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Homeopathy and its transnational transmission have received significant attention from historians of medicine. But the emergence of homeopathy in modern Chinese society has remained little explored. This article identifies the homeopathic practitioners arriving in nineteenth-century China, and then explores their origins, efforts and sense of professional identity in a transnational context. The history of homeopathy in China is found to begin in the late nineteenth century, during which the growth of the Christian missionary enterprise promoted the arrival of sporadic Euro-American homeopathic practitioners, also missionaries, in coastal regions of China. Almost all of them received professional training in American homeopathic medical institutions; and most of them were females, providing additional opportunities for local women patients to receive treatment. The practitioners recognized homeopathy and their collective homeopathic identity, but their healing services were not necessarily essentially homeopathic. Homeopathy that they learnt also evolved and transacted with exotic knowledge during its globalization. Under the influence of homeopathy, some Euro-Americans claimed to have discovered homeopathic elements in Chinese medical ideas and practice. The early history of homeopathy explored in this article helps deconstruct the popular imagination of a coherent 'Western medicine' in modern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the strategies and institutions that were mobilized in order to collect information during the Taiping Civil War (1851-1864). Through a close reading of the Zei qing huizuan 賊情彙纂 (Compendium of Rebel Intelligence), the article reveals that the Qing and its allies understood the Taiping as a political entity constituted on a familiar (dynastic) model and also in ethnographic terms (linguistic, sartorial, religious, regional). The article also demonstrates how individuals made use of their access to information to obtain patronage and employment within the pro-Qing camp. Finally, by spotlighting the political and moral language used by the authors of the Zei qing huizuan , the article makes obvious the deep relationship between intelligence and ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the medical activities of Hu Tingguang, an early nineteenth-century Chinese healer who specialized in treating traumatic injuries. Hu aimed to improve the state of medical knowledge about injuries by writing a comprehensive treatise titled Compilation of Teachings on Traumatology, completed in 1815. This work notably included a set of medical cases describing the experiences of Hu and his father, which Hu used to teach readers how to employ and adapt different therapies: bone setting, petty surgery, and drugs. By examining how Hu dealt with different forms of damage to the body's material form, this paper shows how manual therapies could be a focus of medical creativity and innovation. It also contributes to a growing corpus of scholarship exploring the way that awareness of and concern with the structure of the body historically shaped Chinese medical thought and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of modern nation states, as well as destruction and denial of the ability to create nation states are major themes in global history since the beginning of the nineteenth century, also dominating the modern history of China and Japan. The global environment does not follow principles designed on the drawing board, nor are ideologies of all persuasions able to bring about stability by themselves. Civilizations have surprising resilience, and elements reappear even after violent revolutions lasting decades. Systems of political, economic and social governance change as (post)industrialization continues. In the long run, no ideology or blueprint assure stability. It is not surprising that civilizations East and West tend to attach importance to the eternal struggle between "Virtue" and "Corruption". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A traditional education system, based on the Confucian classics, was a pillar of imperial China's social structure for centuries, preparing elites for a series of highly competitive exams conferring gentry status and civil service positions. Reformers in late imperial China called for the modernization of educational institutions, seeing in Western education the skills necessary to develop China's economy. In the late 19th century, the traditional education system was joined by a “modern”, Western track, which offered teaching in science, math, social science, law, and engineering. In this paper, early 20th century employee records from the Tianjin-Pukou Railroad are analyzed to identify differences in labor market outcomes associated with study in the traditional and modern educational systems. The employee records reveal that modern and traditional education were both associated with wage premiums, but that these were significantly larger for individuals trained at high levels in the modern system, especially those trained in engineering. Individuals trained in the traditional system worked disproportionately in the clerical department of the railroad, while those with modern education were more often in managerial and technical roles. Qualitative and quantitative evidence suggests that these results are not driven by sorting into educational institutions according to ability. These findings indicate that beyond years of schooling, the content of schooling can play an important role in the process of economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper performs a cointegration analysis using an Error Correction Model (ECM) on annual rice prices to measure and compare market integration in China and Japan during the nineteenth century. We find markets in Japan were more integrated than in China at both the regional and national levels during the period. Moreover, market integration in Japan improved during industrialisation. These findings support the view that a well-integrated market is a cause as well as a result of economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses rural gazetteer biographies to examine village and household-level famine relief during the great North China Famine of 1876–9 to deepen our understanding of past relief methods and dynamics at the most local level. Despite the appearance of major works recently on famine in modern China, particularly on the Great Leap Forward, knowledge of Chinese famine relief remains thin and scattered considering the enormity of the subject. Nineteenth-century China saw intensifying international relief activity as well as the emergence of a vibrant charity-relief sector based in China's major cities, leading to the rise of prominent relief institutions in the twentieth century, such as the Chinese Red Cross. But the increasingly intense disasters of China's modern period also saw a surprising persistence of local humanitarian traditions still barely covered by historians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses history in mid-nineteenth century of China, that shows the cultural change of the country with developing modernization among the people including political, democratic and social condition of China.

The article presents an overview of the international relations between the governments of U.S. and China involving the issues of reunification and trends in political liberalization and outlines the trends in marketization and privatization in China.

This paper argues that China's size was one reason behind its relative decline in the nineteenth century. A ruler governing a large country faces severe agency problems. Given his monitoring difficulties, his agents have strong incentives to extort the taxpayers. This forces him to keep taxes low to prevent revolts. Economic expansion could aggravate corruption and cause further fiscal weakening. To support the model's predictions, I show that the Chinese state taxed and administered sparingly, especially in regions far from Beijing. Furthermore, its fiscal capacity contracted steadily during the prosperous eighteenth century, sowing the seeds for the nineteenth-century crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is a critical natural resource upon which all social and economic activities and ecosystem functions depend. With a surprising social and economic development in the past decades, water has become an important constraint for China's sustainable development, and a matter concerning economic security, ecological security and national security of the country. Understanding the changes of water resources is greatly helpful in analyzing the impacts of climatic change, formulating plans for utilization and protection of water resources, and making water resource decisions. Based on China's national water resources assessment, the Mann-Kendall's test, and Morlet wavelet, we analyzed the changing trends and periods of China's renewable water resources during 1956-2010. The results as following: (1) There is no significant change trend of water resources on the countrywide scale during the period 1956-2010, the total water resources show a slight increasing trend, and the national annual average water resources during the period 1991-2010 increased by 1% relative to that of the period 1961-1990. (2) The changes of water resources in different level-I water resource regions vary significantly. Annual average water resources of the Haihe River and Yellow River regions in the northern China decreased 19% and 17% respectively in the past 20 years. Water resource increased in Southern and Northwestern rivers regions, particularly in the Northwest rivers region, with the increasing amplitude by nearly 10% in the past 20 years. (3) The inter-annual variation of national water resource became larger in the past 20 years, as compared with that of the period 1961-1990. The coefficients of water resource variation increased in Northwestern and Southwestern rivers regions, while the inter-annual variation tended to decrease in the Haihe and the Yellow River regions where significant decline of water resources happened. (4) A 14-year quasi-periodicity of the national water resource variation was detected, overlapping with various periodicities of water resources of different level-I water resource regions. Remarkable uniformity exists between the first or secondary primary periodicity of water resource variation in adjacent level-I water resource regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on eleven different kinds of romanized dialect records, this paper conducts a phonological study of the Chaoshan dialects in the nineteenth century. It compares the differences between the romanized records and the various dialects spoken in the Chaoshan area, analyses the phonological features and their notational representations, and concludes that the phonological system of the records was a system based on the dialect of the city of Chaozhou. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The controversial sack of Yuanmingyuan during the Second Opium War in 1860 brought large quantities of imperial art to Western Europe for the first time. The article looks at this event within the wider context of military collecting throughout the Opium Wars – documented in soldiers’ memoirs, auction house records and museum inventories – to determine men’s tastes and collecting practices during twenty years of operations in China and the impact they had on this extraordinary historical event. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the practice of dual translation (heyi) in the late Qing, focusing in particular on Quanti xinlun, a physiological treatise compiled by Benjamin Hobson (1816-1873) and his Chinese assistants. It argues that, owing to the considerable latitude allowed to Hobson's Chinese partners, the intellectual syncretism of the translation was a direct consequence of the Chinese agency at play in intercultural exchange. The collaborative process in the making of Quanti xinlun is also explored, and two passages in which the "Sinicization" of western physiology is most obvious are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While historical records in China abound in accounts of "exemplary women," little is known of what was lying beneath the unflinching moral stance with which these women tackled all the vicissitudes of life to bring glories to their families and lineages. This study is an attempt to approach the lives of these women from the angle of their own life-writings--in particular, their bieji (personal collections). The three cases examined in this study expose a stunning "outspokenness" of the women. It was this degree of their outspokenness, I argue, that often called into question the Confucian patriarchal values that were integral to their very existence as moral exemplars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article establishes that the first museum in China was not the Zhendan Museum in Shanghai, founded by the French Jesuit Pierre Marie Heude (1836–1902) in 1868, but the “British Museum in China”, founded in 1829 by three supercargoes of the English East India Company, in Macao, a Portuguese enclave in the Pearl River Delta since c.1577. My research, based on Portuguese, British and American sources, allows us to better understand the context in which the founders of the museum interacted and lived in Macao, how their research and field-work was important for academic British institutions such as the British Museum in London and how the British Museum of Macao was founded and became the first (western-styled) museum in China. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article first introduces the correlation between volcanism and global climatic abnormalities (commonly referred to as global cooling), with particular reference to the Tambora eruption in 1815. Recent case studies in China concerning this volcanic effect and climate changes in the nineteenth century are brought in to substantialize and revise some general statements previously made about China. These case studies cover various regions, including the Yangzi Delta, Yunnan, the Jiaodong Peninsula, and the North China Sea area, and examine a wide range of topics such as floods, famines, economic recession, crop patterns (including those of New World crops), and Pacific herring catches. Finally, this article provides suggestions for future studies of the Tambora effects in China and proposes to bring climate into the specific temporal span of the decline of the Qing Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents and discusses the paths of Western education into early 20th century China. Thus, the article adheres to the emphasis placed by contemporary researchers on the central role of local actors in transformation processes and the changeability of education models and concepts. Consequently, it concentrates on the aforementioned actors and explores the way in which the latter influenced the transfer of knowledge and education in China in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The article further explores the degree of intervention by third parties such as Japan in the Chinese education system at that time.

Hong Kong's hospital system has long been the territory of Western medicine. However, during the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003, an integrative approach, combining Chinese and Western medicines, was used in some hospitals in Hong Kong, suggesting a revival of Chinese medicine in the hospital system of this former British colony. This paper will explain how this could happen, by situating the event in the over 160 years' long history of Chinese medicine in Hong Kong. Specifically, it will focus on the role of ‘Chinese medicine’ and ‘traditional Chinese medicine’ in Tung Wah Hospital, a local charity established in 1870, which grew subsequently into one of the largest voluntary organizations in Hong Kong. It will also show how the fall and revival of Chinese medicine in this hospital were related to two epidemics: the bubonic plague in 1894, and the SARS outbreak in 2003. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the woman poet Li Shuyi's (1817-?) poetry collection Shuyinglou mingshu baiyong (One hundred poems on famous women from Shying Tower). Through a reconstruction of Li Shuyi's life, a reading of her self-preface, and an analysis of her poems, this study aims to demonstrate how a woman author's perception of her own ill fate leads to her becoming a conscious writing subject, and how this self-realization motivates her to produce a gendered writing project. It argues that Li Shuyi articulates in her project her intervention into representations of women's images from her individual perspective on women's history, and her aims for immortality through writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From English and Chinese periodicals published by missionaries, to Chinese and English periodicals published by the Chinese, China's medical periodicals have experienced a developmental process that is the outcome of the introduction of Western medicine into China, gradually replacing traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), to become eventually the mainstream medicine. For half a century after the founding of People's Republic of China, Chinese medical periodicals focused on serving the planned economy, directed as they were by government policies on healthcare and publication. These periodicals scarcely entered the international sphere, and became typical regional publications. This article charts the interesting history of these developments. At the beginning of the 21st century, the growth of international medical exchange put Chinese medical periodicals in a difficult position: both good submissions and subscriptions are insufficient for viability. In today's multicultural world, the internationalization of Chinese medical periodicals can be accomplished by promoting the internationalization of TCM and regional medicine. The ability to ensure academic independence and control of their economic management are essential if these periodicals are to thrive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to focus on the role of Chinese revenue farmers in designating the borders of the various colonial territories and the states of Southeast Asia in the 19th century. According to historian Nicholas Tarling, most of southeast Asia was colonized and controlled by Western powers during the eighteenth through twentieth centuries, causing conflicts between the territories. The author argues that Chinese revenue farmers were considerably significant in giving substance to the formalistic pronouncements of remote diplomats and statesmen.

Foreign influence on South China increasingly disrupted the economy from the late eighteenth century. Many scholars believe the standard of living fell, while others point to positive gains from increased integration with the world economy. The paper estimates the secular trend in the average height of the southern Chinese in the nineteenth century based on data from prison registers in colonial Australia. Contrary to the pessimist view, height began to decline obviously only from the 1850s, a product of the dislocation effects of revolts and rebellions. At 163–164cm, the Chinese were of similar stature to the military conscripts of some European countries in the early-to-mid nineteenth century. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents research on the "unequal treaties" signed by China with foreign powers in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Seeking to resolve scholarly disagreement on the issue, the article attempts to establish a definition of treaty inequality, using two criteria: equality of form and procedure, and equality in terms of state sovereignty, i.e., whether a treaty violates China's sovereignty. Based on the latter criterion, the number of unequal treaties China signed starting in 1842 is established.

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The article attempts to trace the development of Protestant missionary publishing in 19th-century China, the considerable impact this had on the elite group of Chinese scholars and how this influence gave rise to modern Chinese "elite" journalism. It focuses particularly on the case of Wanguo Gongbao, the most influential Protestant periodical in the 19th century. Through examining Wanguo Gongbao's secular content, the article demonstrates l iberal Protestant journalists' broad social, political and cultural concerns and their aim to influence the Chinese literati. Following this, the periodical's connections with the emergent political press - XunHuan Daily edited by Wang Tao, Shiwu Bao by Liang Qichao - are explored to reveal the guiding role of Wanguo Gongbao on Chinese elite journalism. The rapid spread of such independent newspapers associated with the reform movement at the end of the 19th century is described. The paper concludes with a critical analysis of the Protestant press as one significant source of the contemporary context of Chinese journalistic culture and the lessons this may hold for us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians of science in modern China have tried to challenge misconceptions that late nineteenth-and early twentieth-century Chinese were slow to master science or, worse, that they missed the point of science altogether. In so doing, we have often put aside basic questions--like why Chinese were interested in modern science in the first place or how they found modern science useful for their own purposes--in order to demonstrate the quality and advancement of scientific work in China. But overlooking these underlying issues not only strengthens the myth of science as an obvious and inevitable step in development; it also limits the relevance of the Chinese case to the history of science more broadly. If, instead, the spread of science is reconceptualized as a problem of desire and utility, the Chinese example may suggest interesting new avenues for the study of cultural innovation across geographic and disciplinary frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the China's three historical periods including period of reformation movement in the latter nineteenth century, the period of the New cultural movement, and the period of Sinicizing socialism in the early twentieth century. It mentions that China has promoted the Sinicizing socialism project for the past one century having Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping as the conductors of the experiment. As a result, a new model of "socialism with Chinese characteristics" was presented.

How did foreign Christian anti-footbinding activists treat the distinctive forms of human embodiment they encountered in China? What were their assumptions? How should we understand the transition from religious to secular imaginings of the body and its pains? Here I discuss late nineteenth and early twentieth century religion and medicalized hygiene through the voices of two English people who campaigned against and wrote extensively about footbinding. Not an easy story about God traded for Nature, but a far more uneasy and subliminal borrowing and cross-fertilization of tropes between the religious and the scientific. In both evangelical religion and biological science our protagonists created powerful narrative technologies for making cultural process disappear into nature, and thus to re-channel agency, making it available for new projects. Here we see the secular and the religious informing and reinforcing one another as moments in the creation of the modern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the book "China's Place in Philology: An Attempt to Show That the Languages of Europe and Asia Have a Common Origin," by the Reverend Joseph Edkins. The author contextualized the book in relation to Edkins's other work and contends that it has largely been ignored by scholars, but Edkins considered it his most valuable study he'd undertaken.

Discusses the development of the opium problem in Qing, China during the nineteenth century. Cause of the opium traffic according to Western scholars; Role of indigenous people in the opium trade; Efforts made to prohibit opium trade.

Discusses the history and identity of the Muslim Yunnanese or Hui ethnic group in China. Analysis of the Chinese and Muslim identities of the Hui ethnic group; Details of the massacre of Hui by officials in Kunming; Information on the Panthay Rebellion from 1856 to 1873.

Discusses a perspective on the relationship between state territory and public sphere with the establishment of the newspaper `Shenbao' in China in 1872. Description of the social and political condition of China during the period; Discussion on the problems about the dissemination of information to the civil society; Nature of the civil society; Functions of the Shanghai Enclave in civil society.

Describes the period in East Asian history that is marked by tributary system and the emergence of open port system through negotiations. Expansion of relations among treaty ports in the regions where the influence of the Qing dynasty was effective; Negotiation of the regulations for maritime trade between China and Korea; Impact of the coming the Western nations on the future of tributary system and China's relations with its neighboring communities.

Focuses on the Chinese culture. Effect of the military humiliation of China by the West; Details on the ideology of the revolutions; Reconceptualization of the past in terms of technological change.

Sketches an impression of the inner world of thought and feeling in China around 1830. Concepts of causation, both material and moral; Central cultural dream that gave meaning to Confucian life; Confucian and Daohist-Buddhist concepts of self; Conceptions of political action and of social discipline; Governing ideas of the nature of technology and economics and of scholarship; Intellectual recreations.

Examines the religious character of secret societies focusing on the Heaven and Earth Society (Tiandihui) of Western Fujian and Eastern Jiangxi, China in the early nineteenth century. Historiography of the Tiandihui; Alternative names for the Heaven and Earth Society; Ceremonies by the society.

The article debates on pre-capitalist relationships in china in the 1920s and 1930s. The problem of China's social system, which was intimately associated with the future prospects for Chinese society, had been a subject for debate between early reformers and conservatives, and at the beginning of the twentieth century, between supporters of Sun Yat-Sen, founder of China's Nationalist Party and liberal constitutionalists. In 1919-1920, at a time of acute ideological struggle in China, a lively discussion developed over the ching-t'ien system--the system of communal landholding in ancient China--a question seemingly archaic and remote from political life. A general discussion on questions of the history of ancient China began in approximately 1924. Regardless of their individual viewpoints, its participants are known by the inclusive designation ku-shih pien. The discussion was of the consequences of the penetration into China of the techniques of the Western capitalist-oriented historical scholarship, combined with certain critical traditions that had developed within the discipline in China itself before China became familiar with the West.

Discusses the role of the Chinese Imperial Government in the efforts toward the country's industrialization during the 19th century. Implication of the government hostility for the country's economic growth; Factors necessary for industrialization; Discussion on the characteristics of Chinese commerce.