Search

In order to investigate the burnt flavor substances of Nongxiangxing base baijiu, headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to analyze the flavor components of base baijiu with normal and burnt flavor. The results showed that a total of 139 flavor substances were detected, of which 20 could be used to differentiate between the two types of base baijiu. Cluster heatmap analysis showed that nine flavor substances, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, ethyl laurate, butyl caproate, hexyl caprylate, heptyl heptanoate, pentyl caproate, hexyl caproate, caproic acid, and caprylic acid, were more predominant in burnt-flavor base baijiu. Sensory reconstitution, omission, and addition experiments revealed that the burnt flavor was not ascribed to a single compound but rather to the interaction of multiple compounds. 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol and esters were found to be significantly associated with the burnt flavor of Nongxiangxing base baijiu.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background/Objectives: Acne is the most prevalent dermatological condition among humans, affecting approximately 80% of adolescents during puberty. To date, numerous compounds have been used for acne treatment, including erythromycin ointments and antiseptics, with varying degrees of success. The emergence of erythromycin-resistant C. acnes strains has spurred the search for new antimicrobial agents, particularly from natural sources. Methods: Propolis collected in Rwanda was extracted and fractionated by flash chromatography and tested against C. acnes growth by using NCLSI recommendations. Results: In our research, we identified a molecule, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) which inhivbited the C. acnes growth at a concentration of 16 µg/mL. Based on these results, we formulated an ointment (1%) using OFAP18 and petroleum jelly for the potential treatment of acne using a mouse model. Conclusions: In vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that 2,4-DTBP has anti-inflammatory properties and could effectively manage the overgrowth of C. acnes as well as serve as a potent alternative for the formulation of an active propolis ointment for acne treatment.

BACKGROUND: Weeds are one of the critical factors that negatively affect crop yield and quality. Microbial herbicides are a research hotspot for novel herbicides owing to their environmental safety and lack of weed resistance. In the current study, the active ingredients of Serratia marcescens Ha1, a new microbial herbicide, were investigated for their effectiveness against agricultural weeds using bioassay‐guided fractionation. RESULTS: The results revealed that petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of S. marcescens Ha1 had high herbicidal activity. Forty‐nine compounds were identified from the petroleum ether extract, including 2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol (DB; C14H22O, 38.82%), ethyl 14‐methyl‐hexadecanoate, 1‐nonadecene, and [1,1′‐biphenyl]‐2,3′‐diol, 3,4′,5,6′‐tetrakis. Of these, DB showed significant inhibitory effects on root and shoot growth in Amaranthus retroflexus, with half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 389.17 and 832.44 mg L−1, respectively. In addition, 7‐hydroxy‐3‐(2‐methylpropyl)‐2,3,6,7,8,8a‐hexahydropyrrolo[1,2‐a]pyrazine‐1,4‐dione (HPD) was identified as the major active ingredient in the ethyl acetate extract of S. marcescens Ha1 using bioassay‐guided fractionation, with IC50 values of 439.86 and 476.95 mg L−1 against A. retroflexus shoot and root growth, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that DB and HPD exert destructive effects on A. retroflexus root, and the damage is gradually aggravated with increasing treatment time and concentration. CONCLUSION: The S. marcescens Ha1 extract and its active compounds DB and HPD exhibit significant herbicidal activity, which could be utilized further for the development of microbial herbicides. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to identify actinobacteria Streptomyces bacillaris ANS2 as the source of the potentially beneficial compound 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, describe its chemical components, and assess its anti-tubercular (TB) and anti-cancer properties. Ethyl acetate was used in the agar surface fermentation of S. bacillaris ANS2 to produce the bioactive metabolites. Using various chromatographic and spectroscopy analyses, the potential bioactive metabolite separated and identified as 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP). The lead compound 2,4-DTBP inhibited 78% and 74% of relative light unit (RLU) decrease against MDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis at 100ug/ml and 50ug/ml concentrations, respectively. The Wayne model was used to assess the latent/dormant potential in M. tuberculosis H37RV at various doses, and the MIC for the isolated molecule was found to be 100ug/ml. Furthermore, the molecular docking of 2,4-DTBP was docked using Autodock Vinasuite onto the substrate binding site of the target Mycobacterium lysine aminotransferase (LAT) and the grid box was configured for the docking run to cover the whole LAT dimer interface. At a dosage of 1 mg/ml, the anti-cancer activity of the compound 2,4-DTBP was 88% and 89% inhibited against the HT 29 (colon cancer) and HeLa (cervical cancer) cell lines. According to our literature survey, this present finding may be the first report on anti-TB activity of 2,4-DTBP and has the potential to become an effective natural source and the promising pharmaceutical drug in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, nine strains of salt-tolerant petroleum-degrading bacteria were applied to an biological aerated filter. Simulating the degradation of high-salinity petroleum wastewater with n-hexadecane and 2,4-ditert-butylphenol as the primary pollutants and analyzing the structure of the biofilm at various salt concentrations. According to the results, when the salinity was 4%, the COD removal efficiency reached 74.34%. Various halotolerant microorganisms have adapted to various salt concentrations. At a salinity of 3%, n-hexadecane exhibited the best degradation effect, with a rate of 83.21%. Shewanella, Acinetobacter, and Marinobacter were the predominant bacterial groups at the time. At 4% salinity, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas were the predominant bacteria, and the average 2,4-ditert-butylphenol degradation rate was the highest at 63.02%. This study provided an experimental basis for further studying the biological treatment of high-salinity petroleum wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objectives: Acne is the most prevalent dermatological condition among humans, affecting approximately 80% of adolescents during puberty. To date, numerous compounds have been used for acne treatment, including erythromycin ointments and antiseptics, with varying degrees of success. The emergence of erythromycin-resistant C. acnes strains has spurred the search for new antimicrobial agents, particularly from natural sources., Methods: Propolis collected in Rwanda was extracted and fractionated by flash chromatography and tested against C. acnes growth by using NCLSI recommendations., Results: In our research, we identified a molecule, 2,4-Di- tert -butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) which inhivbited the C. acnes growth at a concentration of 16 µg/mL. Based on these results, we formulated an ointment (1%) using OFAP18 and petroleum jelly for the potential treatment of acne using a mouse model., Conclusions: In vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that 2,4-DTBP has anti-inflammatory properties and could effectively manage the overgrowth of C. acnes as well as serve as a potent alternative for the formulation of an active propolis ointment for acne treatment.

Objectives: The present study reports the bioactivity of 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) purified from an endophytic Streptomyces species KCA1 isolated from the leaves of Phyllanthus niruri and its antibacterial and anticancer properties. Methods: The extracellular metabolites were produced from the strain KCA1 by submerged fermentation using ethyl acetate. The crude extract was further evaluated for antibacterial activity against set of pathogens. Active metabolite from the extract was purified using chromatography techniques and detected its antibacterial activity by disc diffusion assay. The molecular structure of the active molecule was identified through various spectral study. Moreover, the bioactive metabolite 2,4-DTBP was analyzed antibacterial and anti-proliferative activity. Results: Strain KCA1 was identified as Streptomyces sp. In the preliminary screening, the crude extract exhibited broad spectrum activity against various bacterial pathogens. Based on the spectral properties, the active metabolite was identified as 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol. The MIC of active compound 2,4-DTBP inhibited E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 29213 at 50 μg/ml and 0.78 μg/ml, respectively. The IC50 value of 2,4-DTBP was found to be 11.0 µg/ml and 116.8 µg/ml, against breast cancer cell line (MCF7) and normal VERO cell line, respectively. Conclusions: This study concluded that 2,4-DTBP, produced from the endophytic Streptomyces sp. KCA1, is the potential candidate to develop as promising antibacterial and anticancer agent.

Experimental studies on the Kolbe–Schmitt reaction and its side reactions have made great progresses; however, the relative theoretical studies fall behind. In order to study the mechanism of the Kolbe–Schmitt reaction with 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol as reactants, we carried out theoretical calculation studies at the M06-2X/Def2-SVP/SMD level of theory using the Gaussian 09 D.01 software package. For the reactant 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, there is a dynamic equilibrium between the main product and side product, which can rapidly transform into each other at 160 °C by crossing the Gibbs free energy barrier of 14.1 kcal/mol. Moreover, the relative Gibbs free energy of the main product and side product is close; both of them may be observed in the experimental system. However, for 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, the main product is thermodynamically favorable due to its lower Gibbs free energy, while the side product is kinetically favorable due to the lower activation energy barrier; the main product and the side product compete with each other. We hope the study can shed light on the Kolbe–Schmitt reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasound-assisted extraction was used to extract propolis from a dark and resinous substance harvested from a beehive of Heterotrigona itama, which is commonly known as stingless bees. The propolis extracts were prepared using ethanol and water at different pH values of 3, 6, and 9. The yield of the ethanolic extract was significantly higher than the water extract, but there were no significant differences at different pH values. The ethanolic extract was found to have a lower 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than the water extract at pH values of 6 and 9. However, the acidic propolis extracts, particularly the ethanolic extract, were found to have the highest antioxidant capacity. The addition of 20% polyethylene glycol 400 in the solvent systems was unlikely to improve propolis extraction. This can be seen from the antioxidant capacity and metabolite profile of the propolis extracts. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS)-based high throughput screening of the propolis extracts showed them to have small metabolites of hydrocarbons, esters, terpenes, and alkaloids, as well as high antioxidative 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. The detection of mangostin, mangiferin, and a few flavanones in the acidic ethanolic extract by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry LC–MS/MS proved its high antioxidant capacity compared to the water extract.

Objectives: Evaluation of Streptomyces isolated from Udhagamandalam, The Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India for the biocontrol potential against the phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearum and its metabolite profiling. Methods: Streptomyces strains were screened for plant growth promotion and antagonistic activity against R. solanacearum in in-vitro. The metabolite profiling of strain UT4A49 was studied through gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis. Further, the identified lead compound 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) was analyzed for its mechanism of action through in-silico docking study. The bioorganic fertilizer (BOF) amended potential Streptomyces strain UT4A49 was studied for biocontrol activity against R. solanacearum on tomato seedlings through pot culture experiments. Results: The Streptomyces strain UT4A49 showed the promising production of indole acetic acid (IAA) (76.0 ± 2.0 µg/ml), siderophore, ammonia, amylase, protease, cellulase as well as it solubilized the phosphate in-vitro. The strain UT4A49 showed strong in vitro antagonistic activity against R. solanacearum with the inhibition zone of 19.83 ± 0.44 mm in diameter. The isolated major compound, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol was showed strong inhibition against R. solanacearum. In silico docking study revealed that the 2,4-DTBP showed lower binding energy score with all targeted proteins which found better protein–ligand binding stability. In the pot experiment, biocontrol activity of BOF amended Streptomyces strain UT4A49 showed significant biocontrol efficacy was 78.5% against R. solanacearum in tomato seedlings. The strain UT4A49 was identified as Streptomyces sp. based on its morphological and molecular properties. Conclusions: The detailed literature survey revealed that this is the first report on strong bioactive properties of 2,4-DTBP against R. solanacearum. This present study proved that bioorganic fertilizer amended with Streptomyces sp. UT4A49 is a promising biocontrol agent for tomato bacterial disease control.

Plastic additives such as the antioxidant 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) have been widely detected in aquatic environments, over a wide range of concentrations reaching 300 μg/L in surface water, potentially threatening the health of aquatic organisms and ecosystems. However, knowledge of the specific effects of 2,4-DTBP on aquatic vertebrates is still limited. In this study, adult zebrafish were exposed to different concentrations of 2,4-DTBP (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/L) for 21 days in the laboratory. The amplicon sequencing results indicated that the diversity and composition of the zebrafish gut microbiota were significantly changed by 2,4-DTBP, with a shift in the dominant flora to more pathogenic genera. Exposure to 2,4-DTBP at 0.1 and 1.0 mg/L significantly increased the body weight and length of zebrafish, suggesting a biological stress response. Structural assembly defects were also observed in the intestinal tissues of zebrafish exposed to 2,4-DTBP, including autolysis of intestinal villi, adhesions and epithelial detachment of intestinal villi, as well as inflammation. The transcriptional expression of some genes showed that 2,4-DTBP adversely affected protein digestion and absorption, glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism. These results are consistent with the PICRUSt2 functional prediction analysis of intestinal microbiota of zebrafish exposed to 2,4-DTBP. This study improves our understanding of the effects of 2,4-DTBP on the health of aquatic vertebrates and ecosystems. [Display omitted] • 2,4-DTBP exposure caused dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota in zebrafish. • Increase in body weight and length of zebrafish exposed to 2,4-DTBP. • Changes of structural assembly and inflammation occurred in zebrafish intestine. • 2,4-DTBP negatively affected digestive and absorptive functions in zebrafish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune disorder of unknown etiology which affects multiple joints and causes cartilage erosion. Due to the side effects associated with the conventional treatment strategies, alternate medicine using plant extracts is on the rise for the treatment of arthritic conditions. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-arthritic potential of two phytocompounds from Alpinia calcarata (Haw.) Roscoe, a potential medicinal herb, locally called 'Kolinji', used in traditional medicine. The selected compounds, fenchol and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, were evaluated for their efficacy in Freund's complete adjuvant induced arthritis in rats. Arthritis assessment was done by measuring the paw volume, paw size, arthritic score and body weight. Various hematological and biochemical parameters were assessed on the last day of the study. Histological and radiological analysis of the ankle joints was done. The compounds treated at both doses (50 and 100 mg/kg body wt.) showed a dose dependent decrease in paw volume, paw size and arthritic score following arthritis induction. Treatment with the standard drug (diclofenac) and phytocompounds were followed by favourable outcome in the altered hematological parameters and the level of liver enzymes. The radiological and histological analysis also confirmed the anti-arthritic potential of these compounds. The results revealed the potential of the plant for use in the therapeutic management of rheumatoid arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Andrographis producta (Acanthaceae) is endemic to Western Ghats, India, traditionally used by native people for the control of various ailments including intestinal worms, to relieve constipation and also used to eliminate phlegm in women during postpartum. Objective: To investigate the chemical compounds in root, stem and leaves of A. producta and their antioxidant properties. Method: The phytochemical contents were determined using spectrophotometric methods and chemical profiling of root, stem and leaf extracts was carried out using GC-MS. Further, extracts were investigated for their antioxidant capacities using in vitro DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assay. Results: The total phenolics (163.61 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (35.11 ± 0.53 mg QE/g) and tannins (84.52 ± 0.07 mg TAE/g) were highest in stem compared to leaf and root. Stem was exerted superior antioxidant capacities in both DPPH (EC50 3.58 mg/ml) and FRAP assays (1.742 ± 0.02 OD at 1mg/ml) and were comparable to standards. GC-MS analysis revealed total 89 chemical compounds including phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids and organic acids. 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol (0.70 %), 2,4-ditert-butylphenol (9.74 %), phytol (10.32 %), 5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone (11.42 %), gammasitosterol (8.32 %), salvigenin (12.09 %), solanesol, (2.92 %), and alpha-terpinene (4.58 %) were important bioactive compounds found in significant amount. Conclusion: The present investigations indicate that various parts of A. producta can be explored as good source of antioxidants due to the presence of phenolics and flavonoids. The meticulous assessment of bioactive compounds from A. producta would be great contribution in field of medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humboldtia unijuga Bedd., endemic to Agasthyamala in Western Ghats in India, is traditionally used by local Kani tribes for chicken pox, head ache and snake bite. This study reports the isolation of erythrodiol-3-acetate (HU-1) and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (HU-2) from H. unijuga roots and their anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities in macrophage, skin and breast cancer cell lines. Effects of HU-1 and HU-2 treatments (50, 100 µg/mL) on gene expression profiles of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β, and apoptosis genes p53 and caspase 7 were studied. HU-2 exerted a significantly superior anti-inflammatory effect compared to HU-1 in all three pro-inflammatory genes. HU-2 showed a superior dose dependent anticancer effect through activation of p53 gene over HU-1 in MCF-7 cells. HU-1 exhibited a dose dependent effect on caspase 7 gene in both cell lines while HU-2 was more effective in A431. HU-2 has potential for development as a novel anti-inflammatory and anticancer agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

tert-Butyl-substituted phenols have been synthesized via the reaction of phenol, o-, m-, and p-cresols with tert-butanol under the action of CBr4-promoted Y-zeolites in the H-form with a hierarchical porous structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional approaches for chemical risk assessment cannot keep pace with the number of substances requiring assessment. Thus, in a global effort to expedite and modernize chemical risk assessment, New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) are being explored and developed. Included in this effort is the OECD Integrated Approaches for Testing and Assessment (IATA) program, which provides a forum for OECD member countries to develop and present case studies illustrating the application of NAM in various risk assessment contexts. Here, we present an IATA case study for the prediction of estrogenic potential of three target phenols: 4-tert-butylphenol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and octabenzone. Key features of this IATA include the use of two computational approaches for analogue selection for read-across, data collected from traditional and NAM sources, and a workflow to generate predictions regarding the targets' ability to bind the estrogen receptor (ER). Endocrine disruption can occur when a chemical substance mimics the activity of natural estrogen by binding to the ER and, if potency and exposure are sufficient, alters the function of the endocrine system to cause adverse effects. The data indicated that of the three target substances that were considered herein, 4-tert-butylphenol is a potential endocrine disruptor. Further, this IATA illustrates that the NAM approach explored is health protective when compared to in vivo endpoints traditionally used for human health risk assessment. • The use of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in chemical risk assessment is explored. • A workflow for the prediction of estrogen receptor activation by substituted phenols. • The workflow is applied to: 4-tert-butylphenol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, octabenzone. • Two computational approaches for analogue selection were used and evaluated. • When compared to in vivo endpoints, the NAM approach was health protective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol or 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-phenol (2,4-DTBP) is a common toxic secondary metabolite produced by various groups of organisms. The biosources and bioactivities of 2,4-DTBP have been well investigated, but the phenol has not been systematically reviewed. This article provides a comprehensive review of 2,4-DTBP and its analogs with emphasis on natural sources and bioactivities. 2,4-DTBP has been found in at least 169 species of bacteria (16 species, 10 families), fungi (11 species, eight families), diatom (one species, one family), liverwort (one species, one family), pteridiphyta (two species, two families), gymnosperms (four species, one family), dicots (107 species, 58 families), monocots (22 species, eight families), and animals (five species, five families). 2,4-DTBP is often a major component of violate or essential oils and it exhibits potent toxicity against almost all testing organisms, including the producers; however, it is not clear why organisms produce autotoxic 2,4-DTBP and its analogs. The accumulating evidence indicates that the endocidal regulation seems to be the primary function of the phenols in the producing organisms.

Direct phenol–catechol conversion has been realized as a result of the solid-phase reaction of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol with cuprous oxide under high pressure and shear deformation on the Bridgman anvils. The yield of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol in this reaction was about 85%. When cupric oxide was used in the solid-phase process, oxidative coupling of the starting phenol took place, resulting in quantitative formation of tetra-tert-butyl-ortho-bisphenol. The reaction of 6-substituted derivatives of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol with cuprous oxide was used as an example to demonstrate the possibility of substitutive ortho-hydroxylation yielding 7–20% of pyrocatechols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ustilaginoidea virens is a destructive phytopathogenic fungus that causes false smut disease in rice. In this study, the natural product 2,4-di- tert -butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) was found to be an environmentally friendly and effective agent for the first time, which exhibited strong antifungal activity against U. virens , with an EC 50 value of 0.087 mmol/L. The scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence staining, and biochemical assays indicated that 2,4-DTBP could destroy the cell wall, cell membrane, and cellular redox homeostasis of U. virens , ultimately resulting in fungal cell death. Through the transcriptomic analysis, a total of 353 genes were significantly upregulated and 367 genes were significantly downregulated, focusing on the spindle microtubule assembly, cell wall and membrane, redox homeostasis, mycotoxin biosynthesis, and intracellular metabolism. These results enhanced the understanding of the antifungal activity and action mechanisms of 2,4-DTBP against U. virens , supporting it to be a potential antifungal agent for the control of false smut disease.

Landfill leachate contain persistent organic pollutants (POPs), namely, bisphenol A (BPA) and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, which exceed the permissible limits. Thus, such landfill leachate must be treated before it is released into natural water courses. This article reports on investigations about the removal efficiency of POPs such as BPA and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol from leachate using locust bean gum (LBG) in comparison with alum. The vital experimental variables (pH, coagulant dosage and stirring speed) were optimised by applying response surface methodology equipped with the Box–Behnken design to reduce the POPs from leachate. An empirical quadratic polynomial model could accurately model the surface response with R2 values of 0.928 and 0.954 to reduce BPA and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed on treated flocs for further understanding. FTIR analysis revealed that the bridging of pollutant particles could be due to the explicit adsorption and bridging via hydrogen bonding of a coagulation mechanism. SEM micrographs indicated that the flocs produced by LBG have a rough cloudy surface and numerous micro-pores compared with alum, which enabled the capture and removal of POPs from leachate. Results showed that the reduction efficiencies for BPA and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol at pH 7.5 were 76% and 84% at LBG dosage of 500 mg·L−1 and 400 mg·L−1, respectively. Coagulant dosage and pH variation have a significant effect on POPs reduction in leachate. Coagulation/flocculation using LBG could be applied for POPs reduction in leachate as a pre-treatment prior to advanced treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural product 2,4‑di‑tert‑butylphenol (DTBP) has a wide spectrum of biological functions, including anticancer activities, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we found that DTBP induces senescence in human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells as evidenced by upregulation of p21 and Rb and increased β‑galactosidase activity. DTBP also induces mitotic catastrophe and generates multinucleated cells, which is accompanied by an increase in the proportion of polymerized tubulin, possibly caused by inhibition of HDAC6 enzyme activity. In silico docking analysis showed that DTBP docked at the entrance of the ligand-binding pocket of the HDAC6 enzyme. Accordingly, DTBP represents a promising lead structure for the development of HDAC6 inhibitors, with an improvement in specificity conferred by modification of the cap group. We propose for the first time that the underlying mechanism of the anticancer activity of DTBP is attributed to inhibition of HDAC6 activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) is one of the most economically important and highly polyphagous herbivorous pests in fields and greenhouses worldwide. We previously reported that 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (DTBP) and ethyl oleate (EO) showed significantly acaricidal, repellent and oviposition deterrent properties against T. cinnabarinus via an unknown mechanism. In this study, the acaricidal activities of DTBP and EO and their biochemical mechanisms in controlling T. cinnabarinus were investigated at different time points by assessing the associated changes in toxic symptoms, potential target-related enzyme activities and seven neurotransmitters belonging to the biogenic amines (BAs). The results showed that the median lethal times (LT) for DTBP and EO were 8 and 15 h after treatment, respectively. Using dynamic symptomatology observations, typical neurotoxic symptoms including excitation, convulsion and paralysis were observed in the mites treated with DTBP and EO. Furthermore, the two compounds exerted significant inhibitory activity on monoamine oxidase (MAO) in adult T. cinnabarinus females in vitro and in vivo and had little effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The content levels of the seven BAs analyzed by UPLC-3QMS were higher in the mites treated with DTBP and EO than in the controls, except for phenethylamine (PEA) (for DTBP and EO) and octopamine (OA) (for EO). These results demonstrate that both DTBP and EO exert effects on T. cinnabarinus that are possibly consequences of their preventive effects on the deamination of BAs in the nervous system, most likely through inhibitory effects on MAO or MAO-like enzymes and/or interactions with certain special biogenic amine G protein-coupled receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,4-di- tert -butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) is a synthetic antioxidant used in polyethylene crosspolymer (PEX) water distribution pipes and food-related plastics. 2,4-DTBP can leach from plastic materials and has been found in breast milk, cord blood, and placental tissue, giving rise to the concern that this compound may interfere with fetal development. The objective of this study is to assess the impacts of 2,4-DTBP on cellular differentiation. Human induced pluripotent stem (HiPS) cells were differentiated into osteoblasts or myoblasts over 40 days, and analyzed for markers of somite, dermomyotome, sclerotome, myoblast, and osteoblast development. When cultured as stem cells, 2,4-DTBP did not alter cell viability and expression of markers (NANOG , OCT4). However, upon differentiation into somite-like cells, 2,4-DTBP had reduced levels of MEOX1 and TBX6 transcripts, while NANOG and OCT4 were in turn upregulated in a dose-dependent manner. At the sclerotome-like stage, PAX9 mRNA decreased by 2-fold in the 0.5 μM and 1.0 μM 2,4-DTBP exposure groups. After 40 days of differentiation into an osteoblast-like lineage, exposure to 2,4-DTBP significantly reduced expression of the osteogenesis transcripts RUNX2 and OSX in a dose-dependent manner. Further, Alizarin Red staining of calcium deposits was decreased in the 0.5 μM and 1.0 μM treatment groups. In contrast, myogenesis was not affected by 2,4-DTBP exposure. Interestingly, KEAP1 expression was significantly increased in the sclerotomal-like cells, but decreased in the dermomytomal-like cells, which may suggest a mechanism of action. Overall, this study shows that 2,4-DTBP can delay key processes during sclerotome and osteoblast development, leading to a potential for bone developmental issues in exposed individuals. [Display omitted] • 2,4-DTBP impaired iPS cell differentiation into somites and osteoblasts. • Transcripts of somite and sclerotome formation (TBX6 , MEOX1, PAX9) were reduced. • Expression of osteoblast markers (RUNX2 , OSX , and OPN) were dysregulated. • 2,4-DTBP also reduced calcium deposition from the differentiated osteoblasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Medical Mycology / Journal de Mycologie Médicale is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study analyzes the chemical composition of ethanol root extracts of Maesa perlaria var. formosana by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Methods: The dried root of Maesa perlaria var. formosana was extracted with 95% ethanol for composition analysis under the following optimum GC-MS conditions: 250 °C inlet temperature, 250 °C MSD detector temperature, and GC oven temperature programmed as follows: initial temperature held at 70 °C for 15 min, then increased at a rate of 2.5 °C/min and held at 170 °C for 15 min; then raised at a rate of 2 °C/min and kept at 180 °C for 20 min; then raised at 2 °C/min and kept at 250 °C for 20 min. Finally, it was raised at 3 °C/min and kept at 280 °C for 15 min. Results: A total of 59 chemical compounds were identified, representing 88.82% of the composition of the ethanol extracts. The three major components, include 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (16.76%), stigmasterol (15.86%) and campesterol (7.33%). Conclusion: The results show that a total of 59 components were identified in the ethanol extract of Maesa perlaria var. formosana. The major component, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, exhibits various biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study applied the ozonation process to degrade 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP), an emerging micropollutant detected in typical bamboo pulp and papermaking wastewater (BPPW). The effects of various influencing factors on the degradation performance and corresponding degradation mechanism were investigated. The results showed that ozone could degrade 2,4-DTBP rapidly with a reaction rate constant of (1.80 ± 0.05) × 10 5 M -1 ·s -1 . The removal efficiency of 2,4-DTBP (5 mg/L) could reach 100% when the ozone dosage exceed 6 mg/L in a neutral medium. The presence of coexisting chemicals in BPPW such as Cl - and HCO 3 - promoted the removal performance of 2,4-DTBP. In contrast, NH 4 + and humic acid presented inhibition on 2,4-DTBP removal. The ozonation of 2,4-DTBP was dominated by the ozone molecule, and this was primarily attributed to electrophilic substitution and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. Twenty-seven kinds of intermediate products were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. The variations in their productions were based on the changes in ozone dosage. The degradation pathways were proposed. The toxicity of 2,4-DTBP was weakened after ozonation. As for the ozonation of actual biochemical effluent of BPPW, the desirable treatment performance was obtained. This study proved the feasibility of ozonation and provided data basis for subsequent pilot study., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play crucial roles in biofilm formation and biocorrosion resulting in heavy economic loss in an industrial setup. Hence, in an attempt to develop an agent to control the EPS across the hosts, the ability of 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (DTBP), a potent antioxidant, to modify the EPS of Serratia marcescens has been investigated in this study using biophysical methods. Protein, polysaccharides and eDNA components of EPS were inhibited significantly ( p < 0.05) upon exposure to DTBP. DTBP treatment reduced the crystallite size and crystallinity index of EPS and increased the dislocation density of crystallites without inducing stress, besides increasing the hydration of EPS which reduced its thermal stability. On the whole, this study highlights the efficacy of DTBP to modulate secreted EPS of S. marcescens which in turn could facilitate the disruption of biofilms besides favouring the diffusion of antimicrobials into the cell aggregates resulting eradication of persistent biofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aqueous extract of Phyllanthus orbicularis contains bioproducts able to significantly reduce the mutagenesis mediated by oxidative compounds. A bioactive-directed fractionation of the aqueous extract of P. orbicularis has been applied with the aim of identifying antimutagenic fractions, which allowed isolating and identifying some biocompound responsible for this activity. Antimutagenesis of all fractions was determined by the Salmonella retromutation assay, using hydrogen peroxide as model mutagen. Applying this methodology, two potent antimutagenic fractions have been obtained able to totally abolish the mutagenicity produced by hydrogen peroxide. In these fractions 2,4-di-tertbutylphenol, OO'-diphenol-4,4',6,6'-tetra-tert-butyl and 2,6-di-sec-butylphenol were identified by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports the bioactivity of 2,4-Di- tert -butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) purified from an endophytic Streptomyces species KCA1 isolated from the leaves of Phyllanthus niruri and its antibacterial and anticancer properties. The extracellular metabolites were produced from the strain KCA1 by submerged fermentation using ethyl acetate. The crude extract was further evaluated for antibacterial activity against set of pathogens. Active metabolite from the extract was purified using chromatography techniques and detected its antibacterial activity by disc diffusion assay. The molecular structure of the active molecule was identified through various spectral study. Moreover, the bioactive metabolite 2,4-DTBP was analyzed antibacterial and anti-proliferative activity. Strain KCA1 was identified as Streptomyces sp. In the preliminary screening, the crude extract exhibited broad spectrum activity against various bacterial pathogens. Based on the spectral properties, the active metabolite was identified as 2,4-Di- tert -butylphenol. The MIC of active compound 2,4-DTBP inhibited E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 29213 at 50 μg/ml and 0.78 μg/ml, respectively. The IC50 value of 2,4-DTBP was found to be 11.0 µg/ml and 116.8 µg/ml, against breast cancer cell line (MCF7) and normal VERO cell line, respectively. This study concluded that 2,4-DTBP, produced from the endophytic Streptomyces sp. KCA1, is the potential candidate to develop as promising antibacterial and anticancer agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the present work, we reported a combined experimental and theoretical study on conformational stability, molecular structure and vibrational spectra of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP). The FT-IR (400–4000cm−1) and FT-Raman spectra (50–3500cm−1) of 2,4-DTBP were recorded. The molecular geometry, harmonic vibrational frequencies and bonding features of 2,4-DTBP in the ground-state have been calculated by using the density functional BLYP/B3LYP methods. The energy calculated by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) result complements with the experimental findings. The calculated highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies show that charge transfer occurs within the molecule. Finally the calculation results were compared with measured infrared and Raman spectra of the title compound which showed good agreement with observed spectra. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Evaluation of Streptomyces isolated from Udhagamandalam, The Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India for the biocontrol potential against the phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearum and its metabolite profiling. Streptomyces strains were screened for plant growth promotion and antagonistic activity against R. solanacearum in in-vitro. The metabolite profiling of strain UT4A49 was studied through gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis. Further, the identified lead compound 2,4-Di- tert -butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) was analyzed for its mechanism of action through in-silico docking study. The bioorganic fertilizer (BOF) amended potential Streptomyces strain UT4A49 was studied for biocontrol activity against R. solanacearum on tomato seedlings through pot culture experiments. The Streptomyces strain UT4A49 showed the promising production of indole acetic acid (IAA) (76.0 ± 2.0 µg/ml), siderophore, ammonia, amylase, protease, cellulase as well as it solubilized the phosphate in-vitro. The strain UT4A49 showed strong in vitro antagonistic activity against R. solanacearum with the inhibition zone of 19.83 ± 0.44 mm in diameter. The isolated major compound, 2,4-Di- tert -butylphenol was showed strong inhibition against R. solanacearum. In silico docking study revealed that the 2,4-DTBP showed lower binding energy score with all targeted proteins which found better protein–ligand binding stability. In the pot experiment, biocontrol activity of BOF amended Streptomyces strain UT4A49 showed significant biocontrol efficacy was 78.5% against R. solanacearum in tomato seedlings. The strain UT4A49 was identified as Streptomyces sp. based on its morphological and molecular properties. The detailed literature survey revealed that this is the first report on strong bioactive properties of 2,4-DTBP against R. solanacearum. This present study proved that bioorganic fertilizer amended with Streptomyces sp. UT4A49 is a promising biocontrol agent for tomato bacterial disease control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We synthesized sustainable 2,4-di- tert -butylphenoxymethyl-substituted polystyrenes (PD t BP#, # = 88, 68, 35, and 19, where # is molar percent contents of 2,4-di- tert -butylphenoxymethyl moiety), using post-polymerization modification reactions in order to study their liquid crystal (LC) alignment behaviors. In general, LC cells fabricated using polymer film with higher molar content of 2,4-di- tert -butylphenoxymethyl side groups showed vertical LC alignment behavior. LC alignment behavior in LC cell was related to the surface energy of the polymer alignment layer. For example, when the total surface energy value of the polymer layer was smaller than about 29.4 mJ/m 2 , vertical alignment behaviors were observed, generated by the nonpolar 2,4-di- tert -butylphenoxymethyl moiety with long and bulky carbon groups. Orientation stability was observed at 200 °C in the LC cells fabricated using PD t BP88 as the LC alignment layer. Therefore, as a natural compound modified polymer, PD t BP# can be used as a candidate LC alignment layer for environmentally friendly applications.

• Chlorophyll a content can be decreased by 60% with 10% QJX-1 culture supernatant. • QJX-1 can exert algicidal activity on M. aeruginosa via excreting 2,4-DTBP. • Photosynthetic system structure can be damaged through 2,4-DTBP excretion by QJX-1. The utilization of algicidal bacteria is becoming an attractive method for the inhibition of algae growth. However, the previous research has mainly focused on the control of harmful blooms in eutrophic waters by the addition of algicidal bacteria. This study aims to investigate the growth of algal cells in the presence of a sand-filter prevalent manganese-oxidizing bacterium, which might alleviate the algae-induced clogging problem in sand filters via bioaugmented sand filtration. The manganese-oxidizing bacterium Pseudomonas sp. QJX-1 exhibited an inhibiting effect on algae growth. Compared with a control group, the chlorophyll a content of M. aeruginosa could be significantly decreased by 60% after exposure to 10% QJX-1 culture supernatant. The decrease in photosynthetic parameters demonstrated the damage to the photosynthetic system of algal cells exposed to QJX-1 cell-free supernatant. The results indicated that QJX-1 inhibited the growth of M. aeruginosa by excreting an algicidal compound, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP), without directly contacting algal cells. The photosynthetic system structure of algal cells could be damaged through 2,4-DTBP excretion by QJX-1, which could explain the weakened photosynthetic activity of algal cells exposed to QJX-1. Our findings highlight the algicidal effect of the manganese-oxidizing bacterium Pseudomonas sp. QJX-1 on M. aeruginosa via the excretion of 2,4-DTBP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol or 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-phenol (2,4-DTBP) is a common toxic secondary metabolite produced by various groups of organisms. The biosources and bioactivities of 2,4-DTBP have been well investigated, but the phenol has not been systematically reviewed. This article provides a comprehensive review of 2,4-DTBP and its analogs with emphasis on natural sources and bioactivities. 2,4-DTBP has been found in at least 169 species of bacteria (16 species, 10 families), fungi (11 species, eight families), diatom (one species, one family), liverwort (one species, one family), pteridiphyta (two species, two families), gymnosperms (four species, one family), dicots (107 species, 58 families), monocots (22 species, eight families), and animals (five species, five families). 2,4-DTBP is often a major component of violate or essential oils and it exhibits potent toxicity against almost all testing organisms, including the producers; however, it is not clear why organisms produce autotoxic 2,4-DTBP and its analogs. The accumulating evidence indicates that the endocidal regulation seems to be the primary function of the phenols in the producing organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a search for new antifungal antibiotics active against Candida albicans and others pathogenic fungi, a strain of actinobacteria, designated G61, was isolated from a Saharan soil and tested for its activity against these microorganisms. The analysis of its 16S rDNA sequence showed a similarity level of 100% with Streptomyces mutabilis NBRC 12800(T). The highest anticandidal activities produced by the strain G61 were obtained on Bennett medium in the fourth day of incubation. The active product, extracted by n-butanol, contained one bioactive spot detected on thin layer chromatography plates. It was purified by HPLC and its chemical structure was determined by spectroscopic analyses as 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of this product against several strains of pathogenic microorganisms are interesting., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) is one of the most important, highly polyphagous pests of a wide range of field and greenhouse crops throughout the world. The control of this mite is still based primarily on the use of synthetic chemical pesticides. In this study, we screened eight plant extracts from China and evaluated the natural compounds showing acaricidal properties from the plant extract, considering their potential use as an alternative to synthetic pesticides., Results: In bioassay screening assays, the Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl extract showed significantly greater acaricidal activity against T. cinnabarinus than the other seven plant extracts tested. Five compounds were identified from the C. camphora extract via repeated column chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. All the compounds presented acaricidal activity, with 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and ethyl oleate exhibiting the greatest activity. At 7 days after treatment in a potted seedling experiment, the LC50 values of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and ethyl oleate were found to be 1850.94 and 2481.65 mg kg(-1) respectively. Microscopic observations showed that the mites displayed the symptomology of poisoning., Conclusion: These results demonstrated that the C. camphora extract and its two active components show the potential to be developed as new natural acaricides for controlling carmine spider mites., (© 2014 Society of Chemical Industry.)