lithosphere showing no significant thinning with respect to the surrounding oceanic and continental domains (110 +/- 20 km thick). Models without a positive temperature anomaly in the sub-lithosphere (characterized by mantle T-pot = 1335 degrees C) fail to reproduce the observed sub-lithospheric seismic anomaly over the Canary Islands. A thermal sub-lithospheric anomaly of +100 degrees C (mantle potential temperature of 1435 degrees C) with respect to ambient mantle beneath the Canaries is able to explain both observed seismic tomography anomalies and measured geophysical and geodetic data. Such a sub-lithospheric thermal anomaly requires a dynamic contribution of 150-400 m to the static topography to match the present-day observed elevation in the Canary Islands and associated swell., JAE-DOC programme (CSIC-Spain), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

Regions where surface temperature has increased since past glaciation events, such as Ireland, underestimate the heat output of the Earth unless paleoclimate corrections are applied. We apply probabilistic techniques to quantify the uncertainty of 22 paleoclimate-corrected heat flow estimates in Ireland, which assimilate multiple surface temperature histories associated with 130ka of glacial oscillation in the British Isles. Heat flow values increase by approximate to 15mW/m(2) after a paleoclimate correction and provide new insights into the thermochemical structure of the lithosphere. The heat flow regime is broadly delineated by the Iapetus Suture Zone that separates Laurentian to the north and Avalonian terranes to the south (mean surface heat flow of 7314 and 6514mW/m(2), respectively). The degree to which heat-producing elements are partitioned into the uppermost crust is described by the differentiation index of a heat flow province. From Bayesian inversion, we determine that radiogenic elements are substantially more differentiated in the uppermost crust of Laurentia (D-I=2.81.4) than Avalonia (D-I=1.51.3), despite a moderately enriched lower crust (0.8 +/- 0.3W/m(3)). This is facilitated by a thin yet highly radiogenic layer in the uppermost crust of Laurentia (3.9 +/- 1.8W/m(3)). Extrapolating these results across the British Isles and Newfoundland suggests that heat-producing elements have been more successfully reworked into the upper crust to the north of the Iapetus Suture Zone during continental accretion between Laurentia and Avalonia., Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology, Sustainable Energy Authority Of Ireland, Marie Sklodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship - Comisión Europea, Science Foundation Ireland, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland, Geological Survey Ireland under the SEAI Research, Development & Demonstration Funding Programme 2019, Comunidad de Madrid, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Enterprise Ireland, Science Foundation Ireland, Marine Institute (Irlanda), Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

Several alternative gravity forward modelling methodologies and associated numerical codes with their own advantages and limitations are available for the solid Earth community. With upcoming state-of-the-art lithosphere density models and accurate global gravity field data sets, it is vital to understand the opportunities and limitations of the various approaches. In this paper, we discuss the four widely used techniques: global spherical harmonics (GSH), tesseroid integration (TESS), triangle integration (TRI), and hexahedral integration (HEX). A constant density shell benchmark shows that all four codes can produce similar precise gravitational potential fields. Two additional shell tests were conducted with more complicated density structures: laterally varying density structures and a crust–mantle interface density. The differences between the four codes were all below 1.5 % of the modelled gravity signal suitable for reproducing satellite-acquired gravity data. TESS and GSH produced the most similar potential fields (<0.3 %). To examine the usability of the forward modelling codes for realistic geological structures, we use the global lithosphere model WINTERC-G that was constrained, among other data, by satellite gravity field data computed using a spectral forward modelling approach. This spectral code was benchmarked against the GSH, and it was confirmed that both approaches produce a similar gravity solution with negligible differences between them. In the comparison of the different WINTERC-G-based gravity solutions, again GSH and TESS performed best. Only short-wavelength noise is present between the spectral and tesseroid forward modelling approaches, likely related to the different way in which the spherical harmonic analysis of the varying boundaries of the mass layer is performed. The spherical harmonic basis functions produce small differences compared to the tesseroid elements, especially at sharp interfaces, which introduces mostly sh, Agencia Espacial Europea, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

Curie depth offers a valuable constraint on the thermal structure of the lithosphere, based on its interpretation as the depth to 580 degrees C, but current methods underestimate the range of uncertainty. We formulate the estimation of Curie depth within a Bayesian framework to quantify its uncertainty across the British Isles. Uncertainty increases exponentially with Curie depth but this can be moderated by increasing the size of the spatial window taken from the magnetic anomaly. The choice of window size needed to resolve the magnetic thickness is often ambiguous but, based on our chosen spectral method, we determine that significant gains in precision can be obtained with window sizes 15-30 times larger than the deepest magnetic source. Our Curie depth map of the British Isles includes a combination of window sizes: smaller windows are used where the magnetic base is shallow to resolve small-scale features, and larger window sizes are used where the magnetic base is deep in order to improve precision. On average, the Curie depth increases from Laurentian crust (22.2 +/- 5.3 km) to Avalonian crust (31.2 +/- 9.2 km). The temperature distribution in the crust, and associated uncertainty, was simulated from the ensemble of Curie depth realizations assigned to a lower thermal boundary condition of a crustal model (sedimentary thickness, Moho depth, heat production, thermal conductivity), constructed from various geophysical and geochemical datasets. The uncertainty in the simulated heat flow field substantially increases from +/- 10 mW m(-2) for shallow Curie depths at similar to 15 km to +/- 80 mW m(-2) for Curie depths > 40 km. Surface heat flow observations are concordant with the simulated heat flow field except in regions that contain igneous bodies. Heat flow data within large batholiths in the British Isles exceed the simulated heat flow by similar to 25 mW m(-2) as result of their high rates of heat production (4-6 mu W m(-3)). Conversely, heat refraction aro, Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology, H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

El texto completo de este trabajo no se encuentra disponible por no haber sido facilitado aún por su autor, por restricciones de copyright, o por no existir una versión digital, This review paper focuses on joint modelling and interpretation of electromagnetic data and other geophysical and petrological observables. In particular, integrated geophysical-petrological modelling approaches, where the electrical conductivity and other physical properties of rocks are required to be linked by the common subsurface thermochemical conditions within a self-consistent thermodynamic framework, are reviewed. The paper gives an overview of the main geophysical electromagnetic techniques/data sets employed in lithospheric and mantle imaging including recent advances using satellite data, and an up-to-date summary of the most relevant laboratory experiments regarding the electrical conductivity of upper mantle minerals for various temperature-pressure-water conditions. The sensitivity of electrical conductivity and other geophysical parameters (density, seismic velocities) of mantle rocks to changes in temperature and composition are presented based on a Monte Carlo method parameter exploration. Finally, a case study in Central Tibet is presented where both seismological (long-period surface wave phase velocities) and electromagnetic (magnetotelluric) data-simultaneously including the constraints offered by topography, surface heat flow and mantle xenoliths-have been integrated. The modelling is based on a self-consistent petrological-geophysical thermodynamic framework where mantle properties are calculated as a function of temperature, pressure, and composition. The Tibetan case study offers an excellent opportunity to illustrate the different and complementary sensitivities of the various data sets used and to show how integrated thermochemical models of the lithosphere can help understand settings with a complex tectonic evolution., Marie Curie Actions, Science Foundation Ireland, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

We present a new global thermochemical model of the lithosphere and underlying upper mantle constrained by state of the art seismic waveform inversion, satellite gravity (geoid and gravity anomalies and gradiometric measurements from ESA's GOCE mission), surface elevation and heat flow data: WINTERC-G. The model is based upon an integrated geophysical–petrological approach where seismic velocities and density in the mantle are computed within a thermodynamically self-consistent framework, allowing for a direct parametrization in terms of the temperature and composition variables. The complementary sensitivities of the data sets allow us to constrain the geometry of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary, to separate thermal and compositional anomalies in the mantle, and to obtain a proxy for dynamic surface topography. At long spatial wavelengths, our model is generally consistent with previous seismic (or seismically derived) global models and earlier integrated studies incorporating surface wave data at lower lateral resolution. At finer scales, the temperature, composition and density distributions in WINTERC-G offer a new state of the art image at a high resolution globally (225 km average interknot spacing). Our model shows that the deepest lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary is associated with cratons and, also, some tectonically active areas (Andes, Persian Gulf). Among cratons we identify considerable differences in temperature and composition. The North American and Siberian Cratons are thick (>260 km) and compositionally refractory, whereas the Sino-Korean, Aldan and Tanzanian Cratons have a thinner, fertile lithosphere, similar to younger continental lithosphere elsewhere. WINTERC-G shows progressive thickening of oceanic lithosphere with age, but with significant regional differences: the lithospheric mantle beneath the Atlantic and Indian Oceans is, on average, colder, more fertile and denser than that beneath the Pacific Ocean. Our results sugges, Atraccion de Talento senior fellowship - Comunidad Autonoma de Madrid (España), Agencia Espacial Europea, Science Foundation Ireland, Geological Survey of Ireland, Unión Europea Horizonte 2020, Marie Curie Actions, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

El texto completo de este trabajo no se encuentra disponible por no haber sido facilitado aún por su autor, por restricciones de copyright, o por no existir una versión digital, El Chichón is the northernmost and youngest volcano of the modern Chiapanecan volcanic arc and is responsible for the deadliest volcanic disaster in Mexico's modern history. Forty years after the eruption, there are still uncertainties in the subsurface architecture of the volcano and its basement. Based on this, we performed aeromagnetic data analyses using reduction–transformation techniques, spectral analysis, and forward modeling to delineate the magnetic rock–strata and to image the boundaries of the magmatic reservoir or regions of molten rock. Results show that the magnetic alignments identified correlate well with the local geological features. Our preferred interpretation of the estimated Curie point depth is as a region of mush composed of crystals and molten rock below the volcano (4.77 km), depicting the transitional sector to a deeper magma reservoir. We compute values of 101.57 °C km−1 and 253 mW⋅m−2 for the geothermal gradient and conductive heat flux, respectively. In addition, we identify two complementary aquifer formations representing the shallow−local and deeper−regional aquifer units using geomorphology, topographic, and stratigraphic characteristics. The magnetic anomalies analyzed and the identification of aquifer units in this study provide new detailed information about the geological, geophysical, and hydrogeological conceptual models of the El Chichón geothermal system., Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

We present a multi-disciplinary study of the rupture process of deep- and intermediate-depth earthquakes in the subducting slab that develops beneath the Peruvian-Brazilian region. This contemplates the understanding of the atomistic fracture mechanism in an olivine model, its energetics budget, and the bridging of these results to the available seismic observables. A theoretical description of the stress-strain curves for the subducting material is initially provided as a key element to discern whether the rupture mechanism changes with depth or not. To this purpose, atomistic modelling was carried out through ab initio techniques for the forsterite olivine at different pressure ranges. The achieved stress-strain curves were compared to the average moment-scaled functions obtained for 43 intermediate (50 km < h < 200 km) and very deep earthquakes (500 km < h < 700 km) at the Peruvian-Brazilian subduction zone. It is found that at both depths operate a common atomistic rupture mechanism that is based on the gliding of the {001} crystal planes. Although the velocity of stress release changes with depth, this finding helps to clarify the controversial rupture process for very deep earthquakes at subduction zones. Likewise, efforts were directed to quantify the total amount of energy freed during an earthquake. Test calculations were carried out for several deep earthquakes providing rupture energy of six orders of magnitudes larger than the observable radiated seismic energy. This indicates that there might be space for redefining the commonly accepted order of magnitude for the seismic efficiency coefficient., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

El texto completo de este trabajo no se encuentra disponible por no haber sido facilitado aún por su autor, por restricciones de copyright, o por no existir una versión digital, The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) depth represents a fundamental parameter in any quantitative lithospheric model, controlling to a large extent the temperature distribution within the crust and the uppermost mantle. The tectonic history of Ireland includes early Paleozoic closure of the Iapetus Ocean across the Iapetus Suture Zone (ISZ), and in northeastern Ireland late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic crustal extension, during which thick Permo-Triassic sedimentary successions were deposited, followed by early Cenozoic extrusion of large scale flood basalts. Although the crustal structure in Ireland and neighboring offshore areas is fairly well constrained, with the notable exception of the crust beneath Northern Ireland, the Irish uppermost mantle remains to date relatively unknown. In particular, the nature and extent of a hypothetical interaction between a putative proto Icelandic mantle plume and the Irish and Scottish lithosphere during the Tertiary opening of the North Atlantic has long been discussed in the literature with diverging conclusions. In this work, the present-day thermal and compositional structure of the lithosphere in Ireland is modeled based on a geophysical-petrological approach (LitMod3D) that combines comprehensively a large variety of data (namely elevation, surface heat flow, potential fields, xenoliths and seismic tomography models), reducing the inherent uncertainties and trade-offs associated with classical modeling of those individual data sets. The preferred 3D lithospheric models show moderate lateral density variations in Ireland characterized by a slightly thickened lithosphere along the SW-NE trending ISZ, and a progressive lithospheric thinning from southern Ireland towards the north. The mantle composition in the southern half of Ireland (East Avalonia) is relatively and uniformly fertile (i.e., typical Phanerozoic mantle), whereas the lithospheric composition in the northern half of Ireland (Laurentia) seems to vary fro, JAE-DOC programme (CSIC-Spain), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Science Foundation Ireland, Australian Research Council, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

This paper focuses on one orogenic belt that formed during the Rinconada phase on the final stage of the Famatinian orogeny, between 445 and 410 Ma, which is well exposed at Sierra de Ramaditas and neighbouring ranges in western Argentina. The Ramaditas Complex is formed by metasedimentary and meta-ultrabasic rocks and amphibolites. This complex forms the upper nappe of a thrust stack resulting from westward thrusting. Deformation consists of an early high-temperature S1 foliation (stromatic migmatites), coeval with thrusting and metamorphism. Metamorphism attained peak P–T conditions of 6.0–6.9 kbar and 795–810 °C, at c. 440 Ma, i.e. coincident with the Rinconada orogenic phase. The lower unit and intermediate nappes crop out in the nearby sierras of Maz and Espinal and underwent low- to medium-grade Silurian metamorphism, respectively, together with the upper nappe, defining an inverted Barrovian-type metamorphism with T decreasing and P increasing downwards across the thrust stack (i.e. westward). We argue that the Rinconada orogenic phase developed near the continental margin of SW Gondwana, during a magmatic lull following accretion of the Precordillera terrane to the continental margin at c. 470 Ma. The active margin jumped to the west after accretion, and flat-slab subduction resumed in the early Silurian, provoking thrusting and imbrication of nappe stack under the still hot root (800–900 °C) of the older Famatinian magmatic arc. This ‘hot-iron’ process explains both the inverted Barrovian-type metamorphism and the missing overburden of 21 to 24 km implied by the P estimate., CONICET, FONCYT, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Depto. de Mineralogía y Petrología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

The Eastern Central Atlantic (ECA) region includes the Azores, Canary, Cape Verde, Great Meteor, and Madeira hotspots. These hotspots exhibit a large variety of characteristics and are rooted in the lithosphere ranging in age from newly created at the Mid Atlantic Ridge to Jurassic at the NW Africa Atlantic margin. Therefore, the ECA region represents an excellent scenario to investigate in an integrated way the effects of hotspots on the mechanical structure of oceanic lithosphere. Here, we calculate the effective elastic thickness (Te) of the lithosphere from an analysis of gravity and topography. Azores hotspot is characterized by a Te < 10 km, whereas the Great Meteor, Cape Verde, and Madeira hotspots have intermediate Te (15–30 km) values. In contrast, the Canary hotspot is characterized by a much higher Te (>50 km), forming the largest and most prominent mechanical feature in the ECA. All the hotspots except Canary show standard elastic thickness values when compared to average values for the same age lithosphere and to other oceanic areas in the world. The high strength of the Canary hotspot may be related to the highly depleted mantle composition in the area. The comparison between the elastic thickness distribution and the upper mantle seismic velocity structure shows no correlation between the Te estimated at the ECA hotspots (with the exception of Azores) and the presence of low shear-wave velocity anomalies in the underlying mantle. This lack of correlation suggests a negligible effect of upper mantle temperature anomalies on the flexure of the ECA region., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Comunidad de Madrid, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

A detailed analysis of the Viñales National Park (VNP) was carried out to evaluate the main geosites of geomorphological interest inside the park. This allowed the selection of areas (AIG) and localities (LIG) with 20 geosites of geological interest (PIG) suitable to evaluate their importance as geoheritage. Moreover, three field trips and one virtual itinerary encompassing the park aimed to improve the geological–geomorphological knowledge to be used in geotouristic and preservation issues. The methodology included preparing five maps: relief, drainage pattern, slopes, lithology and geomorphology (forms and structures) and representing them on a digital terrain model (DTM) for a better visualisation and selecting the geosites (poljes, valleys and mountain fronts). The evaluation of the selected PIG is based on the criteria proposed by Spanish Institute of Geology and Mining, grouping them in places and areas of interest. The virtual itinerary favour real-time usage of web sites and geoportals. As a result, this paper presents map layers and geomorphological descriptions of the AIG and LIG with the most relevant aspects and valuations of the PIG, AIG and LIG. The PIG reached values between 1050 (Viñales Valley) and 365 (La Jutia Valley). The AIG and LIG ranged between 2190 (Santo Tomás Polje) and 675 (La Cuevita Polje)., FEDER-MINECO, MCIN/AEI, Universidad de Salamanca, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

© The Author(s) 2023. This work has been performed using the facilities of the Laboratory of Geodynamic Modeling from Geo3BCN-CSIC. Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 were totally or partly drawn using GMT software (Wessel et al. 2013). The authors thank two anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions that have improved the previous version of this manuscript. Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This work has been supported by EVAMED (PID2020-118999GB-I00) and GEOCAM (PGC2018-095154-B-100) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Research Agency of Spain (AEI)/https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033.e). JA is funded by Grant IJC2018-036074-I and EGR by the Ramón y Cajal Fellowship RYC2018-026335-I, both funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN)/State Research Agency of Spain (AEI). Additional funding comes from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)/https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033.e, Renewable energy sources are key to achieve the transition toward clean energy system. Among them, the geothermal energy has a production whose efectiveness requires sufcient understanding of the temperature distribution and fuid circulation at depth, as well as of the lithological and petrophysical properties of the crust. The focus of this paper is twofold: frst, we summarize the main advances in the develop ment of new methodologies and numerical codes to characterize the properties of the thermal lithosphere in terms of its, temperature, density and composition; second, based on the compilation of available thermal modelling results, we present the depth of the thermal Lithosphere–Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB) of the Iberian Peninsula and the temperature distribution at crustal depths of 5, 10, and 20 km, in addition to at Moho level. At 5 km depth, the temperature is above 110 °C with local anomalies (>130 °C) located in the Iberian Massif and Cenozoic volcanic provinces. A similar pattern is observed at 10 and 20 km depth, where temperatures are above 190 °C and 350 °C, respectively. At 20 km depth, anomalies above>500 °C, delineate the SE and NE Cenozoic volcanic provinces. At Moho depths, temperature ranges from 450 to 800 °C with hot regions mainly located along the Iberian Massif and the SE and NE volcanic provinces. The compiled results do not show any lithospheric anomaly that could give rise to high temperatures at shallow depths, but they do show an acceptable exploi tation potential at intermediate depths. With regard to the direct use of district and greenhouse heating and for industrial processes, the potential is great throughout the Peninsula, the main challenges being the availability of groundwater and drilling costs., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN) the Ramón y Cajal Fellowship, European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

In contrast to the general stratospheric ozone recovery following international agreements, recent observations show an ongoing net ozone epletion in the tropical lower stratosphere (LS). This depletion is thought to be driven by dynamical transport accelerated by global warming, while chemical processes have been considered to be unimportant. Here we use a chemistry–climate model to demonstrate that halogenated ozone-depleting very short-lived substances (VSLS) chemistry may account for around a quarter of the observed tropical LS negative ozone trend in 1998–2018. VSLS sources include both natural and anthropogenic emissions. Future projections show the persistence of the currently unaccounted for contribution of VSLS to ozone loss throughout the twenty-first century in the tropical LS, the only region of the global stratosphere not projecting an ozone recovery by 2100. Our results show the need for mitigation strategies of anthropogenic VSLS emissions to preserve the present and future ozone layer in low latitudes., European Research Council Executive Agency, European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, NSF, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

The well-known 1755 CE Lisbon tsunami caused widespread destruction along the Iberian and northern Moroccan coastlines. Being affected by the powerful 1755 CE Lisbon tsunami, the southwestern Algarve shelf provides environments for detecting offshore tsunami imprints. Our multidisciplinary investigations (hydroacoustics, sedimentology, geochemistry, radiocarbon dating) of the Holocene sediments have revealed tsunami deposits linked to this tsunami and a ca. 3600 cal yr BP event. The latter event is until now unidentified in Portugal. Both event deposits contrast with the background shelf sedimentation by their coarser grain size, element composition, internal structure, and erosive base, making them discernible in the sub-bottom data and cores. Especially the ca. 3600 cal yr BP deposit is exceptionally well-preserved at one of the coring sites. The clear differentiation into several sections enables further insights into offshore tsunami transport and depositional processes. This study demonstrates that the record and preservation of tsunami deposits were possible on the Algarve shelf in specific locations sheltered from possible alterations. Our findings extend the tsunami catalogs of Portugal with a previously unknown tsunami dated to ca. 3600 cal yr BP., German Research Foundation, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, German Research Fleet Coordination Centre, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Although it is generally recognized that geomorphic work is tied to bedrock channel reshaping, the importance of low vs. high flow stages that cause the most geomorphic impact remains unclear. The objective of the research is to study the concept of “formative flow” in bedrock channels and determine, through morphological studies, if those flows have any impact on sculpted features such as potholes and how this relationship relates to various inputs such as flow stages (magnitude and frequency), shear stress, and sediment size. Here, we studied the distribution of the main pothole typologies and tried to understand why potholes are found along bedrock river channels. Specifically, we examined stream potholes from three locations along the Spanish Central System: Alberche, Tietar, and Manzanares rivers. We conducted the research by taking precise geometric measurements, classifying potholes, analyzing flow magnitude and frequency, and using a two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic model to assess key variables in Manzanares river. This research demonstrated that bankfull depths completely cover all pothole typologies in all the analyzed sites but are not sufficient to achieve its formative flow depth (FFD). Using a detailed 2D hydrodynamic model in Manzanares river, we discovered that dimensions of cylindrical potholes are closely related to bankfull discharge and that this depth is connected to FFD. Other potholes, such as erosive-compound and erosive-lateral, are historical remnants, and their shapes are not related to any particular FFD and are likely associated with rare events and catastrophic breaks. A collection of laterals that exhibit FFD near bankfull flows appear to represent a part of the recent evolution of a knickpoint. To summarize, it can be inferred from the findings that the utility of morphological analysis in conjunction with the 2D hydrodynamic model is to examine the fraction of erosional/active features to determine the degree of senescence and/or c, Regional Government of Madrid (Spain), Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

The access road to the powerhouse’s hydraulic system’s facilities in Guarumales (Azuay, Ecuador) presents a medium-sized landslide. Geophysical tests were conducted in the initial research stage, combining electrical and seismic methods. A vertical electrical sounding (VES) and horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) survey campaign have been taken as a reference for the analysis of the landslide area. The distribution of these test points has been at three different levels along the landslide where the access road crosses it, trying to cover the area’s most extensive possible length and width. In the area, we find the geology dominated by the presence of schists, altered to different degrees and presenting blocks of material with a lower degree of alteration within colluvium formed by a clayey matrix and coarse material of the exact nature. There is also observed runoff water and groundwater in the area. The results obtained through SEV tests have allowed for defining the separation zone of the mobilized or sliding materials compared to the fixed or immobile ones (potentially, the sliding surface was marked). Using the HVSR technique, the natural vibration frequencies of the ground associated with the sliding mass (separation of seismic impedances between a two-layer model: mobile and fixed) have been determined. Previous authors proposed an empirical relationship establishing the exponential relationship, already proposed by previous authors, between sediment thickness and natural frequencies. It has been possible to determine the depth of the position of the loosely compacted sediment zone (and probably moving or mobilized) compared to that of compact materials (immobile) and thereby define the potential rupture surface., Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Sinkholes are a severe problem in urban areas located in karstic regions, especially where evaporitic rocks such as gypsum exist. Identification and proposal of mitigation measures are needed to reduce this geo-hazard effect on buildings and social urban living. This paper presents a case study of the town of Alcalá de Ebro (Spain), which is located in the highest sinkhole risk region of Europe. The identification and mitigation of a series of sinkholes that appeared are analyzed. The former involves a geological investigation, including boreholes, field tests and geophysics. The latter is addressed by the use of geogrids, mortar injections and polyurethane injections. A complementary finite element analysis is carried out to set the ground behavior associated with the sinking process and assess its future evolution. The Ebro River appears to be the main cause of sinkholes, and results show that ground treatments applied were successful in their purpose, as there are no apparent deformations indicating that the subsidence or sinking process is still active in the area. The use of different techniques depending on the size of the sinkhole, the objectives pursued and the element affected is discussed., Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

© 2023 by the authors. This research was funded by Ministry of Science and Innovation from Spanish Government, grant number IJC2020-044990-I and the APC was funded by Atmosphere (MDPI)., Studies on the irregularities of the ionosphere during disturbed geomagnetic conditions are fundamental to understanding the complex dynamics taking place in the upper atmosphere. In this work, different data sources are used to study the ionosphere effects of two moderate geomagnetic storms, 26-27 February 2014 and 17-18 September 2021, over the Iberian Peninsula. Data are obtained from digital ionosondes in Spain, Italy and Greece; the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) derived Total Electron Content (TEC) and Rate Of TEC Index (ROTI) from several receiver stations in Spain, Portugal and Morocco; and the UPC Quarter-of-an-hour time resolution Rapid GIM (UQRG), vertical TEC global ionosphere maps (GIMs), produced at 15 min intervals by the Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC, Spain). This analysis showed that, during the two moderate storms, spread-F and high values of ROTI, indicating the presence of irregularities, are found in a very localized area (Southern Iberian Peninsula and northwest Africa) and local times (night-time). However, no irregularities are found eastwards and northwards of the location indicated. We propose some possible explanations for these observations for both the storms, one of them related to the position of the Equatorial Ionosphere Anomaly (EIA) and the other one attributed to the Perkins' instabilities., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

Sulfide mining wastes may lead to severe environmental and human health risks. This study aims to use geochemical and ecotoxicological indicators for the assessment of the ecological risks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the San Quintín mining group to categorize wastes prior to mining restoration. Ecotoxicity was evaluated using crustacean (Dahpnia magna, Thamnocephalus platyurus) and algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata) bioassays. The geochemical and mineralogical results suggested that the mining residues underwent intense weathering processes, with active processes of acidity generation and metal mobility. Total PTEs concentrations indicated that the mining materials were extremely polluted, with Pb, Zn and Cd geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values higher than 5 in more than 90% of the samples. The pollution load index (PLI) showed average values of 18.1, which classifies them as very highly polluted. The toxicity tests showed a higher toxicity for plants than crustaceans, being the highest values of toxicity related to toxic elements (Pb, Cd and Zn), electrical conductivity and to pH. This paper presents for the first time the combination of indices in the categorization of mining waste prior to its restoration. The combination of them has made it possible to categorize the waste and adapt the restoration and remediation procedures., Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Depto. de Mineralogía y Petrología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

High-mountain peatlands are essential ecosystems for habitats, biodiversity, water, and carbon cycling, but there is little comprehensive information in central Iberia. We present results of research concerning the distribution, geormorphology, floristic, geobotany, and habitat diversity of peatlands in the Gredos Regional Park (Iberian Central System).We identified 72 peatlands covering 117 ha and ranging in size from 0.01 to 17.34 ha. Peatlands occur primarily in the upper orosubmediterranean bioclimatic belt at 1775–2230 m asl. From a geomorphological point of view, 9 different peatland typologies have been defined. Multivariate analyses (agglomerative cluster analysis and principal component analysis) of 103 relevés allowed us to classify the sampled peatland stands into 7 plant communities and 4 European habitats that formed along complex hydrogeomorphic conditions, and to propose a new subassociation of other community previously described (Caricetum echinato-nigrae lycopodielletosum inundatae). The main threat to Gredensean peatlands is pastoral pressure, which affects 15 of them intensively, mainly between the upper supramediterranean and the lower orosubmediterranean bioclimatic belts (~1314–1700 m asl). Seven bryophytes and three vascular plants documented in the Gredos Regional Park peatlands are included in the IUCN Red List. From the point of view of conservation priority, the most threatened correspond to transition mires communities (Habitat 7140) growing in oligotrophic and minerotrophic peatlands (Caricion nigrae vegetation). Particularly, the Iberian Central System endemic Sedo lagascae-Eriophoretum latifolii association is the one that has achieved the highest score in the five criteria considered in this regard because Meesia triquetra, a species with the category of “critically endangered”, inhabits it., Ministerio de Economía, Comercio y Empresa (España), Diputación de Ávila, Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes (España), Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Depto. de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

Over the last two centuries, rivers worldwide have been affected by human interventions, including dams, river training, and gravel mining. Such actions have often involved river fragmentation and sediment starvation. In this regard, gravel augmentation is an increasingly common restoration practice for mitigating sediment starvation in gravel-bed rivers. However, uncertainties remain on how to better implement and design such operations. This is the case for the Rhône River at Péage-de-Roussillon, France, where 6885 m3 of gravels were augmented in 2017. This work raised some concerns from river managers about the potential threat posed to a downstream reservoir from the arrival of the sediment, and explains why they were interested in the timeframe of sediment propagation, and travel distances and velocities of the augmented sediment. To answer these questions, we propose a modelling framework for simulating the long-term downstream propagation of a pulse of augmented sediment, with this framework being based on a combination of particle tracking data collected in the field and bedload transport capacity estimates. This workflow allowed us to successfully model propagation of gravels along the study reach, and provided useful information on how the sediment wave would behave over the long term. We believe that the methodology proposed in this study has much potential for exploring and investigating the kinematics of sediment wave propagation in gravel-bed rivers., European Regional Development Fund, Agence de l'eau Rhône Méditerranée Corse, Compagnie Nationale du Rhône (CNR), Electricité du France (EDF), Région Auvergne-Rhòne-Alpes, Région PACA, Région Occitanie, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

The opening of the Scotia Arc resulted in the final breakup of the land bridge between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula. The South Orkney Microcontinent (SOM) constituted part of this former connection and it is now the largest continental block in the Southern Scotia Arc. We present the first 3D model of the SOM that, given its strategic position and characteristics, allows us to advance the knowledge of the tectonic processes involved in the development of the Scotia Arc. Due to the scarcity of reliable geological data, the initial approximation of the deep structure of the SOM was supported by the calculation of three main geological boundaries from geophysical data: the acoustic basement, the boundary of the magnetic anomaly source and the Moho depth. The 3D model was built, refined and validated by forward modeling and joint inversion of gravity and magnetic data. We have accurately defined the geometry of the sedimentary cover, determined the geometry of the intrusive igneous body causing the Pacific Margin Anomaly (PMA) and mapped the heterogeneity of the crustal thickness. These structural features show a clear relationship to each other and are consistent with an important E-W extension to the east of the SOM during early stages of the Scotia Arc formation, prior to the opening of the Powell Basin., Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, European Union, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Along the northern littoral of the Iberian Peninsula, from Cuerres (Asturias) to Oyambre (Cantabria) there are caves, such as El Pindal (World Heritage List). Two geomorphologic maps have been prepared: a general scaled 1:25000, and a detail one of the cave, with erosional and depositional landforms geomorphologic units. A relative Quaternary chronology for the depositional landforms, uses colour spots. Marine morphologies suitable for determining past sea-level positions were surveyed to identify the elevation of past high-stands and reconstructing paleo-shorelines. As a result, the study of seven erosional surfaces (rasas) in quartzites and six on limestones led to reconstructing a general sequence between 275–120 m and 90–1 m above sea level (a.s.l.) respectively. Around the El Pindal cave there are four rasas cut on quartzites (171–160 m) and four cut on limestone (65–32 m). Other additional indicators of paleoshorelines are: 24–25 m entrance to the El Pindal cave, 20–21 m lower Pindal, 15–17 m marine terrace, 9–10 m shelter, 2–3 m notches and 0–1 m present rasa.Considering the elevation rates for the various rasas, an estimated value of 0.066 mm/y as the most probable, it is concluded that the beginning of Quaternary lays at 172 m a.s.l., MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

© 2015 American Geophysical Union. The authors thank the helpful comments of the two anonymous reviewers and Editor Diffenbaugh. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement 603521 and the Spanish project CGL2012-38923-C02-01. We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme's Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and we thank the climate modeling groups for producing and making available their model output. For CMIP, the U.S. Department of Energy's Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison provides coordinating support and led the development of software infrastructure in partnership with the Global Organization for Earth System Science Portals. Thanks are also given to the MICINN of the Spanish government for the scholarship that J.V. has been granted., Many studies address the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) as a modulator of climate in several regions all over the globe. However, very few suggest that it has an impact on Sahel rainfall low-frequency variability. This work shows the relevance of such connection, supported by a robust response of state-of-the-art global climate models, involved in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Our results reveal that the positive phase of the IPO has a negative impact on Sahel rainfall anomalies regardless of the externally forced changes induced by anthropogenic gases. Such relationship is stronger for those models in which sea surface temperatures associated with the positive phase of the IPO show warmer anomalies over the tropical Pacific. Therefore, we suggest the importance of a skillful simulation of IPO to improve decadal prediction of Sahel rainfall and to better understand its variability., Unión Europea. FP7, Ministerio de Ciencia y Competitividad (MICINN), España, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

In this paper, gravimetric and altimetric data are used to assess an estimation of the sea surface topography in the Western Mediterranean Sea. This is a complex area from different points of view, due to the presence of several islands, coastal lines, shallow waters and a peculiar hydrologic equilibrium due to its proximity to the Atlantic water exchange area. First, a gravimetric geoid was computed using the least-squares collocation (LSC) procedure with the classical remove-restore technique. We also present a local mean sea surface generated from repeat ERS-1 altimeter data fitted to TOPEX. We chose this satellite because it offers a better spatial resolution than the TOPEX data. The time span used in the computations is one year. This is a useful interval for averaging out the regular seasonal variations, which are very large in this area. We present the comparisons between the gravimetric geoidal heights and the adjusted sea surface. This is a way to obtain a rough estimation of the sea surface topography (SST) since we also include the errors in the two surfaces and other oceanic signals. The differences obtained are physically reasonable with a mean of 17 cm and standard deviation (s.d.) of 39 cm. A significant similarity is observed between the features reproduced by these differences and the bathymetry in the area, suggesting some sort of correlation between both magnitudes for the studied region. If we accept such correlation, the SST may be described as a function of depth. This procedure lets us filter out the short wavelength part of the geoid from the first SST estimation., CLS Space Oceanography Division, Toulouse, ERS-1, ERS-2, TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry data for oceanic circulation studies, Unidad Deptal. de Astronomía y Geodesia, Fac. de Ciencias Matemáticas, TRUE, pub

© Author(s) 2015. Seismic data come from the Mexican National Seismological Service (NSSM), and from the networks CI, CU, G, GE, II, IU, LI, NR, OV, TA and US through the IRIS Consortium. We acknowledge C. Valdés, A. Cárdenas, C. Cárdenas, I. Rodríguez, J. Pérez, J. Estrada, and S. I. Franco for providing NSSM data. The maps and graphs were drawn with the Generic Mapping Tools (Wessel and Smith, 1998). Funds provided by the REPSOL CO-DOS project supported B. Gaite. This is a contribution of the Team Consolider-Ingenio 2010 TOPO-IBERIA (CSD2006-00041). We thank D. García and A. Ugalde for their useful comments for improving this manuscript. We also are grateful to Taka’aki Taira and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive and helpful suggestions for enhancing the paper., We use group velocities from earthquake tomography together with group and phase velocities from ambient noise tomography (ANT) of Rayleigh waves to invert for the 3-D shear-wave velocity structure (5–70 km) of the Caribbean (CAR) and southern North American (NAM) plates. The lithospheric model proposed offers a complete image of the crust and uppermost-mantle with imprints of the tectonic evolution. One of the most striking features inferred is the main role of the Ouachita–Marathon–Sonora orogeny front on the crustal seismic structure of the NAM plate. A new imaged feature is the low crustal velocities along the USA-Mexico border. The model also shows a break of the east–west mantle velocity dichotomy of the NAM and CAR plates beneath the Isthmus of the Tehuantepec and the Yucatan Block. High upper-mantle velocities along the Mesoamerican Subduction Zone coincide with inactive volcanic areas while the lowest velocities correspond to active volcanic arcs and thin lithospheric mantle regions., Team Consolider-Ingenio 2010 TOPO-IBERIA, REPSOL, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

© EUNA. A la Facultad de CC Físicas y en particular al Departamento de Geofísica y Meteorología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, por la utilización de los recursos informáticos y bibliográficos. Este trabajo fue financiado en parte con los proyectos: TOPOIBERIA (CSD2006/0041) y TSUJAL (CGL2011-29474-C02-01). Las figuras las preparó Amador García Sarduy. Los evaluadores y filóloga de la Revista han realizado sugerencias que han mejorado la exposición del trabajo., Se presentan los resultados de una investigación morfotectónica del segmento continental de Cádiz a Málaga, zona occidental de interacción entre las placas africana y euroasiática. Aquí existe un sistema de 5 tipos de Unidades Territoriales (macrobloques= 2, mesobloques= 2, bloques= 29, microbloques= 44, y nanobloques= 202) en relaciones espacio-temporales actuales con una red de 29 alineaciones principales y 32 intersecciones o nudos. El 59% de los bloques es muy activo o activo, y el territorio tiene un valor de ~0.03 fracturas/km2 con 63 escarpes. Las zonas con mayor actividad están entre las localidades de Barbate-Torrecera-Sierra de las Cabras (en Cádiz) y Ronda-Embalse Gudaltela Cabras-Villalón (en Málaga). El segmento de Cádiz-Málaga tiene características similares a las de la zona colindante de Almería-Córdoba-Granada-Jaén-Murcia. Todo el trabajo sustentado en un SIG., We present the results of a morphotectonic research of the Cadiz to Malaga continental segment, which is a western interaction zone between the African and Europe-Asian plates. There is a system of 5 types of Territorial Units (macroblocks=2, mesoblocks=2, blocks=29, microblocks=44, and nanoblocks=202) in current space-time relations with a network of 29 main alignments and 32 intersections or junctions. Fifty-nine percent of the blocks are very active or active, and the territory has a mean value of ~0.03 fractures/km(2) with 63 scarps. The most active zones are between Barbate-Torrecera-Sierra de las Cabras (in Cadiz) and Ronda-Embalse Gudaltela-Cabras-Villalon (in Malaga). This Cadiz-Malaga segment has similar characteristics to those determined for the adjacent zone of Almeria-Cordoba-Granada-Jaen-Murcia. All data are in a GIS., Geosciences in Iberia: Integrated studies of topography and 4-D evolution ‘Topo-Iberia’(IGME), Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Proyecto Caracterización del Peligro sísmico y tsunamigénico asociado con la estructura cortical del contacto Placa Rivera-Bloque de Jalisco (TSUJAL) (CSIC), Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

Dry periods in semi-arid regions constitute one of the greatest hazardous features that agriculture faces. This study investigates the effects of using a new device called ‘Hydroinfiltrator Rainwater Harvesting System (HRHS) on the water balance of soils. It was designed for arid and semi-arid zones affected by long periods of drought punctuated by heavy rainstorms. The new hydroinfiltrator consists of a net-like shell filled mainly with biochar. It is cylindrical in shape, is placed vertically and is half-buried in the soil around the crop tree to facilitate the infiltration of rainwater, irrigation or runoff water deep into the soil. The experimental plot is located in Baena (Córdoba, southern Spain) in an olive grove where the hydroinfiltrator was installed in 90 olive trees while 10 were left as a control group. In the xeric climate (bordering on arid), typical of the region, soils without a hydroinfiltrator have had a low infiltration rate, which reduces the effectiveness of precipitation and significantly increases the risk of water erosion. The effects of infiltration assisted by the device were analysed by simulating a torrential rain in which 600 L of water were passed through the hydroinfiltrator on an olive tree which had been installed 3 years previously. Geophysical methods (electrical resistivity tomography, ERT), direct analyses of soil samples, both in situ and in the laboratory, and theoretical flow models indicated a very significant increase in soil moisture (which nearly tripled in respect to the control group) because water was absorbed into the soil quickly, preventing runoff and water erosion. The soil moisture at 20 cm depth was 2.97 times higher with the HRHS than in the control plots. In addition, olive production increased by 211% and was higher in fat yield by 177%. Moreover, the resistivity profiles, taken by ERT showed that the water that entered the soil accumulated in the root zone of the olive tree, encouraged by the preferential pat, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

© 2015 IOP Publishing Ltd. Calculations were performed on the Terrawulf cluster, a computational facility supported through the AuScope Australian Geophysical Observing System (AGOS). AuScope is funded under the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS), and the Education investment Fund (EIF3) both Australian Commonwealth Government Programs. D. R. D. is funded by an ARC Future Fellowship (FT140101262). M. M. acknowledges financial support by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CGL 2013-41860-P) and by the BBVA Foundation (PR14 CMA10). We are thankful to J. Byrne for his assistance with Terrawulf cluster and M. Sambridge and T. Bodin for useful discussions regarding technical aspects of the Bayesian inversion. All figures were made by The Generic Mapping Tools., The core mantle boundary (CMB) separates Earth's liquid iron outer core from the solid but slowly convecting mantle. The detailed structure and dynamics of the mantle within similar to 300 km of this interface remain enigmatic: it is a complex region, which exhibits thermal, compositional and phase-related heterogeneity, isolated pockets of partial melt and strong variations in seismic velocity and anisotropy. Nonetheless, characterising the structure of this region is crucial to a better understanding of the mantle's thermo-chemical evolution and the nature of core-mantle interactions. In this study, we examine the heterogeneity spectrum from a recent P-wave tomographic model, which is based upon trans-dimensional and hierarchical Bayesian imaging. Our tomographic technique avoids explicit model parameterization, smoothing and damping. Spectral analyses reveal a multi-scale wavelength content and a power of heterogeneity that is three times larger than previous estimates. Inter alia, the resulting heterogeneity spectrum gives a more complete picture of the lowermost mantle and provides a bridge between the long-wavelength features obtained in global S-wave models and the short-scale dimensions of seismic scatterers. The evidence that we present for strong, multi-scale lowermost mantle heterogeneity has important implications for the nature of lower mantle dynamics and prescribes complex boundary conditions for Earth's geodynamo., National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS), Australia, Education investment Fund (EIF3), Australia, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), España, Fundación BBVA, Australian Commonwealth Government Program, Future Fellowship, Australian Research Council (ARC), Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

© Springer International Publishing AG, Part of Springer Science + Business Media. The authors are grateful to the Spanish research project CGL2011-24790 of the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad and the FPI grant BES-2012-052991, which has allowed to the author S.A. Campuzano a stay for 3 months at INGV in Rome. All algorithms have been developed in Matlab (R) codec (Matlab 7.11.0, R2010b) along with the figures. The authors also thank two anonymous reviewers for the constructive comments and suggestions which have helped to improve substantially this manuscript., The study of the temporal evolution of the dipole moment variations is a forefront research topic in Earth sciences. It constrains geodynamo simulations and is used to correct cosmogenic isotope production, which is evidence of past solar activity, and it is used to study possible correlations between the geomagnetic field and the climate. In this work, we have analysed the main error sources in the geomagnetic dipole moment computation from palaeomagnetic data: the influence of the non-dipole terms in the average approach, the inhomogeneous distribution of the current palaeomagnetic database, and the averaging procedure used to obtain the evolution of the dipole moment. To evaluate and quantify these effects, we have used synthetic data from a global model based on instrumental and satellite data, the International Geomagnetic Reference Field: 11th generation. Results indicate that the non-dipole terms contribute on a global scale of < 6 % in the averaged dipole moment, whereas the regional non-dipole contribution can show deviations of up to 35 % in some regions such as Oceania, and different temporal trends with respect to the global dipole moment evolution in other ones, such as Europe and Asia. A regional weighting scheme seems the best option to mitigate these effects in the dipole moment average approach. But when directional and intensity palaeomagnetic information is available on a global scale, and in spite of the inhomogeneity of the database, global modelling presents more reliable values of the geomagnetic dipole moment., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), España, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

We present a magnetotelluric profile across the Duero basin, the Central System and the Madrid basin, acquired in the framework of the TOPO-IBERIA project. The MT profile consists of 24 magnetotelluric sites over a 200 km, NS oriented profile. Five components were measured with periods ranging from 0.001 s to 500s. The dimensional analysis reveals a dominant E-W direction and 2D joint inversion of apparent resistivity, phases and tipper was carried out. The inverse resistivity model obtained has been compared with other geological and geophysical data, and it shows a resistive and homogeneous crust that extends towards the Duero basin. The main conductive anomalies are elongated and inclined bodies that are related with the main big–scale Alpine thrusts. Other superficial conductive bodies are related with the tertiary sedimentary basins. [RESUMEN]Este trabajo muestra un nuevo perfil magnetotelúrico (MT) a través del la cuenca del Duero, el Sistema central y la Cuenca de Madrid, adquirido dentro del proyecto TopoIberia. El Perfil MT consiste en 24 sondeos a lo largo de 200 km con una orientación NS. En cada sondeo se han medido cinco componentes con periodos de 0.001 a 500 s. El análisis dimensional revela una dirección dominante E-O y se ha realizado una inversión conjunta en 2D de las resistividades aparentes, fases y tipper. El modelo de resistividades obtenido ha sido comparado con otros datos geológicos y geofísicos, y muestra una estructura cortical homogénea y resistiva que se prolonga hacia la cuenca del Duero. En esta corteza aparecen cuerpos conductores inclinados y alargados en profundidad asociados a grandes cabalgamientos alpinos. Otros cuerpos conductores superficiales están claramente relacionados con las cuencas sedimentarias terciarias, MICINN, Universidad Complutense, Banco Santander, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

The Madrid basin, over 20.000 km2 , located in Central Spain. Its evolution is conditioned by basement uplifts (Central System and Toledo Mountains) during the Alpine orogeny. The Madrid basin is connected with the Loranca basin at its NE corner and with La Mancha basin to the south. Sediment thickness accumulated from Late Cretaceous to the Late Miocene, is about 3.000 m at Pradillo well, but from seismic interpretation, a depocenter associated to Central System South Thrust is inferred. For this study four different methodologies were used(“Euler Deconvolution”, “Source Parameter Imaging”, “Analytic Signal” and “Tilt Depth”), in order to obtain depth to basement estimations from aermagnetic data. These methods work for simplified source geometries, estimating depths as a good starting point for a structural interpretation. In Madrid Basin, this knowledge is important due to the geothermal and hydrological potential of the basin, as well as for CO2 storage. [RESUMEN]La cuenca de Madrid, con un área aproximada de 20.000 km2, se extiende en la zona central de la Península Ibérica. Su evolución está condicionada por el levantamiento del Sistema Central y de los Montes de Toledo durante la orogenia Alpina. La cuenca de Madrid está conectada con las cuencas de Loranca, en su límite NE, y de La Mancha por el sur. El espesor de sedimentos, con registro continuo desde el Cretácico Superior hasta el Mioceno Superior, alcanza los 3000 m en el pozo Pradillo, aunque de la interpretación sísmica se obtiene un depocentro, de mayor profundidad, adosado al cabalgamiento del Borde Sur del Sistema Central . En este trabajo se han seguido distintas metodologías para estimar la profundidad del basamento, a partir de datos aeromagnéticos. Los distintos métodos (“Deconvolucion de Euler”, “Source Parameter Imaging”, “Analytic Signal” y “Tilt Depth”) tienen en común que asumen geometrías sencillas, pero los resultados obtenidos resultan de gran interés para la interpretación estructural d, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

© The Authors 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal Astronomical Society. We deeply acknowledge the comments and suggestions made by the editor S. Goes. The reviewers N. Piana Agostti and an anonymous helped to improve the manuscript.We are grateful to the staff of the permanent networks for providing relevant data and to all members of the TopoIberia Seismic Working Group for their hard work in the acquisition and processing of field data. This work is part of the Consolider- Ingenio 2010 project TOPO-IBERIA (CSD2006- 00041). Additional funding was provided by projects CGL2006- 01171, CGL2008-01830, P09-RNM-5100 and CGL2012-31472. We acknowledge work on free software SAC (Goldstein et al. 1999) and GMT (Wessel & Smith 1998)., The Gibraltar arc and surrounding areas are a complex tectonic region and its tectonic evolution.since Miocene is still under debate. Knowledge of its lithospheric structure will help to.understand the mechanisms that produced extension and westward motion of the Alboran domain,.simultaneously withNW–SE compression driven by Africa–Europe plates convergence..We perform a P-wave receiver function analysis in which we analyse new data recorded at.83 permanent and temporary seismic broad-band stations located in the South of the Iberian.peninsula. These data are stacked and combined with data from a previous study in northern.Morocco to build maps of thickness and average vP/vS ratio for the crust, and cross-sections.to image the lithospheric discontinuities beneath the Gibraltar arc, the Betic and Rif Ranges.and their Iberian and Moroccan forelands. Crustal thickness values show strong lateral variations.in the southern Iberia peninsula, ranging from ∼19 to ∼46 km. The Variscan foreland is.characterized by a relatively flat Moho at ∼31 km depth, and an average vP/vS ratio of ∼1.72,.similar to other Variscan terranes, which may indicate that part of the lower crustal orogenic.root was lost. The thickest crust is found at the contact between the Alboran domain and the.External Zones of the Betic Range, while crustal thinning is observed southeastern Iberia.(down to 19 km) and in the Guadalquivir basin where the thinning at the Iberian paleomargin.could be still preserved. In the cross-sections, we see a strong change between the eastern.Betics, where the Iberian crust underthrusts and couples to the Alboran crust, and the western.Betics, where the underthrusting Iberian crust becomes partially delaminated and enters into.the mantle. The structures largely mirror those on the Moroccan side where a similar detachment.was observed in northern Morocco. We attribute a relatively shallow strong negativepolarity.discontinuity to the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. This mea, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Consolider-Ingenio 2010 (MINECO), Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

A programme for marine gravity data validation and adjustment is presented-VALDAMA. The aim of the programme is to provide a complete user-friendly system for marine gravity data validation and adjustment that enables the user to define all intervening parameters. The programme is written in standard C and has the possibility of solving for three different types of adjustment: inner constraint, constraint and minimum constraint and allows the user to define the stochastic model. It also has the ability to detect and adjust individual sub-networks, which may occur in regional applications, where track network connectivity fails. VALDAMA uses a parameter file in which the validation parameters, adjustment method and stochastic model are defined. The programme calculates the main statistical parameters and presents the results in spreadsheet format compatible with most common computer office tools. A test case is presented for marine gravity data in the North-East Atlantic Ocean. The complete validation and adjustment of more than 190,000 gravity observations are presented and from an analysis of several adjustment possibilities, it was concluded that inner constraint adjustment may give unpredictable results for global gravity data and that minimum constraint would be the preferred solution., Unidad Deptal. de Astronomía y Geodesia, Fac. de Ciencias Matemáticas, TRUE, pub

Polynomial surfaces are a very useful tool in order to represent the geomagnetic field over small area of the Earth's surface. Nevertheless, the method has not always been applied with enough precision, nor its limitations are considered in detail. This work analyses the conditions of applicability of this method to data from the aeromagnetic survey of the Spanish mainland accomplished in 1986, and the fulfilment of the necessary conditions to enhance a merely descriptive model to produce another of inferential character. The best statistical adjustment with only descriptive character, valid for the whole Spanish mainland, is a third degree model. The study proves that the conditions of validity for inferential models are met using polynomials of second and third degree in restrictive areas, but not over the whole Iberian Peninsula. In this case, the model of second degree is proposed as the best option because of its simplicity and the extension of its region of validity. To a great extent, the restrictions to enhance the descriptive models are due to the own nature, specially to their geographical dependence, and can also affect the analysis of other kinds of geophysical data., Depto. de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Fac. de Ciencias Matemáticas, TRUE, pub

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The data displayed in this paper were computed with the free software CitcomS (http://www.geodynamics. org/cig/software/citcoms). Model results were postprocessed and represented (Figures 2, 3, 5–9, S1–S6, and Movies S2, S3, S5, and S6) using commercial code Matlab (www. mathworks.com/products/matlab/). Figure 4 and Movies S1 and S4 were produced using public domain software ParaView (http://www. paraview.org). This work was supported by Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness projects CGL2012-37222 and CGL2014- 58821-C2-1-R. M.I. Billen acknowledges support from NSF grants 6877321 and 0748818. We thank the Editor and Leland O’Driscoll, Maxim Ballmer and an anonymous reviewer for their thoughtful and constructive comments., Several mechanisms have been suggested for the formation of flat slabs including buoyant features on the subducting plate, trenchward motion and thermal or cratonic structure of the overriding plate. Analysis of episodes of flat subduction indicate that not all flat slabs can be attributed to only one of these mechanisms and it is likely that multiple mechanisms work together to create the necessary conditions for flat slab subduction. In this study we examine the role of localized regions of cratonic lithosphere in the overriding plate in the formation and evolution of flat slabs. We explicitly build on previous models, by using time-dependent simulations with three-dimensional variation in overriding plate structure. We find that there are two modes of flat subduction: permanent underplating occurs when the slab is more buoyant (shorter or younger), while transient flattening occurs when there is more negative buoyancy (longer or older slabs). Our models show how regions of the slab adjacent to the subcratonic flat portion continue to pull the slab into the mantle leading to highly contorted slab shapes with apparent slab gaps beneath the craton. These results show how the interpretation of seismic images of subduction zones can be complicated by the occurrence of either permanent or transient flattening of the slab, and how the signature of a recent flat slab episode may persist as the slab resumes normal subduction. Our models suggest that permanent underplating of slabs may preferentially occur below thick and cold lithosphere providing a built-in mechanism for regeneration of cratons., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) España, National Science Foundation (NSF), EE.UU., Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

The first LA-ICP-MS U–Pb detrital zircon ages from quartzites located below (three samples) and above (one sample) the Upper Ordovician unconformity in the Central Pyrenees (the Rabassa Dome, Andorra) were investigated. The maximum depositional age for the Jújols Group, below the unconformity, based on the youngest detrital zircon population, is around 475 Ma (Early Ordovician), whereas for the Bar Quartzite Fm., above the unconformity, the presence of only two zircons of 442 and 443 Ma precludes obtaining a precise maximum sedimentation age. A time gap of ~20 million years for the Upper Ordovician unconformity in the Pyrenees can be proposed, similar to that of the Sardic unconformity in Sardinia. The similar age patterns obtained on both sides of the Upper Ordovician unconformity suggest that there was no change in the source area of these series, while the absence of aMiddle Ordovician age population may be due to a lack of sedimentation at that time. The four study samples present very similar U–Pb age patterns: the main age populations correspond to Neoproterozoic (Ediacarian–Cryogenian, ca. 550–750 Ma); Grenvillian (Tonian–Stenian, ca. 850–1100 Ma); Paleoproterozoic (Orosirian, ca.1900–2100 Ma) and Neoarchean (ca. 2500–2650 Ma). The similarity with the Sardinian age distribution suggests that these two terranes could share the same source area and that they were paleogeographically close in Ordovician times in front of the Arabian–Nubian Shield., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Depto. de Mineralogía y Petrología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, FALSE, pub

© 2015 American Meteorological Society. Artículo firmado por 25 autores. Belen Rodríguez-Fonseca, Elsa Mohino, and C. Roberto Mechoso wrote and organized this review. We thank additional contributions by the other authors as follows. Section 1:William Lau, Edward K. Vizy, Kerry Cook, and Serge Janicot; section 2a: Teresa Losada and Irene Polo; section 2b: Marco Gaetani and Bernard Fontaine; section 2c: David P. Rowell; section 2d: Juergen Bader; section 2e: Aurore Voldoire and David P. Rowell; section 3b: Yongkang Xue and Fred Kucharski; section 4: Alberto Arribas, Andrew Colman, and M. Vellinga; section 5: Javier Garcia-Serrano, Francisco Doblas Reyes, Lisa Goddard, and Marco Gaetani; and section 6: Cyril Caminade, Michela Biasutti, Leonard Druyan, Edward K. Vizy, and Kerry Cook. This work was supported by Spanish projects MINECO CGL2011-13564-E and GL2012-38923-C02-01. Support from the U.S. National Science Foundation (Awards SES-1048946, ATM-1036604, AGS-1041477, and AGS-1115506) is gratefully acknowledged. Also gratefully acknowledged are the GCM modeling groups, the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI), and the World Climate Research Programme's Working Group on Coupled Modeling (WGCM) for their roles in making available the WCRP CMIP5 multimodel dataset. Support of this dataset is provided by the Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). We acknowledge the EU QWECI, PREFACE, and SPECS projects both funded by the European Commission's Seventh Framework Research Programme under Grant Agreements 243964, 603521, and 308378 respectively. Based on a French initiative, AMMA was built by an international scientific group and is currently funded by a large number of agencies, especially from France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Africa. It has been the beneficiary of a major financial contribution from the European Community's Sixth Framework Research Programme. The authors are grateful to Ashlynn Fiss for her help in i, The Sahel experienced a severe drought during the 1970s and 1980s after wet periods in the 1950s and 1960s. Although rainfall partially recovered since the 1990s, the drought had devastating impacts on society. Most studies agree that this dry period resulted primarily from remote effects of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies amplified by local land surface-atmosphere interactions. This paper reviews advances made during the last decade to better understand the impact of global SST variability on West African rainfall at interannual to decadal time scales. At interannual time scales, a warming of the equatorial Atlantic and Pacific/Indian Oceans results in rainfall reduction over the Sahel, and positive SST anomalies over the Mediterranean Sea tend to be associated with increased rainfall. At decadal time scales, warming over the tropics leads to drought over the Sahel, whereas warming over the North Atlantic promotes increased rainfall. Prediction systems have evolved from seasonal to decadal forecasting. The agreement among future projections has improved from CMIP3 to CMIP5, with a general tendency for slightly wetter conditions over the central part of the Sahel, drier conditions over the western part, and a delay in the monsoon onset. The role of the Indian Ocean, the stationarity of teleconnections, the determination of the leader ocean basin in driving decadal variability, the anthropogenic role, the reduction of the model rainfall spread, and the improvement of some model components are among the most important remaining questions that continue to be the focus of current international projects., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), España, National Science Foundation (NSF), EE.UU, Unión Europea (UE), Seventh Framework Research Programme (UE), Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

This study used spatiotemporal land gravity data to investigate the 2021 eruption that occurred in the Cumbre Vieja volcano (La Palma, Canary Islands). First, we produced a density model by inverting the local gravity field using data collected in July 2005 and July 2021. This model revealed a low-density body beneath the western flank of the volcano that explains a highly fractured and altered structure related to the active hydrothermal system. Then, we retrieved changes in gravity and GNSS vertical displacements from repeated measurements made in a local network before (July 2021) and after (January 2022) the eruption. After correcting the vertical surface displacements, the gravity changes produced by mass variation during the eruptive process were used to build a forward model of the magmatic feeding system consisting of dikes and sills based on an initial model defined by the paths of the earthquake hypocenters preceding the eruption. Our study provides a final model of the magma plumbing system, which establishes a spatiotemporal framework tracing the path of magma ascent from the crust–mantle boundary to the surface from 11–19 September 2021, where the shallowest magma path was strongly influenced by the low-density body identified in the inversion process., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Sección Departamental de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica (Ciencias Matemáticas), Fac. de Ciencias Matemáticas, TRUE, pub

© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license. We thank the Climatic Research Unit (CRU), the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), the Met Office Hadley Centre and the US National Hurricane Center (NHC) for the Land Precipitation, reanalysis, SST and HURDAT2 datasets, respectively. Belen Rodríguez-Fonseca, Roberto Suárez-Moreno, Jorge López-Parages, Iñigo Gómara, Elsa Mohino, Teresa Losada and Antonio Castaño-Tierno are supported by the research projects PREFACE (EUFP7/2007-2013 Grant Agreement 603521) and MULCLIVAR (CGL2012-38923-C02-01-Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness). Blanca Ayarzagüena is supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (grant number NE/M006123/1). Julián Villamayor is granted through a scholarship from the MICINN—Spanish government (BES-2013-063821). Finally, we would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their pertinent comments and suggestions, which have contributed to improve this manuscript., The atmospheric seasonal cycle of the North Atlantic region is dominated by meridional movements of the circulation systems: from the tropics, where the West African Monsoon and extreme tropical weather events take place, to the extratropics, where the circulation is dominated by seasonal changes in the jetstream and extratropical cyclones. Climate variability over the North Atlantic is controlled by various mechanisms. Atmospheric internal variability plays a crucial role in the mid-latitudes. However, El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is still the main source of predictability in this region situated far away from the Pacific. Although the ENSO influence over tropical and extra-tropical areas is related to different physical mechanisms, in both regions this teleconnection seems to be non-stationary in time and modulated by multidecadal changes of the mean flow. Nowadays, long observational records (greater than 100 years) and modeling projects (e.g., CMIP) permit detecting non-stationarities in the influence of ENSO over the Atlantic basin, and further analyzing its potential mechanisms. The present article reviews the ENSO influence over the Atlantic region, paying special attention to the stability of this teleconnection over time and the possible modulators. Evidence is given that the ENSO–Atlantic teleconnection is weak over the North Atlantic. In this regard, the multidecadal ocean variability seems to modulate the presence of teleconnections, which can lead to important impacts of ENSO and to open windows of opportunity for seasonal predictability., Unión Europea. FP7, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Reino Unido, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

We analyze the sensitivity of a climatological model with respect to small changes in one of the distinguished parameters: the solar constant. We start by proving the stabilization of solutions of the evolution model when time tends to infinity. Later, we study the stationary problem and obtain uniqueness or a multiplicity of solutions for different Values of the solar constant., DGICYT, Depto. de Análisis Matemático y Matemática Aplicada, Fac. de Ciencias Matemáticas, TRUE, pub

c 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). © 2016 MDPI AG. We thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that helped to improve the manuscript. Author Contributions: The analysis of observations and the model data have been performed by Fred Kucharski and Afroja Parvin. Belen Rodriguez-Fonseca, Marta Martin-Rey, Irene Polo, Elsa Mohino, Teresa Losada, Carlos-Roberto Mechoso and Riccardo Farneti contributed equally to the discussion of the relevant literature in this review and helped to improve the manuscript., In this paper, the teleconnections from the tropical Atlantic to the Indo-Pacific region from inter-annual to centennial time scales will be reviewed. Identified teleconnections and hypotheses on mechanisms at work are reviewed and further explored in a century-long pacemaker coupled ocean-atmosphere simulation ensemble. There is a substantial impact of the tropical Atlantic on the Pacific region at inter-annual time scales. An Atlantic Nino (Nina) event leads to rising (sinking) motion in the Atlantic region, which is compensated by sinking (rising) motion in the central-western Pacific. The sinking (rising) motion in the central-western Pacific induces easterly (westerly) surface wind anomalies just to the west, which alter the thermocline. These perturbations propagate eastward as upwelling (downwelling) Kelvin-waves, where they increase the probability for a La Nina (El Nino) event. Moreover, tropical North Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies are also able to lead La Nina/El Nino development. At multidecadal time scales, a positive (negative) Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation leads to a cooling (warming) of the eastern Pacific and a warming (cooling) of the western Pacific and Indian Ocean regions. The physical mechanism for this impact is similar to that at inter-annual time scales. At centennial time scales, the Atlantic warming induces a substantial reduction of the eastern Pacific warming even under CO_2 increase and to a strong subsurface cooling., Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

© 2014 Elsevier. The work by I. Melero-Asensio and J. Ormö is partially supported by grants AYA2008-03467/ESP and AYA2011-24780-ESP. F. Martín-Hernández was partially funded by a Ramón y Cajal contract, all from the Spanish Ministry of Economy Competitiveness. The authors are grateful for the laboratory assistance by S. Guerrero-Suárez and V. Villasante from the UCM and M. P. Martín-Redondo and M. T. Rodríguez-Sampedro from the CAB. We acknowledge Professor David T. King Jr. at the Auburn University (AL, USA) for his help with the linguistics. We appreciate the helpful comments by the reviewers that greatly improved the paper., The well-documented, well-preserved, and well-exposed Lockne crater is a reference crater for marine-target impacts on Earth. The large amount of data allows detailed analysis of the cratering and modification processes. A unique feature of Lockne as compared with other similar craters is its pristine ejecta layer. Here, we provide the first complete lithological description coupled with an analysis of the rock magnetic properties of the Lockne-9 core drilled through the ejecta flap. Low-field bulk magnetic susceptibility, magnetic hysteresis, isothermal remanent magnetization curves (IRM), and the corresponding model of the coercivity spectra, backfield IRM, and thermomagnetic curves are used to fully characterize the magnetic mineralogy (i.e., pseudo-single domain (PSD) magnetite and pyrite). Variation of the magnetic properties with depth reveals a characteristic maximum in the magnetic susceptibility and magnetization within the crystalline ejecta. The magnetic properties of rocks affected by the impact show a slight weakening in the coercivity of magnetic minerals in comparison with rocks not affected by the impact Altogether, this suggests to us that the high magnetization zone already existed before the impact event took place. Therefore, it can be inferred that during the cratering process, the Lockne ejecta was repositioned en masse from the central part of the crater in the form of an ejecta flap. This stands in contrast to the standard ballistic emplacement model wherein individual particles move in an ejecta curtain., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), España, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

This paper is devoted to a mathematical analysis of some general models of mass transport and other coupled physical processes developed in simultaneous flows of surface, soil and ground waters. Such models are widely used for forecasting (numerical simulation) of a hydrological cycle for concrete territories. The mathematical models that proved a more realistic approach are obtained by combining several mathematical models for local processes. The water-exchange models take into account the following factors: Water flows in confined and unconfined aquifers, vertical moisture migration allowing earth surface evaporation, open-channel flow simulated by one-dimensional hydraulic equations, transport of contamination, etc. These models may have different levels of sophistication. We illustrate the type of mathematical singularities which may appear by considering a simple model on the coupling of a surface flow of surface and ground waters with the flow of a line channel or river., CMAF; University of Lisbon, Portugal, Secretaria de Estado de Universidades e Investigacion (Spain), DGISGPI, UCM/CM, Depto. de Análisis Matemático y Matemática Aplicada, Fac. de Ciencias Matemáticas, TRUE, pub

The results of new field observations, 23 new K-Ar determinations and sixteen previously published determinations provide the basis for the reconstruction of the subaerial volcanic history of the island of La Palma, after the seamount activity represented by the materials of the Basal Complex. An eruptive phase between 2.0 and 1.3 Ma formed a large shield. A period of volcanic quiescence followed, until around 1 Ma, during which a large lateral collapse partly destroyed the former edifice. Between 1.05 and 0.7 Ma, activity was renewed in the shield and a N-S ridge was built in the southern part of the island. Around 0.7 Ma, two new large lateral collapses affected the western part of both edifices, and they were followed by eruptions between 0.71 and 0.65 Ma which built a new edifice that partly filled the depressions thus created. The Caldera de Taburiente constitutes the eroded remnants of the depression formed in the northern shield. From 0.65 Ma to present, activity has been restricted to the N-S ridge, which has continued to grow southwards. There was a general N-S migration of volcanic activity with time, but in the shield the trend was northwest to southeast. Eruptive rates seem to have been fairly constant during the different eruptive phases considered, between 0.15 and 0.37 km3/ka. A very similar succession of constructive and destructive episodes has been obtained for the neighboring island of Hierro, but in this case the activity started around 0.8 Ma and eruptive rates were about 0.5 km3/ka., CICYT, Depto. de Mineralogía y Petrología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

International Complutense Seminar on Geodetic and Geophysical Effects Associated with Seismic and Volcanic Hazards, Oct 08-11, 2001, Madrid, Spain, We have conducted observations with the aid of a seismo-tiltmeter station, which is based on the Ostrovsky pendulum and installed at the Geodynamic Observatory Cueva de los Verdes at Lanzarote Island since 1995. In this station the signal is separated into two frequency bands – tidal tilts (from 0 to 5 mHz) and ground oscillations in the frequency range of free Earth’s normal modes (from 0.2 to 5 mHz). The later band, called accelerometer channel, has additional amplification. We analyzed the background records in the frequency range of Earth’s free oscillations from August 2000 to September 2001, as well as, Earth’s normal modes after strong earthquakes. We found several distinctive persistent peaks in the spectra of background oscillations. Both amplitudes of distinguished peaks and noises have seasonal variations. We found that spectra of background oscillations are different in the frequency interval between 1.4 and 2.5 mHz for North- South and East-West components., Unidad Deptal. de Astronomía y Geodesia, Fac. de Ciencias Matemáticas, TRUE, pub