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Background: Carcinogenicity assessment of industrial chemicals is necessary because of the risk of workplaces exposure to these chemicals in humans. Objectives: We aimed to evaluation nongenotoxicity and epigenetic carcinogenicity of the industrial chemicals anisol, 2-methoxyethanol, and 1,2-dichlorobenzene. Results: Treatment of Bhas 42 cells with these chemicals did not induce cell transformation, and there was no significant methylation difference in the methylation of CpG islands between the treatment and control groups. Conclusion: Anisol, 2-methoxyethanol, and 1,2-dichlorobenzene do not exert nongenotoxic carcinogenicity or methylation-related epigenetic changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferulic acid (FA), also known as hydroxycinnamic acid, is a sweet-smelling and natural antioxidant present in the cell walls of plants and bran of cereals, making it a common dietary component. FA possesses diverse medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-arrhythmic, antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-thrombotic, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-cardiovascular, neuroprotective, anti-apoptotic, antifibrotic, anti-platelet, anti-aging, anti-melanogenesis, angiogenesis promoting, and skin damage reducing effects. Judging by these outstanding credentials of FA, this study investigated the hepatoprotective, spermato-protective, and hemato-protective effects of FA against 2MEETH-induced spermatotoxicity, hematotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity in rats. After oral administration of 2MEETH for 30 days, the number of abnormal and dead spermatozoa, as well as serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), were significantly increased. In contrast, the number of normal and live spermatozoa, sperm motility and concentration, serum total cholesterol level, red blood cell (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), and white blood cell (WBC) counts were significantly decreased compared to the control group. FA treatments did not have any effect on all the sperm and hematological parameters checked, but significantly lowered the serum levels of AST, ALT, and ADH activity compared to rats administered with only 2MEETH. Based on the results, it is concluded that FA may not possess spermato- and hemato-protective effects against 2MEETH-induced spermatotoxicity and hematotoxicity but may possess a hepatoprotective effect in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ferulic acid (FAC) is a component of plant cell walls, where it serves as a building block of lignin and pectin. As such, it is abundantly found in vegetables and other plants. In contrast, 2-methoxyethanol (2METH) is a testicular toxin commonly found in products used by humans. This study is aimed to investigate the effect of FAC on 2METH-induced testicular inflammation in rats. Method: Four groups of 5 animals each were used: Group I served as the control, Group II was exposed to 2METH only (100 mg/kg), Group III was administered 2METH (100 mg/kg) plus FAC (50 mg/kg), and Group IV served as the FAC (50 mg/kg) only group. All administrations were done orally for 30 days. Results: At the end of the study, rats administered 2METH only showed a significant increase in the testicular levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), as well as RNA gene expressions of Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) compared to the control group. In contrast, treatment with FAC led to a significant decrease in the testicular levels of IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB, and gene expression of STAT1, while significantly increasing the testicular gene expression of protein inhibitor of activated STAT 1 (PIAS1) compared to rats exposed to 2METH only. Conclusion: Based on the data gathered from this study, FAC demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the testicular activation of NF-κB through the downregulation of pro-inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2) and the inhibition of the STAT1-PIAS1 signaling pathway in rats.

Introduction: Ferulic acid (FERA) is a natural antioxidant that is richly found in herbs, including Ligusticum chuangxiong, Cimicifuga heracleifolia, and female ginseng (Angelica sinensis), which are utilized in modern Chinese medicine, and in cereals/grains including rice, which is mostly consumed by humans. 2METE on the other hand, is a ubiquitous substance that has many industrial applications, including use in the preparation of dyes for textiles, hydraulic fluid for automobiles, paints, and liquid soaps. It is a testicular toxin, which can induce oxidative stress in the testis of rats. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of FERA, which was concomitantly administered, against 2-methoxyethanol (2METE)-induced testicular oxidative stress in rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats totaling twenty (20), separated into four (4) groups, were used for the study. Rats in group one served as the control, rats in groups two and three were administered 100 mg/kg of 2METE only for 30 consecutive days, but only rats in group three were concomitantly treated with 50 mg/kg of FERA for the same duration, while rats in group four were treated with 50 mg/kg of FERA only. Results: Following analysis, 2METE administration caused a significant reduction in the relative testes weight (RTW), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities in the testis of rats compared with the control. Moreover, 2METE administration also significantly increased the testicular levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and RNA gene expressions of heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1), and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) compared with the control. FERA treatment, on the other hand, significantly decreased the testicular levels of MDA, as well as Nrf2, Hmox1, PTEN, and FoxO1 gene expressions, and significantly increased the testicular GSH and NQO1 levels, activities of GST, SOD, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) compared with 2METE only administered rats. Conclusion: 2METE-induced testicular oxidative stress, marked by the depletion of the endogenous antioxidant systems, was recorded, which resulted in the activation of PTEN, FoxO1, and Nrf2 genes in rats. FERA demonstrated a strong antioxidant effect by restoring the levels and activities of the endogenous antioxidants as well as downregulating the expressions of PTEN, FoxO1, and Nrf2 in the testis of rats.

In this work, the synthesis of ordered mesoporous silica of MCM-41 type was investigated aimed at improving its morphology by varying the synthesis conditions in a one-pot process, employing different temperatures and solvent conditions. 2-methoxyethanol was used as co-solvent to ethanol. The co-solvent ratio and the synthesis temperature were varied. The pore morphology of the materials was characterized by nitrogen porosimetry and small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and the particle morphology by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ultra-small angle neutron scattering (USANS). The thermal behavior was investigated by simultaneous thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) measurements. The SANS and N2 sorption results demonstrated that a well-ordered mesoporous structure was obtained at all conditions in the synthesis at room temperature. Addition of methoxyethanol led to an increase of the pore wall thickness. Simultaneously, an increase of methoxyethanol content led to lowering of the mean particle size from 300 to 230 nm, according to the ultra-small angle scattering data. The ordered porosity and high specific surfaces make these materials suitable for applications such as adsorbents in environmental remediation. Batch adsorption measurements of metal ion removal from aqueous solutions of Cu(II) and Pb(II) showed that the materials exhibit dominantly monolayer surface adsorption characteristics. The adsorption capacities were 9.7 mg/g for Cu(II) and 18.8 mg/g for Pb(II) at pH 5, making these materials competitive in performance to various composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Densities and excess volumes for 2-methoxyethanol + ethylenediamine binary system. • Viscosities and viscosity deviation for 2-methoxyethanol + ethylenediamine binary system. • Form of HBs as –OH⋯NH 2 – in 2-methoxyethanol + ethylenediamine binary system. • 0.6554 mol CO 2 absorbed in binary system at 150 mL/min flow rate and room temperature. To examine the fundamental physicochemical properties as well as intermolecular interactions for the 2-methoxyethanol (EGME) (1) + ethylenediamine (EDA) (2) binary system, this work systemically measured the density (ρ) and viscosity (η) values of the binary system with various mole ratios at P = 100.5 kPa and T = (298.15–318.15) K with the growth gap of 5 K. The as-measured values of the pure substances were compared with literature data. Multiple semi-empirical formulas were used to fit ρ and η values, and the absolute average deviations (AAD%) were calculated. After that, the excess molar volume (V m E), partial molar volume ( V ¯ ), apparent molar volume (V φ), viscosity deviation (Δ Î·), excess activation of Gibbs free energy (Δ G ∗ E ), and several thermodynamic properties of the binary system were systemically analyzed. According to analysis results, it has been proven that the interaction exists between EGME and EDA molecules. And then, excess properties were fitted to the Redlich-Kister equation using multi-parametric nonlinear regression analyses, and standard deviations (σ) were calculated. In addition, based on various characterization methods including Raman, ultraviolet (UV), and nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen (1H NMR) spectral analyses and density functional theory (DFT) calculation results, it is demonstrated that there is intermolecular hydrogen bonds in EGME (1) + EDA (2) binary system as the form of –OH⋯NH 2 –, which was consistent with the existence forms of intermolecular hydrogen bonds in different alcohol-amine systems from references. Finally, CO 2 absorption capacity by pure EDA, pure EGME, and the EGME (1) + EDA (2) binary system were severally determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of East China University of Science & Technology is the property of Journal of East China University of Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Antioxidants are important compounds for the human body because they function to capture free radicals causing degenerative diseases. Flavonoid and phenolic compounds in dates have antioxidant activity that can inhibit the increase in lipid peroxide and protein oxide. This study aims to prove the increase in the concentration of mice (Mus musculus) spermatozoa given ethanol extract dates and exposed to 2-methoxyethanol. Experimental animals used 35 mice (Mus musculus), divided into 5 groups (7 mice per group). The negative control group (K-) was the control group without administration of 2-methoxyethanol and date ethanol extract, the positive control group (K+) was given 200 mg/kg 2-methoxyethanol + CMC 0.5%, the treatment group 1 (P1) was given 200 mg/kg BW 2-methoxyethanol + 3.5 mg/gBW of ethanol extract dates, treatment group 2 (P2) were given 200 mg/kg BW 2-methoxyethanol + 7 mg/gBW of date palm ethanol extract, and treatment group 3 (P3) were given 200 mg/kg 2-methoxyethanol + 10.5 mg/gBW of ethanol extract dates. The results showed there were significant differences in spermatozoa concentrations between the positive control group (K+) and the negative control group (K-), treatment group 1 (P1) and treatment groups 2 and 3. mice (Mus musculus) exposed to 2-methoxyethanol.

Dielectric constant (e') and dielectric loss (e") of 2,3-Dichloroaniline (2,3-DCA), 2-Methoxyethanol (2-ME) and binary mixtures of 2,3-DCA+2-ME in 1,4-dioxane solutions have been measured at microwave frequency 10.985 GHz at different temperatures 20 0C, 30 0C, 40 0C and 50 0C. Standing microwave techniques and Gopala Krishna’s single frequency concentration variation method have been used for above measurements. The measured values of e¢ and e¢¢ have been used to evaluate dipole moment (µ) and relaxation time (τ). The dielectric relaxation process of binary mixtures containing 70% mole fraction of 2,3-DCA have been calculated. It is found that the dielectric relaxation process can be treated as the rate process like the viscous flow process. Nonlinear variation of relaxation time with molar concentration of 2,3-DCA in the whole concentration range of the binary mixture indicates the existence of solute-solute and solute–solvent type of molecular association was predicted. Dipole moment (µ) of 2,3-DCA and 2-ME slightly non-linearly increases with rise in temperature. Excess inverse relaxation time (1/τ)e calculated at different temperatures are found to be positive. All parameters (e'), (e"), (τ), (1/τ)e and (μ) are calculated and discussed to yield information on the dipole alignment and molecular rotation of the binary liquid mixtures. From all the derived dielectric parameters, molecular interactions are interpreted through hydrogen bonding. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v12i2.1368

A series of fourteen chalcone was synthesized via. Claisen–Schmidt condensation between substituted 2- hydroxyl acetonaphthones and substituted benzaldehyde in presence of tripotassium phosphate (K3PO4) catalyst. The reaction was carried out by conventional method using 2-methoxyethanol. The procedure is simple and efficient in terms of reaction time, easy workup and isolation of products and yields. In-vitro all these synthesized compounds were screened and evaluated for the cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity. It was found that these compounds had significant cytotoxic activity in comparison with standard 5-flurouracil. The compounds 3a, 3b, 3h, 3f and 3l were screened by MTT assay against liver cancer cell line-HepG2. Among these, the compound 3b and 3c showed LC50 values of 997.14 μM/ml and 284.13 μM/ml., respectively. The remaining compounds did not display the LC50 values. The compound 3l displayed the strongest cytotoxic activities with IC50 value of 91.85 μg/ml against liver cancer cell line. The Chalcone 3a, 3f, 3h and 3e demonstrated excellent antimicrobial activity and the remaining were moderately active against tested pathogens. The antimicrobial effects of all the tested compounds are due to the presence of pharmacological active substituent in the basic nucleus of Chalcones. Therefore, the present study leads to the development of new class of anticancer and antimicrobial inhibitory candidates.

We report here the viscosity blending approach toward high efficiency perovskite solar cells. A binary solvent is introduced in the precursor solution, where 2‐methoxyethaol (2ME) is mixed with dimethylformamide (DMF) or dimethylacetamide (DMAc). Viscosity of the binary solvent system is estimated by calculating the viscosity blending number. For the ratio of DMF (DMAc): 2ME = 75:25 leading to the viscosity of 1.0317 (1.1699) cSt, a forward‐scanned power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.42% is achieved along with photocurrent density of 25.46 mA/cm2, voltage of 1.122 V and fill factor of 0.785, which is higher than the PCE of 20.59% for the single DMF solvent. The binary solvent with optimal viscosity is found to be beneficial to reducing trap density and improving carrier lifetime even in thicker perovskite film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2-Methoxyethanol (2-Me) is a promising solvent for large-area perovskite film preparation. Understanding the competing processes of α and δ-FAPbI 3 in 2-Me is crucial for advancing the application of 2-Me in FAPbI 3 film coating. In this study, FAPbI 3 microcrystals are fabricated by inverse temperature crystallization method at 100 °C, and are used as a platform to investigate the competing formation of α and δ-FAPbI 3 in 2-Me. Perovskite inks are analyzed using Raman, FTIR and DLS, and it is found that cluster ratio is closely related to the kinetic formation of δ-FAPbI 3. The formation of α-FAPbI 3 can be significantly promoted when clusters are dissociated with additives (excess FAI or I 2). These findings provide valuable insights into the influence of precursor inks on perovskite phases. The competing formation of α and δ-FAPbI 3 in 2-Me. [Display omitted] • FAPbI 3 microcrystals are fabricated at 100 °C. • Clusters are closely related to the kinetic formation of δ-FAPbI 3. • Dissociating clusters by additives can prevent the formation of δ-FAPbI 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims at investigating the role of antioxidant of xanthone on 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME)-induced cardiac cell damage in mice. Forty mice were grouped into: (1) The control group (mice were given with distilled water), (2) the ME group (mice were given with 2-ME 200 mg/kg BW orally), and (3) the treatment group (mice were given of xanthone with doses 60 mg, 120 mg, 240 mg/kg BW orally and were also given 2-ME 200 mg/kg BW). Their blood samples were taken to measure the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatinine kinase-MB (CK-MB). Heart tissues were also taken to determine the malondialdehyde (MDA), histological findings of heart damage, and the immunohistochemical of the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The administration of 2-ME resulted in a significant increase level of the LDH, CK-MB, MDA, and a decrease in SOD and GPx expression were compared with the control group. The 2-ME also induced loss of the normal structure of heart cells and necrosis. However, treatment with the xanthone, only dose 240 mg/kg BW significantly decrease the level of LDH, CK-MB, MDA, and increase SOD, GPx expression. The xanthone 240 mg/kg BW also demonstrated significantly improved heart cell damage. From the results, it is concluded that the xanthone are a potent antioxidant in against 2-ME-induced cardiac toxicity in mice, through increasing SOD and GPx expression, and also inhibiting LDH, CK-MB and MDA.

In this work, the synthesis of ordered mesoporous silica of MCM-41 type was investigated aimed at improving its morphology by varying the synthesis conditions in a one-pot process, employing different temperatures and solvent conditions. 2-methoxyethanol was used as co-solvent to ethanol. The co-solvent ratio and the synthesis temperature were varied. The pore morphology of the materials was characterized by nitrogen porosimetry and small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and the particle morphology by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ultra-small angle neutron scattering (USANS). The thermal behavior was investigated by simultaneous thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) measurements. The SANS and N2 sorption results demonstrated that a well-ordered mesoporous structure was obtained at all conditions in the synthesis at room temperature. Addition of methoxyethanol led to an increase of the pore wall thickness. Simultaneously, an increase of methoxyethanol content led to lowering of the mean particle size from 300 to 230 nm, according to the ultra-small angle scattering data. The ordered porosity and high specific surfaces make these materials suitable for applications such as adsorbents in environmental remediation. Batch adsorption measurements of metal ion removal from aqueous solutions of Cu(II) and Pb(II) showed that the materials exhibit dominantly monolayer surface adsorption characteristics. The adsorption capacities were 9.7 mg/g for Cu(II) and 18.8 mg/g for Pb(II) at pH 5, making these materials competitive in performance to various composite materials.

Abstract Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol found in tempeh, has not been investigated especially in vitro as a neuroprotective agent against 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME)-induced beta-amyloid cytotoxicity. Beta amyloid peptides (Aβ) could initiate neurotoxic events and neuron-inflammatory response via microglial activation. However, it remains unknown whether the neurotoxic effect of beta-amyloid and/or associated with the potential of 2-ME to induce neurotoxic effects on primary culture of nerve cells induced by 2-ME. This study investigated potential neuroprotective of trans-resveratrol a promising agent tempeh and soybean seed coats-derived against beta-amyloid cytotoxicity on primary culture of nerve cells induced by 2-methoxyethanol. Biotium and MTT assays were used to analyze neurons, which were isolated from the cerebral cortex of fetal mice at gestation day 19 (GD-19). A standard solution of 2-methoxyethanol was dosed at 10 μL. The cultured cells were randomly divided into the following groups: (1) 2-ME group + resveratrol standard, (2) 2-ME group + resveratrol isolated from tempeh, (3) 2-ME group + resveratrol isolated from soybean seed coats, and (4) the control group, without the addition of either 2-ME or resveratrol. Exposure of the primary cortical neuron cells to beta-amyloid monoclonal antibody pre-incubated for 24 h with 10 µL of 4.2 µg/mL resveratrol and 7.5 mmol/l 2-methoxy-ethanol additions. Here, we report that the addition of 2-ME and resveratrol (standard and isolated from tempeh) of cell culture at concentrations of 1.4, 2.8 and 4.2 µg/mL showed that the majority of neurons grew well. In contrast, after exposure to 2-ME and Beta-amyloid, showed that glial activated. These findings demonstrate a role for resveratrol in neuroprotective-neurorescuing action.

In this work, we demonstrate 2-methoxyethanol-sensitive ZnO nanorods based on electrolyte–insulator–semiconductor (EIS) structure. The hydrothermal method is employed to synthesize the ZnO nanorods on Si substrate. The structural, morphological, compositional, and optical features of ZnO nanorods are analyzed, confirming the formation of hexagonal structure in ZnO nanorods. We investigate the sensing performance of EIS-based ZnO nanorods for the detection of various organic solvents (2-methoxyethanol, ethanol, and methanol) at various concentrations. As a chemical sensor, these EIS-based ZnO nanorods are capable of generating a different exposure response to 2-methoxyethanol than to methanol than to ethanol. The highest sensitivity, stability, and reproducibility are with respect to 2-methoxyethanol, making the ZnO nanorods prepared here a promising sensing membrane for 2-methoxyethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2-methoxyethanol (2-ME) is an organic solvent widely used in the manufacture of brake fluids, paints, resins, varnish, nail polish, acetate cellulose, wood coloring, and as a plasticizer in plastics manufacturing. We therefore, investigated its effect on the liver, in a time-course study in male Wistar rats. Animals were orally administered 50 mg/kg body weight of 2-ME for a period of 7, 14, and 21 days. Following 7 days of administration of 2-ME, there was a significant increase in the level of Bax, c-Myc, K-Ras, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MDA and GPx activity, while the levels of Bcl-2, NO and GSH were significantly reduced compared with control. At the end of 14 days exposure, Bcl-2, and GSH levels, as well as GST activity, were significantly decreased, while levels of Bax, c-Myc, K-Ras, caspase-3, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MDA and NO were significantly increased compared with control. After 21 days of 2-ME administration, Bcl-2, IL-10, and GSH levels, as well as SOD and GST activities, were significantly decreased, while levels of Bax, c-Myc, K-Ras, caspase-3, p53, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MDA and NO were significantly increased compared with control. Lastly, liver histopathology confirmed and corroborated the biochemical findings reported above. We therefore, advised that exposures to 2-ME should be strictly avoided as it could trigger hepatic damage through the disorganization of the antioxidant system, up-regulation of inflammatory, apoptotic, and oncogenic markers in rats.

Antioxidants are important compounds for the human body because they function to capture free radicals causing degenerative diseases. Flavonoid and phenolic compounds in dates have antioxidant activity that can inhibit the increase in lipid peroxide and protein oxide. This study aims to prove the increase in the concentration of mice (Mus musculus) spermatozoa given ethanol extract dates and exposed to 2-methoxyethanol. Experimental animals used 35 mice (Mus musculus), divided into 5 groups (7 mice per group). The negative control group (K-) was the control group without administration of 2-methoxyethanol and date ethanol extract, the positive control group (K+) was given 200 mg/kg 2-methoxyethanol + CMC 0.5%, the treatment group 1 (P1) was given 200 mg/kg BW 2-methoxyethanol + 3.5 mg/gBW of ethanol extract dates, treatment group 2 (P2) were given 200 mg/kg BW 2-methoxyethanol + 7 mg/gBW of date palm ethanol extract, and treatment group 3 (P3) were given 200 mg/kg 2-methoxyethanol + 10.5 mg/gBW of ethanol extract dates. The results showed there were significant differences in spermatozoa concentrations between the positive control group (K+) and the negative control group (K-), treatment group 1 (P1) and treatment groups 2 and 3. mice (Mus musculus) exposed to 2-methoxyethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dielectric constant (e') and dielectric loss (e'') of 2,3-Dichloroaniline (2,3-DCA), 2-Methoxyethanol (2-ME) and binary mixtures of 2,3-DCA+2-ME in 1,4-dioxane solutions have been measured at microwave frequency 10.985 GHz at different temperatures 20 0C, 30 0C, 40 0C and 50 0C. Standing microwave techniques and Gopala Krishna's single frequency concentration variation method have been used for above measurements. The measured values of e' and e'' have been used to evaluate dipole moment (µ) and relaxation time (t). The dielectric relaxation process of binary mixtures containing 70% mole fraction of 2,3-DCA have been calculated. It is found that the dielectric relaxation process can be treated as the rate process like the viscous flow process. Nonlinear variation of relaxation time with molar concentration of 2,3-DCA in the whole concentration range of the binary mixture indicates the existence of solute-solute and solute-solvent type of molecular association was predicted. Dipole moment (µ) of 2,3-DCA and 2-ME slightly non-linearly increases with rise in temperature. Excess inverse relaxation time (1/t)e calculated at different temperatures are found to be positive. All parameters (e'), (e"), (t), (1/t)e and (µ) are calculated and discussed to yield information on the dipole alignment and molecular rotation of the binary liquid mixtures. From all the derived dielectric parameters, molecular interactions are interpreted through hydrogen bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Explored coumarin solubility in EG, ME, and DME mixtures for diverse aqueous solutions. • Coumarin exhibited highest solubility in water-DME mixtures and lowest solubility in water-EG systems. • Calculated solvation parameters including soln Gibbs, transfer Gibbs, enthalpy, transfer energies. • Used UV–Vis spectroscopy and thermodynamics to explore coumarin solubility, solvation process in aquo-organic mixtures. In this research, an investigation was conducted to explore the solubility of coumarin in both aqueous solutions and binary mixtures, specifically in pure and aqueous ethylene glycol (EG), aqueous 2-methoxyethanol (ME), and aqueous 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME). Solubility experiments were conducted first time using UV–Vis spectroscopy at a temperature range of 288.15–313.15 K at a pressure of 0.1 MPa for the current solute solvent systems. A digital thermostat was used to maintain the precise temperature. The findings indicated that coumarin exhibits its highest solubility in pure DME (3.0824 mol·kg−1) and its lowest solubility in pure EG (0.0169 mol·kg−1) across all temperatures. Various solvation parameters were calculated to enable the determination of solvation-related thermodynamic properties. The experimental results were used to evaluate various thermodynamic parameters including solution Gibbs free energies, transfer Gibbs free energies associated with cavity and dipole–dipole interactions, enthalpy of transfer, and non-covalent transfer energies. The focus of this research was on to provide insights into the thermodynamics of coumarin-like organic molecules when dissolved in solutions. The study aimed to contribute valuable information regarding the stability of coumarin, particularly in relation to non-covalent interactions. These insights have potential to influence the manufacturing and purification processes, thereby expanding its potential applications across various industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though 2-methoxyethanol is very detrimental gas, it is widely used in many applications like solvents, emulsifiers, colorants, and stabilizers. To reduce the health hazards, it is very essential to develop a sensor to detect 2-methoxyethanol effectively. For this, we have prepared Y 2 O 3 -ZnO nanocomposites (NCs) the first time via co-precipitation and sol-gel processes. Prepared pure Y 2 O 3 nanoparticles (NPs) and Y 2 O 3 -ZnO NCs were subjected to their structural, morphological, and compositional studies via X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) respectively. Characterization results suggested the formation of perfect phase and composition of the samples. Gas sensing studies of pure Y 2 O 3 NPs and Y 2 O 3 -ZnO NCs were performed under room conditions and observed that the Y 2 O 3 -ZnO sensor has shown excellent response towards 2-methoxyethanol at room temperature (RT). Response and recovery times of Y 2 O 3 -ZnO gas sensor were calculated and found to be 17 s and 21 s respectively. Overall Y 2 O 3 -ZnO gas sensor has shown high response, sharp response-recovery times, good selectivity towards 2-methoxyethanol and high stability within the tested period. The mechanism involved in these enhanced sensing properties of Y 2 O 3 -ZnO gas sensor has been described in detail. • Prepared Y 2 O 3 -ZnO nanocomposites by using co-precipitation and sol-gel methods. • Y 2 O 3 -ZnO sensor shown tremendous response towards 2-methoxyethanol at RT. • Sharp response and recovery times were observed for Y 2 O 3 -ZnO sensor. • Gas sensing mechanism for enhanced performance of Y 2 O 3 -ZnO sensor is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physicochemical properties such as density (ρ), speed of sound (u) and refractive index (nD) for binary mixture of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide with 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME), have been investigated over the whole composition range at different temperatures (298.15–318.15) K and ambient pressure. Additionally the excess properties such as excess molar volume (), excess molar isentropic compressibility (), excess isobaric thermal expansion coefficient (), deviation in refractive index () and partial molar quantities, have been also evaluated, simultaneously these are fitted with Redlich-Kister type equation for acquiring the binary coefficients and standard deviations. The calculated data has been interpreted in terms of various interactions and structural property between organic and ionic liquid molecules upon mixing. ATR-FTIR studies also carried out to know the microscopic interactions. The experimentally obtained excess molar volumes are further analysed with the help of Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP) theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Nonaqueous MEA + EGME mixtures have proposed as chemical absorbents for CO 2 capture. • Physical properties of CO 2 -free and CO 2 -loaded MEA + EGME systems were measured. • Experimental data were well correlated by the proposed models. • The AADs are within 4.5% for (ρ , η) and 19.5% for CO 2 solubility respectively. Abstract Non-aqueous amine-based absorbents are considered as a potential application for CO 2 removal from biogas to reduce energy consumption, due to lower heat capacity and evaporation enthalpy of organics than conventional water solvent. In this work, monoethanolamine (MEA) + 2-methoxyethanol (EGME) mixtures were proposed as a novel CO 2 carrier. The density and viscosity of CO 2 -free and CO 2 -loaded MEA + EGME solutions were measured at temperatures of (293–353) K, for 10–100 mass % MEA. CO 2 solubility in 31.0 mass% (5.0 M) MEA solutions was investigated at temperatures from 313 K to 393 K and CO 2 partial pressures up to 260 kPa. The excess molar volumes and the ratio of viscosity η · η EGME −1 were correlated by Redlich-Kister equation and Weiland's model, respectively. The vapour-liquid equilibrium data were correlated by using a semi-empirical model, i.e. CO 2 partial pressure as a function of temperature and CO 2 loading. The predicted values and the measured data matched well each other, with AAD within 0.2% for density, 4.5% for viscosity and 19.5% for CO 2 solubility respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Numerous health hazards arising from the exposure of 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME) and lack of best performing 2-ME sensors pushed us to develop a sensor that can sense 2-ME gas very efficiently. SnO 2 -Fe 2 O 3 core-shell nanoparticles (CSNPs) were prepared using two step process, in first step core was prepared by co-precipitation method and in the second step the shell was developed by simple sol-gel method. Structural, morphological and compositional studies were carried out systematically and confirmed the perfect formation of core-shell structures with sizes around 18 nm. Further, it revealed that 4 nm Fe 2 O 3 shell was uniformly coated on SnO 2 core which demonstrated the formation of heterostructures. Gas sensing properties of fabricated sensors (pure SnO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles (NPs) and SnO 2 -Fe 2 O 3) were investigated at room temperature towards various toxic gases. SnO 2 -Fe 2 O 3 gas sensor has shown tremendous response (∼2080) towards 100 ppm 2-ME gas at room temperature which was much higher than pure NPs based sensors. Response and recovery times of SnO 2 -Fe 2 O 3 sensor also measured and found to be 43 s and 23 s respectively. Long term stability of the SnO 2 -Fe 2 O 3 sensor during the first 30 days of its fabrication was tested. Enhanced sensing performance of SnO 2 -Fe 2 O 3 sensor was attributed to the n-n heterostructures formed between SnO 2 core and Fe 2 O 3 shell and porous outer surface of the sensor. All the results suggested that the SnO 2 -Fe 2 O 3 sensor has great potential for applications in designing practical 2-ME gas sensors. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Synthesized SnO 2 -Fe 2 O 3 core-shell nanostructures via simple two step method. • SnO 2 -Fe 2 O 3 sensor shown extremely good response (2080) towards 100 ppm 2-ME at RT. • Better response and recovery times (43 s and 23 s respectively) were observed. • SnO 2 -Fe 2 O 3 sensor retained ∼95% of its response after first 10 days of fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract K 2 SeO 3 was highly active, stable, and recyclable for the synthesis of bis(2-methoxyethyl) carbonate (BMEC) from the oxidative carbonylation of 2-methoxyethanol (MEG), but turned out to be unsuitable for the carbonylation of methanol, transforming into inactive and stinky selenium-containing compounds such as (CH 3 Se) 2 , CH 3 SeCO 2 CH 3 , and (CH 3 OSe) 2. Highlights • Se-catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of alcohols to dialkyl carbonates (DACs). • Alkali metal selenite (M 2 SeO 3) was active for the carbonylation of alcohols to DACs. • M 2 SeO 3 were transformed into Se and MHCO 3 during the carbonylation. • K 2 SeO 3 was recyclable for the oxidative carbonylation of 2-methoxyethanol. Abstract The oxidative carbonylation of alcohols to prepare corresponding dialkyl carbonates was investigated using alkali metal methylselenite [MSeO 2 (OCH 3)] and alkali metal selenites (M 2 SeO 3 , M = Li, Na, K, Cs) as catalysts. Of various alcohols tested, methanol and 2-methoxyethanol (MEG) are found to be highly reactive, affording corresponding dialkyl carbonates in yields of more than 30%, which are significantly higher than those achieved with Cu-based catalysts under similar reaction conditions. XRD and GC-Mass analysis of the spent catalyst recovered from the M 2 SeO 3 -catalyzed reaction of methanol revealed that M 2 SeO 3 was converted into elemental selenium and MHCO 3 along with the formation of several selenium-containing by-products including malodorous dimethyldiselenide, 1,2-dimethoxydiselane, and O,Se-dimethyl carbonoselenoate. On the contrary, the oxidative carbonylation of MEG with K 2 SeO 3 was highly selective toward the formation of bis(2-methoxyethyl) carbonate (BMEC), without producing any selenium-containing by-products. A plausible mechanism for the MSeO 2 (OCH 3)- and M 2 SeO 3 -catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of MEG was suggested on the basis of mechanistic and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solvent is vital in determining the colloidal chemistry of perovskite ink. A depth understanding on the colloidal chemistry is essential to fine-regulate the crystallization of perovskite film. A low-polar solvent, 2-methoxyethanol (2-Me), shows growing potential than the traditional high-polar solvents in scaling-up perovskite solar cells, owing to the fast evaporation rate and the ability to form perovskite films without anti-solvent. However, as a relatively new solvent, the colloidal chemistry has not been fully understood. Here, the colloidal chemistry of fresh and aged perovskite ink using 2-Me as the solvent is investigated. The as-composed perovskite ink is characteristic of weakly bonded I- ions and the existence of cluster complexes. In the fresh perovskite ink, the weakly bonded I- ions enhance the dissolution of methylammonium (MA+), and also induce the formation of I 3 - ions in the diluted or aged solution. Both iodoplumbate species and cluster complexes are dispersed by MA+ ions in the solution, however, the former transforms to clusters after aging. These changes results in increased crystal size and non-uniform coverage in the perovskite film. These findings provide valuable insights into the optimization of perovskite ink using 2-Me as the solvent. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compound of 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME) is one of toxic materials that potentially damage male reproductive organs. This compound can enter the body by various means of direct contact through the skin, respiratory and digestive tract. This compound can cause oxidative stress in spermatozoa which is the main cause of spermatozoa dysfunction. Lycopene, also known as red pigment, is an antioxidant class of carotene. Lycopene has antioxidant activity twice stronger than beta carotene and ten times stronger than vitamin E. Thus, the lycopene reaction as an antioxidant in the body is better than vitamin A, C, E, and other minerals. This study was conducted to determine the effects of lycopene on spermatozoa morphology in mice exposed to 2-ME. The study was conducted on 30 mice, divided into 5 groups. The K-group was the control group without 2-methoxyethanol and lycopene, the K + group was the group with 200 mg/kg BW 2-methoxyethanol on days 1-5, and the P1, P2 and P3 groups were the ones with 200 mg/kg BW 2-methoxyethanol on days 1-5 and lycopene doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg BW on days 6-35. 2-ME was given intraperito-neally and lycopene was given per sonde. On day 36, the mice were sacrificed and the epididymis and vas deferens were removed for morphological examination of spermatozoa. The observations were performed using a microscope with 1000x magnification. The results showed that there was significant difference. In the morphology of spermatozoa, the administration of lycopene increases normal morphological percentage of spermatozoa in mice exposed to 2-ME.

The dinuclear barium–zinc complex, μ-chlorido-1:2κ2Cl:Cl-chlorido-2κCl-bis(2-methoxyethanol-1κO)bis(2-methoxyethanol-1κ2O,O′)bis(μ-triphenylacetato-1:2κ2O:O′)bariumzinc, [BaZn(C20H15O2)2Cl2(C3H8O2)4], has been synthesized by the reaction of barium triphenylacetate, anhydrous zinc chloride and 2-methoxyethanol in the presence of toluene. The barium and zinc metal cations in the dinuclear complex are linked via one chloride anion and carboxylate O atoms of the triphenylacetate ligands, giving a Ba...Zn separation of 3.9335 (11) Å. The irregular nine-coordinate BaO8Cl coordination centres comprise eight O-atom donors, six of them from 2-methoxyethanol ligands (four from two bidentate O,O′-chelate interactions and two from monodentate interactions), two from bridging triphenylacetate ligands and one from a bridging Cl donor. The distorted tetrahedral coordination sphere of zinc comprises two O-atom donors from the triphenylacetate ligands and two Cl donors (one bridging and one terminal). In the crystal, O—H...Cl, O—H...O and C—H...Cl intermolecular interactions form a layered structure, lying parallel to (001).

Background: Alkoxyethanols (ethylene glycol alkyl ethers) are used as mixtures in a variety of industrial and household products. The aim of this study has been to evaluate the effects of 2-methoxyethanol (ME) and 2-ethoxyethanol (EE) on hematological changes induced by 2-butoxyethanol (BE) in rats. Material and Methods: Experiments were performed on male Wistar rats treated subcutaneously with BE, ME, and EE alone (in the dose of 0.75 mM/kg/day and 1.25 mM/kg/day) and their mixtures with the molar ratio 1:1, for 4 weeks. Hematological analyses were performed on the day 0, 4, 11, 18, and 29. Hemoglobin (HGB) concentration in the urine was also determined in the rats treated with BE alone and co-exposed to BE and ME and also BE and EE. Results: The rats co-exposed to BE and ME or BE and EE demonstrated significantly less pronounced hematological changes in comparison with animals treated with BE alone at the beginning of exposure. At the later period the hematological alterations in the same animals were markedly pronounced and progressing with exposure time. The rats co-exposed to BE and ME or BE and EE did not demonstrate hemoglobinuria. Conclusions: ME or EE co-administered to rats with BE lead to the amelioration in the majority of the hematological parameters at the beginning of the exposure. The hematological changes at the end of the co-exposure to BE and ME or BE and EE were markedly pronounced. The effects observed in this study appear to be related with metabolic interactions of the examined ether. Med Pr 2015;66(3):303–315

Abstract: When titanium alkoxides are hydrolyzed for preparing coating solutions for titania thin film deposition, chelating and peptizing agents such as acetylacetone and hydrochloric acid, respectively, are employed in order to suppress the formation of precipitates and obtain homogeneous sols. The present work demonstrates that precipitation can be avoided when 2-methoxyethanol is used as solvent for hydrolyzing titanium isopropoxide even without using chelating or peptizing agents. A sol obtained from a simple solution of molar compositions, Ti(OC3H7i)4:H2O:CH3OC2H4OH = 1:1:25, was demonstrated to be stable in viscosity at least for >1 month. The stability and long pot life of the sol were evidenced in the identical characters including thickness, crystallite size and refractive index and the similar microstructure of the films prepared from the sols aged for 1 and 30 days at room temperature. The formation of homogeneous sol and its long-period stability were thought to result from chelation of the titanium atoms by 2-methoxyethanol molecules.An additive-free, simple sol prepared from a Ti(OC3H7i)4-H2O-CH3OC2H4OH solution as a stable precursor for TiO2 thin film deposition. Sols from Ti(OC3H7i)4-H2O-CH3OC2H4OH solutions are presented for titania thin film deposition.Neither peptizing nor chelating agents are needed to obtain transparent and homogeneous sols.The use of 2-methoxyethanol as solvent is the key.A sol prepared from a solution of molar composition, Ti(OC3H7i)4:H2O:CH3OC2H4OH = 1:1:25, was stable in viscosity and had long pot life as a precursor for crystalline titania thin films.Chelation of the titanium atoms by 2-methoxyethanol molecules may be the cause of the formation of homogenous sols and of the long pot life of the sol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To progress the understanding of molecular interaction for the binaries of an IL, [Emim][triflate] with 2-methoxyethanol (ME) or N -methylpyrrolidone (NMP), thermo acoustic and volumetric properties such as speeds of sound ( u ) and densities ( ρ ) were measured as a function of temperature between (298.15–318.15) K over the entire composition range at ambient pressure. The combined volumetric and quantum-chemical (COSMO-RS) calculations have been utilized. These excess properties were fitted to Redlich-Kister type equation for acquiring the binary coefficients and standard deviations. Simultaneously, the COSMO-RS studies exhibited qualitative analysis of ion-pair formation, interactions of ion–dipole and hydrogen bonding between IL with the studied molecular solvents. The experimentally obtained excess molar volumes are further analyzed with the help of Prigogine–Flory–Patterson (PFP) theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solubility of Bi 3+ is an important factor that limits the fabrication of Bi 2 S 3 thin films (TFs) through SILAR method. To solve this problem, we firstly report the synthesis of the Bi 2 S 3 TFs via SILAR by using the 2-methoxyethanol as the solvent of Bi 3+ . The results showed that the thin films consisted of pure orthorhombic Bi 2 S 3 nanoparticles with an optical band gap of ∼1.6 eV. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) measurements showed the Bi 2 S 3 TFs synthesized under the optimized ionic concentration occupied a photocurrent density as high as ∼1 mA/cm 2 , which meant excellent photon-to-electron conversion properties. This work illustrates the 2-methoxyethanol is a better solvent for bismuth precursor, thus the Bi 2 S 3 TFs synthesized though the improved SILAR method are promising candidates in photoelectrochemical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The PC-SAFT equation of state (EoS) was examined for the prediction of liquid–liquid equilibria (LLE) at high pressure on the basis of LLE data at 1 bar. New parameters set for 2-alkoxyethanol with the two-site association scheme were proposed. Mixtures of 2-alkoxyethanol with aliphatics, aromatics, alcohols, and water have been investigated. Different binary 2-methoxyethanol + alkanes systems at high pressure up to 4000 bars were also predicted using the PC-SAFT EoS. Satisfactory predictions of vapor-liquid equilibria and liquid-liquid equilibria can be achieved by using the same binary interaction parameter (k ij ) for a similar kind of mixtures. The results are finally compared to other association models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, 2-methoxyethanol (C 3 H 8 O 2 ) was used for producing pure hydrogen in a catalytic membrane reactor (CMR) via steam reforming (SR). The SR experiments were performed at 923 K and 1–10 bar using a mixture of 2-methoxyethanol (MEX) and water at S/C ratio of 3. Moreover, SR experiments were performed under the same operating conditions using ethylene glycol (EG), methanol (MET), and a mixture of EG + MET, keeping a constant carbon molar flow rate into the CMR to study the reaction pathway through which 2-methoxyethanol is converted to SR products (CH 4 , CO, CO 2 , and H 2 ). Hydrogen recovery values of up to 90% and pure hydrogen yields of 0.5 and 0.63 at 10 bar were reached in the case of the steam reforming of MEX and EG + MET, respectively. An outstanding value of 4 mol of pure hydrogen per mol of MEX was obtained at 10 bar. The presence of methanol promoted the SR of EG. The experimental results showed that 2-methoxyethanol is a promising source for producing hydrogen, especially in a CMR where a better efficiency (complete fuel conversion and high hydrogen yield) is reached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To demonstrate fully brush-painted planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells (PeSCs), poly (3,4-ethylendioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) hole transport layer (HTL), CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 perovskite photoactive layer, and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) electron acceptor layer are successively brush-painted. In particular, correlation between morphology of perovskites and overall performance of PeSCs are investigated depending on the perovskites precursor. Devices with brush-painted perovskite using generally used N , N -dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent show poor performance and large deviation in cell-performance. However, PeSCs with brush-painted perovskite employing protic 2-Methoxyethanol (2-M) as DMF-alternative solvent exhibit comparable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.08% to conventional spin-coated device and excellent reproducibility in device performance is observed as well. Furthermore, a fully brush-painted PeSC based on flexible substrates, showing PCE of 7.75%, is successfully demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Increasing industrial activity is causing many problems in reproductive health, such as infertility. The factors causing infertility are hormones, infection, radiation, drugs and chemicals. One of these is 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Mucuna pruriens (MP) seed fraction on spermatogenesis, including number of spermatogenic cells and spermatozoal membrane protein profiles after exposure to 2-ME in mice. Methods This study was of experimental design. Thirty mice were randomized into 5 groups, i.e. 2 control groups and 3 treatment groups. All mice were injected subcutaneously with 2-ME doses of 100mg/kg body weight (BW)/day, for a period of 12 days. Positive (PC) and negative controls (NC) were treated with carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC). The three treatment groups were given MP seed fraction in doses of 14 (T1), 28 (T2) and 56 mg/kg BW (T3), respectively, from day 13 until day 64. Data on spermatogenic cells were collected from histological cross-sections and analyzed with one-way ANOVA. The spermatozoal membrane protein profile was identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with silver staining and were analyzed descriptively. Results Administration of MP seed fractions resulted in significantly different numbers of spermatocytes I and round spermatids between PC and T1, T2, and T3. A protein with the molecular weight of 41.6 kDa was expressed in all groups except the positive controls, while a 24.5 kDa protein was expressed in the positive controls only. Conclusion MP seed fraction effectively recovers spermatogenesis loss in mice due to 2-ME exposure.

Remarkably effective iodination of reactive aromatics carried out using iodine and iodic acid in 2-methoxyethanol as an efficient and alternative reaction medium. The comparison has been made by carrying out iodination reaction in acetic acid and ethanol. The 2-methoxyethanol is found to be excellent reaction solvent in terms of clean reaction conditions, short reaction time giving quantitative yields of product and no need of further purification.

2-Methoxyethanol (2-ME) and glycol esters are widely used as a solvents in the industry and plasticizers, and have becomes ubiquitous environmental pollutants. This study were designed to evaluate the malformation of brain development as an impact of 2-ME. Four groups of pregnant mice were injected to 2-ME dose 10 mmol/kg body weight at 7, 13, 15, and 17 days gestation respectively. Control group were injected with sterile water. At 18 days of gestation samples in groups 7 and 13 days gestation were sacrificed. Brain were remove and weight, morfologically and histologically were examined. Samples were divided into five groups, i.e. control group, 7th, 13rd, 15th and 17th days of gestation groups. Samples in 7th and 15th days of gestation groups killed in 18th days of gestation to observed fetal brain defect and decreased of fetal brain weight but some samples to allow delivery of fetuses. Furthermore, the fetuses killed on 0, 5, 10, and 20 days after birth, to take their brain. The result of these study showed that there are decreasing total weight of fetal brains and there are cerebral malformation as impact of 2-ME exposure

This research has done to investigate the effect of 2-Methoxyethanol on the testicular histology of the male mice and also the influence the length of time after administration 2-ME stopped in the recovery of the spermatogenic cells and the diameter also the thicknes of seminiferous tubule. Thirty BALB/C male mice 8–9 week old, weighed 28–30 grams body weight. Those mice separated to 6 groups with 5 male mice each group. Those mice were treated with 2-ME 200 mg/kg body weight daily by intra peritoneal injection, within 3 weeks (K1). To investigate the influence the length of time after administration 2-ME stopped, the male mice after treated by 2-ME in 3 weeks also given by the length of time after 2-ME administration stopped 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks (P1, P2, P3 and P4). The control animal given by intraperitoneal administration of saline. Histological observation was performed on the number of spermatogonium, primary spermatocyte, oval spermatid and the diameter also epithelial thickness of seminiferous tubules. The data were analyzed by One-Sample T-test to investigate the differences between K0 and K1. One Way ANOVA to investigate the influence the length of time after 2-ME administration stopped in the P1, P2, P3 and P4 and then continuing by LSD (Least Significant Difference) to show the differences groups of treatment. The result showed that administration 2-ME could destroy the seminiferous tubules in the testes. Its presented by the decreasing of the number spermatogonium, primary spermatocyte, oval spermatid and diameter also epithelial thickness of seminiferous tubule. The length of time after administration 2-ME stopped could recover seminiferous tubules condition. Its presented by the increasing of the number spermatogonium, primary spermatocyte, oval spermatid, and diameter also epithelial tickness of seminiferous tubules. The conclution of this research were, 2-ME could destroy the testicular histology of the male mice and the length of time after administration 2-ME stopped have linear correlation with seminiferous tubules recovery.