1. Biomonitoring of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide: A global view.
- Author
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Boon D and Burns CJ
- Subjects
- Humans, Female, Environmental Exposure analysis, Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Pregnancy, Adult, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid urine, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid analysis, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid toxicity, Herbicides urine, Herbicides analysis, Biological Monitoring methods
- Abstract
We conducted a literature review of urinary 2,4-D in populations not associated with a herbicide application. Of the 33 studies identified, the median/mean concentrations were similar for children, adults, and pregnant women regardless of geography. Individuals with highest concentrations may have had opportunities to directly contact 2,4-D outside of an application. Most studies were conducted in populations in North America and did not examine potential sources of 2,4-D, or what factors might influence higher or lower urinary 2,4-D concentrations. In the future, prioritizing the examination of 2,4-D biomonitoring in other regions and collecting information on sources and factors influencing exposures would better our understanding of 2,4-D exposures globally. In all the studies reviewed the concentrations of urinary 2,4-D observed were orders of magnitude below the US regulatory endpoints, suggesting that people are not being exposed to 2,4-D at levels high enough to result in adverse health effects., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: The literature search and data extraction were conducted while one of the authors (DB) was an employee of Corteva AgriScience. CJB is retired from The Dow Chemical Company, a manufacturer of 2,4-D. The writing of the report, which is reflected in the review, synthesis, and conclusions are the exclusive professional work product of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Corteva AgriScience. A courtesy copy of the draft manuscript was provided to Corteva AgriScience., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
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