Search

Pamphlets provide an overlooked corpus for understanding the demobilization of French soldiers in 1814 and 1815. Royalists particularly used the format to persuade combatants to return to civilian life, invoking the wartime suffering of French families to convince both soldiers and civilians to support an uneasy peace and a potentially unpopular ruler. Their writings reveal competing visions of the value and legacy of martial masculinity. Pamphleteers were torn between seeing soldiers as the quintessential victims or most enthusiastic agents of Napoleonic rule, and as wounded men ready for peace or as selfish and relentless warmongers incapable of domesticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern states are distinguished by the breadth and depth of public regulation over private affairs. This aspect of state capacity and state power is predicated on frequent and dense encounters between the state and the population it seeks to control. We argue that literacy in the language of state administration facilitates state–society interaction by lowering the transaction costs of those encounters. We support this claim with evidence drawing upon detailed historical data from nineteenth‐century France during a crucial period of state and nation building. Focusing on the specific domain of French marriage regulations, we find that increasing literacy predicts greater popular involvement with local authorities across French regions over time. These results demonstrate that literacy plays an important role in political development not solely by enhancing loyalty to the state, as the literature has recognized, but also by lowering linguistic and human capital barriers to state–society interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1851 more than 1.6 million signatures endorsed a petition for an amendment to the 1848 constitution that would have allowed Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte to stand for reelection. Following contemporary critics who claimed that the movement had been orchestrated by the government, scholars have been little impressed by this mobilization, which produced the largest petition of nineteenth-century France. By analyzing the petitions and the signatures themselves, official reports, correspondence of key actors, and the public debate, this article reappraises the campaign, making three claims: that a governmentsponsored petition merits analysis in the context of the explosion of popular mobilization that followed 1848, that the depiction provided by the republicans of the participation of the administration in the campaign is partial and incomplete, and that the petitioners were not dependent and manipulated individuals but purposeful citizens who understood and supported the petition they signed. The article concludes that the campaign would not have succeeded without the genuine popularity of the president and the surfacing of a strong popular Bonapartist undercurrent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mémoires de Wéber, concernant Marie-Antoinette were of central importance to the wave of memoirs of the French Revolution published during the Restoration period. Commonly attributed to Joseph Weber, Marie-Antoinette's foster brother, the Mémoires' authorship has always remained doubtful. This article discusses the text's complex origins in the London émigré community around 1800 and analyzes the process by which it became a canonic eyewitness account with its republication in 1822. In light of newly discovered sources and recent scholarly interest in the emigration and postrevolutionary period, this article reexamines the Mémoires as a case of ghostwriting revolving around royalist loyalties, public emotions, and publication strategies. Highlighting personal networks reaching from the Revolution to the emigration and into Restoration France, this article makes a case for reconsidering generational factors, long-term relations, and interpretative struggles among the eyewitnesses of the Revolution in a period when memoirs became a key element of turning the Revolution into contemporary history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powers of attorney are often interpreted as evidence of trust among the parties involved. We build a novel dataset of notarized powers of attorney, capturing a wide variety of agency relationships in four large French commercial cities in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, to test hypotheses on the relational basis of economic relationships. We find little support for the idea of a radical shift from personal to anonymous relationships during our period. Our results point to more nuanced transformations. The preference for proxies in the same occupation as the principal somewhat declined, while professional proxies emerged and principals used relational chains, especially involving notaries, to find proxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child sexual abuse was a prevalent problem that appeared before the courts with dramatically increasing frequency in nineteenth-century France. During this period medical experts played a much more influential role in the courts; however, those summoned to intervene in child sexual assault cases not only bolstered but also undermined efforts to bring offenders to justice. Many doctors who could not detect physical traces of sexual abuse concluded that the assault had not occurred and that the child's accusation was false. Furthermore, doctors routinely cast moral judgments on those identified as victims of sexual abuse. The understandings of childhood innocence that engendered new efforts to combat child sexual abuse were called into question by the simultaneous rise of medicolegal experts, whose frequent negative findings led many to discount accusations of abuse and to maintain that children, particularly girls and working-class children, were not as innocent as they seemed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the national library of Austria called Österreichische Nationalbibliothek which preserves in itself the documents related to emperor Sammlung zu Kaiser Maximilian I of Mexico. Topics discussed here include, the history of French intervention and the Second Mexican Empire.

An introduction is presented which discusses the issue's three articles focusing on the themes children and play in France, in the 19th and 20th centuries.

This article analyses late 19th-century French liberal socialist syntheses of liberty and equality, building on the existing body of literature on liberal socialism to illustrate the influence of the non-Marxist left on its development through a focus on the work of the Radical, Célestin Bouglé, and the Socialists, Benoît Malon and Charles Andler. The analysis of these thinkers demonstrates the ideological similarities of liberal socialisms of thinkers hailing from both the non-Marxist left and the new liberalism. A concluding section suggests that liberal socialism offers social democrats and progressive liberals an ideological heritage from which to pose a radical alternative to contemporary forms of neoliberalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have claimed that the rise of modern print media and the mass production of goods turned the promotion of saints and other exceptional religious figures into a mass cultural phenomenon. That these same technologies provided new opportunities for lay Catholics to experience a parallel kind of celebrity‐making has gained less attention. Focusing on the development of the Lourdes pilgrimage in late nineteenth‐century France, this article argues that the practices at this shrine produced a new cultural rhetoric of miraculous healing, one that focused primarily on humble women who had suffered years of devastating illness and ineffective medical treatment only to be healed by the Virgin's intervention. Marketing these cured women as embodied evidence of the miraculous, the Church positioned the female miraculé as a novel kind of sacred celebrity that proved God's continuing intervention on earth. In the new setting of mass pilgrimage, commercialised media enabled celebratory practices that were widespread but also relatively fleeting. Despite the short‐lived nature of this fame, however, I will suggest that the process of transforming otherwise‐ordinary miraculées into public figures was crucial to the popularity of twentieth‐century Lourdes, while also enabling these cured women to act with sacred authority in their home communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1880s and 1890s, a wave of histories of colonial empire appeared in France. But even though they were produced by members of similar republican colonial advocacy groups, these accounts narrated the history of empire in contradictory ways. Some positioned "colonial empire" as an enterprise with ancient roots, while others treated modern colonization as distinct. Some argued that French colonial empire was a unique enterprise in line with republican ideals, but others insisted that it was a European-wide project that transcended domestic political questions. By tracing the differences between these accounts, this article highlights the flexibility that characterized late nineteenth-century republican understandings of empire. It also points to the ways republican advocates for colonial expansion during this period looked both historically and comparatively to legitimize their visions for empire's future in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The French reading public learned at the beginning of the Third Republic that their country still possessed an oral storytelling tradition, thanks to the works of a generation of folktale collectors including Wentworth Webster, Emmanuel Cosquin, Paul Sébillot, Achille Millien and Félix Arnaudin. In every case these folklorists had been introduced to folktales by a female domestic servant in the family's household. For the sons of the rural notability, tale collecting was motivated by nostalgia, as a way back to the feminine, dialect-speaking world of hearth and home, before the rupture of boarding school, correct French and public responsibility. It was also a means to create or maintain affective relationships across social barriers. They hoped that such "real" relationships, untainted by the falseness generated by social hierarchies, might create the cultural space in which to achieve social reconciliation. Folklore publications could promote reconciliation on a national scale. For the servants, tales were a way of preserving kin and class solidarities, negotiating their position within the household and giving voice to their desires and ambitions. Their stories are therefore, valuable sources for the history of one of the most ubiquitous but enigmatic social groups, the domestic servant. The core of this article is a consideration of what meanings servants such as Stephana Hirigaray, Françoise Vaudin, Vincente Béquet and Augustine Chevance wanted to convey through their storytelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virginie Desgranges (1868–1887), was born into an impoverished family on the Brittany/Normandy border. Her father, who died when she ten, was a rag-and-bone man. At the request of folklorist, she filled eleven notebooks with a mixture of songs, traditional tales and three longer, semi-autobiographical fictions, written while she was employed as a farm servant. This article uses these texts to explore the world of a young, poor, malnourished and possibly abused young woman in nineteenth-century rural Brittany. Through her narratives we can derive a picture of her world with its dangers, miseries and occasional pleasures, and the characters who shaped her life experiences: the predatory masters, the miserly farmers, the helpful neighbours, and the magistrates. We learn about her cultural formation, the role of the school and the church, but also the street-singers, the sailors and the vagabonds who contributed to her oral culture. In her short stories Virginie tells us about the tensions within her family – with her brother but particularly her mother – and raises the topic of sexual abuse. These texts enable historians to perceive how someone in her position interpreted their own sufferings, and in particular what violence and misery she felt was normal and what aberrant. They also show us how a young woman might plan her escape from her circumstances, as well as the forces that prevented those plans coming to fruition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the life and career of 19th century Mexican Catholic priest and scholar Agustín Rivera y Sanromán. The author comments on the relationship between Catholicism and society during this time period and describes the publication of many of his works throughout the 19th and into the early 20th centuries. Particular focus is given to the influence and references he made to French society.

During the nineteenth century, not only did the extraordinary development of the printed press transform the cultural environment, but it also brought about major formal changes in literature. This article explores these trasnformations through a focus on the contemporary use of the concept of "modernity." The word dates back to 1688 at least, but it was mostly employed during the nineteenth century to describe post-revolutionary France and especially to criticize its consumerism and materialistic "bourgeoisie." Nineteenth-century media culture embodied the triumph of "modernity," especially in the form of the petite presse ("small press"). Born in a world where censorship still compromised the freedom of speech, the petite presse was an illustrated, satirical, ironical, and wisecracking medium. It aspired to a generalized non-seriousness which would, for a long time, be viewed as the "Parisian spirit". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the practice of historical research in connection with archival management at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, focusing on revolutionary and imperial France, when the French archives underwent unprecedented alteration. More precisely, it deals with the period 1808-14, when the archives directed by former revolutionary P. C. F. Daunou were merged into a new Palais des Archives and the historical archives of Europe were transported to Paris to form a central imperial repository. The article argues that the management, classification and use of archival documents followed the notion of history as a social science and an analytical empirical discipline put forward by the influential group of the Idéologues in post-Thermidorian France. This resulted in a peculiar way of dealing with the mass of new sources now available in the Archives de l'Empire. Indeed, the practice of historical research in the French archives was linked to a small, yet significant innovation in data management andmaterial culture, namely, the use of filing cards in order to extract facts from documents. The article discusses the distinctive features of archival management and historical research in this transition period in comparison with the supposed "archival revolution" of Romantic historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the word democratization was used at the time Jules Ferry was minister of public instruction and fine arts to describe state attempts to socially diversify the public of cultural institutions, historians have paid little attention to it. Further, they have contended that the perceived illegitimacy of the state prevented it from carrying out an effective cultural policy. This article argues that this dismissive view results from a narrow definition of state intervention in the arts that cannot accommodate the idea of a policy that would both democratize and discriminate. The article examines Jules Ferry's cultural policy so as to shed light on republican principles of justice. Rejecting the idea of a contradiction marring the republican discourse, it investigates the relationship between the principle of citizens' equal rights and the utility principle. It comes to the conclusion that the principle of citizens' equal rights was not a priority principle for Ferry but a principle whose implementation was subordinated to a utility calculus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In France ca. 1878–1890, hypnotism enjoyed unprecedented legitimacy and cultural authority, with literary interest flourishing alongside medico-scientific enquiry into the topic. In light of these dual conditions, this article examines how texts about hypnotism constituted their ideal reader, with a focus on the role of the reader’s imagination. It firstly elucidates the ways scientific texts guided their ideal reader to suppress any imaginative response to hypnotic phenomena. If this served to neutralize potentially damaging interpretations of phenomena, it also placed constraints on scientific experimentation into hypnotism. Fictional studies of hypnotism raised the possibility, however, that it was valid to read accounts of hypnotic phenomena “like novels”, that is, in an imaginative mode. The analysis, in this second part, centres on an episode from Jules Claretie’s 1885 novel Jean Mornas, before finally exploring the implications for scientific enquiry of fluidity between scientific and literary ways of reading hypnotism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This analysis of the holdings of 300 provincial cabinets de lecture – a much larger sample than the one that formed the basis of Françoise Parent-Lardeur’s Lire à Paris au temps de Balzac, the standard work on the topic (1981, revised 1999) – reveals many hitherto neglected aspects of the rental library businesses, including their ancillary activities as printers, stationers and bookbinders; their close connexion with the burgeoning tourist and travel industries; and, of particular interest to literary historians, the sharp distinction the owners invariably made between romans and littérature, a distinction that only began to break down during the Third Republic. Above all, in addition to redressing the Parisian bias inherent in Parent-Lardeur’s thesis, the survey provides fresh evidence that enables us to finally lay to rest two myths that have compromised serious work on the role of lending libraries in the spread of literacy in the nineteenth century: that they catered primarily to an uneducated public by providing light reading; and that their influence declined after 1850. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how chemists contributed to the technological reorganization in France at the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century, how they justified using potentially harmful or polluting processes by stating that this would contribute to national prosperity, and how the idea of improvement helped to legally and rhetorically build a production regime that disqualified traditional precautionary attitudes to certain artisanal and industrial processes. This resulted in the establishment of a new environmental governance regime devoted to the advancement of chemistry and of industrial production. While this shift was clearly perceptible from the 1770s with the first regulatory exceptions for strategic products, the 1810 decree, which was imagined, designed, and implemented by chemists, perpetuated chemistry’s role as an environmental regulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the historical and philosophical background of the French tradition of historical epistemology. As a sort of 'historical epistemology of historical epistemology,' it traces some of the forces, incidents, and events that made possible (and perhaps even necessary) the emergence of a new way of doing epistemology in the first half of the twentieth century in France. Three developments that occupy a position privilege in this narrative are: (i) the collapse of German idealism, (ii) the birth of French positivism, and (iii) what the author calls 'the crisis in the theory of science' that swept over Europe in the early 1900s. These developments suggest that the emergence and development of historical epistemology was the effect of changes internal to the history of Western philosophy (from Kant to Comte) as much as a function of changes external to this history (including changes in the material fabric of society). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article documents the shifting status of trees in the eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century French imaginary, with a particular focus on the author, politician, and diplomat Franfois-Rene de Chateaubriand's planting work at La Vallee aux Loups. It examines the ways in which Chateaubriand viewed his saplings as "family" and "children," and reads these declarations alongside contemporaneous discourses and practices of arboreal attachment (including the mesmerist use of magnetized trees). Ultimately, Chateaubriand's memoirs and personal correspondence show a remarkable understanding of the possibility of a human-arboreal interactivity, and the article therefore addresses the potential relevance today of his notions of arboreal agency and sociability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the second half of the nineteenth century, the wolf, considered a pest, was on the verge of being eradicated in France. An analysis of a series of works written for children will show that while literary representations of the animal suggest a move toward Naturalism -- all the while retaining a strong symbolic connotation (whether moral, civil, or political) -- they cannot escape the magical qualities inherited from their origins in fairy tales. Through it all, this wild animal is no longer entirely negative, as new and traditional images collide: is the wolf a species to protect, or a scourge to be destroyed by all means? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The university context for research in a field like nineteenth-century French studies is rapidly changing. Pressure to engage in interdisciplinary teaching and collaboration as well as to reach out more broadly to the public beyond the university (“public humanities” is a phrase we hear often) means that the time available for specialized research is no longer a given. The present situation, however, can be seen as an invitation to re-conceptualize our work in order to articulate more compellingly its place within broader public concerns. The potential offered by new digital media tools and databases ought to be recognized and developed. Digital archives allow us to explore history in different ways and to collaborate more easily, and digital authoring tools invite us to reflect on other ways of presenting our research results, including other ways of writing. The media environment is always in transition, always a space of remixing. Combining established and experimental perspectives offers the potential for synergies that will characterize the next phase of work in our field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the epistemological and cultural evolution of nostalgia in nineteenth-century France, focusing on the crucial period (1850-1914) when the concept lost its medical meaning and embraced new cultural scenarios created by the rise of a modern nationalism and the perception of national territory. The analysis examines two major scientific discourses on nostalgia, medical and geographical, recognizing that these representational systems broadly exceed the limits of scientific logic and function as heterogeneous genres that include political, philosophical, and literary concerns of the period. By tracing the genealogy of the concept of nostalgia, the article establishes a relationship between the medical thesis and the work of Paul Vidal de la Blache, who is considered the founder of the discipline of modern geography in France. The article delves into the cultures of sensibility and explores the politics of feelings--areas of research that are quite relevant for our own nostalgic era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Historica. Historia Contemporánea is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The black woman in Manet's Olympia (1863) has often been overlooked. So, too, has the model Laure who posed for this painting and others. Manet's painting makes visible France's long reliance on slavery in the Caribbean, but also its Revolutionary redefinition of all blacks as paid workers after the second abolition of slavery in 1848. How does thinking about the entry of blacks, specifically black women, into France's economy of wage labor differently illuminate Manet's painting? [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article interrogates the way/s in which rival schools studying hypnotism in late 19th-century France framed what counts as valid evidence for the purposes of science. Concern over the scientific reality of results is particularly situated in the notion of simulation (the faking of results); the respective approaches to simulation of the Salpêtrière and Nancy schools are analysed through close reading of key texts: Binet and Féré for the Salpêtrière, and Bernheim for Nancy. The article reveals a striking divergence between their scientific frames, which helps account for the bitterness of the schools’ disputes. It then explores Bernheim’s construction of scientific authority in more detail, for insights into the messiness entailed by theorizing hypnotism in psychical terms, while also attempting to retain scientific legitimacy. Indicative of this messiness, it is argued, is the way in which Bernheim’s (apparently inconsistent) approach draws on multiple epistemic frames. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting with the nineteenth century, European interest in the literature of the Middle East began to increase. Ottoman Turkish poetry, from territories that expanded into Europe, was an object of special study – as evidenced from the works of Sir William Jones, James Clarence Mangan and Elias John Wilkinson Gibb, on the one hand, and poets like Lord Byron and Thomas Moore, on the other hand. A young Frenchman, Charles Vernay, who had a gift for languages, taught himself Persian and Turkish and published a Divan – a collection of classical Oriental poetry – in Paris while still in his teens. The article traces the life and analyzes the Turkish poetry of Charles Vernay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, historians of psychology have largely ignored the role of academic publishing and the editorial policies of the late nineteenth century. This paper analyzes the role played by academic publishing in the history of psychology in the specific case of France, a country that provides a very interesting and unique model. Up until the middle of the 1890s, there was no collection specifically dedicated to psychology. Alfred Binet was the first to found, in 1897, a collection of works specifically dedicated to scientific psychology. He chose to work with Reinwald-Schleicher. However, Binet was soon confronted with (1) competition from other French publishing houses, and (2) Schleicher's management and editorial problems that were to sound the death knell for Binet's emerging editorial ambitions. The intention of this paper is to encourage the efforts of the pioneers of modern psychology to have their work published and disseminated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the nineteenth century, French tribunals repeatedly had to rule on requests for marriage annulments by husbands and wives complaining of having been deceived concerning the true sex of their spouses. The legal pretext – mistaken identity – was based on divergent interpretations of the sex of the offending spouse because of biological characteristics argued to be insufficiently clear to establish the sexual alterity required by the institution of marriage. Unusual and scandalous, these trials caused a great stir well beyond the localities in which they took place, as well as sparking open, and sometimes heated, debates between jurists and physicians. By evoking the details of these cases of marriage annulment and comparing the views of the judges and the medical practitioners with the attitudes of the subjects in question, this article aims to contribute to rethinking the fragility and porosity of the physical, social and symbolic boundaries between the sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the classification of Belleville as one of the cheapest quartiers on the French Monopoly board. Topics mentioned include international street signage and outward appearance of the Bellevillois inhabitants, map of the 20 arrondissements that comprise inner Paris, and the blood shed in defence of the quartier from the start of the Second Empire in 1852.

Poorly developed financial markets are widely believed to block economic growth, because only modern financial intermediaries such as banks can mobilize large amounts of financial capital at low cost. This claim is supported by cross country regressions, but the regressions assume that credit intermediation is measured accurately before modern financial intermediaries arrive. If traditional intermediaries were mobilizing large amounts of financial capital before banks or other modern intermediaries appear, then the strength of the relationship between financial development and economic growth would be cast into doubt. Using an original panel dataset from nineteenth-century France, we provide the first estimates of how much financial capital key traditional intermediaries (notaries) were mobilizing for an entire economy during its first century of economic growth, and we analyze the lending that the notaries made possible in French mortgage market. The amount of capital they mobilized turns out to be large. We then analyze the effect that financial deepening had on the notaries as banks spread and find that the banks' and notaries' services were in all likelihood complements. The implication is that the link between financial development and economic growth may therefore be weaker than is assumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes to fill a gap in Grimm and folklore studies by staking out the landscape of the reception of the Brothers Grimm in nineteenthcentury France. While E. T. A. Hoffmann's tales received high literary acclaim, those by the Grimms seemed to make little impact on French literature of the period. However, among the French scholarly community, the Grimms were celebrated for their erudition, their integrity, and served as models for many scholars, from the historian Jules Michelet, who corresponded with Jacob Grimm in 1829, to the folklorist Emmanuel Cosquin, whose Contes populaires lorrains (1876) were inspired by the Grimms' Kinder- und Hausmärchen. Through an analysis of prefaces to French tale collections and to translations of Grimm tales, this essay looks at the impact the reception of the Grimms had on French conceptions of regionalist folklore and on the classical French fairy-tale tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modernity has typically been considered a process consisting of 'modernizing' initiatives concerned with nation-building, industrial economic development, and new social and political practices associated with democratization. This article engages ongoing debates regarding the import and meaning of modernity for historians and argues in favor of an historically situated understanding of the modern based upon an examination of social power and identity in post-revolutionary France. In particular, it assesses the transformation of social and political relationships in the nineteenth century as France embraced mass democracy and overseas imperial expansion in North Africa, arguing that modernity became a convenient means of preserving elite primacy and identity in an age increasingly oriented toward egalitarianism, democratic participation, and the acquisition of global empires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the success of the Bordeaux Mont-de-Piété between 1801 and 1913. This success was related to several factors. While the legislative environment was already advantageous (monopoly status for pawnbroking), the establishment prospered courtesy of the social and economic environment. There was indeed high social demand for financial aid linked to the individual needs of a population that found itself in a situation of virtual exclusion. The establishment also benefited from high repayment rates, which limited additional costs, regularly found ways to refinance its operations and took advantage of there being no people's banking system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article situates Ernest Renan's representation of the historical Jesus in the author's intellectual, personal and political trajectory. It traces the development of Renan's ideas about Jesus across a variety of texts, from his loss of faith at the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice in 1845 until the publication ofLife of Jesusin 1863. It particularly argues that Renan's best-selling book should be rooted in the cultural aftermath of the revolutionary upheavals of 1848 to 1851. The violence of the June Days and the election of Louis-Napoléon bred in Renan a deep disillusionment with democracy and socialism. Where French writers of the 1830s and 1840s had offered a proletarian Christ promising social revolution, Renan therefore depicted a liberal Jesus who offered a non-violent ‘revolution’ of personal morality. This Jesus was an individualist who spurned the temporal realm with ‘transcendent disdain’, preferring instead to pursue a state of inner liberty and perfection. Furthermore, this article argues that this representation of Jesus reflected the self-justification of Second Empire liberals such as Renan, who had retreated from frontline politics into the realm of culture and ideas. Indeed,Life of Jesuswas itself a product of precisely this retreat. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Dr Louis Thomas Jérôme Auzoux (1797–1880) introduced his botanical teaching collection in the 1860s for the purpose of aiding botanical instruction in French educational settings. The set of papier-mâché teaching models was crafted by the same model-making technique used to create Auzoux’s renowned anatomical models. The flower collection was designed to be the botanical equivalent of Auzoux’s anatomical triumphs. It represented twenty-three plant species and twenty-four varieties of fungi in larger-than-life, vibrant colour models. This paper explores the evolution of this collection, its successes and its failures. It also considers how the models fit within the personal collection of their maker, Dr Auzoux. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Relaciones Internacionales (1699-3950) is the property of Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain, International Relations Studies Group (GERI) Law Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cet article entend étudier l'évolution de l'historiographie de la violence protestataire dans la France du XIXe siècle en suivant les différents regards portés sur un type de conflit singulier, á certains égards marginale et longtemps invisible dans l'historiographie de la France contemporaine: les 'bris de machines'. Ce type d'événement violent provoqué parfois par l'hostilité á l'égard de nouvelles méthodes de travail accusées de voler le gagne pain des hommes est bien connu dans le contexte britannique. Mais, loin de se limiter á l'Angleterre du début du XIXe siècle, ces violences se retrouvent d'une façon récurrente dans l'Europe de la première industrialisation. Ces violences conservent une forme d'étrangeté pour l'observateur contemporain. Longtemps perçues comme des manifestations d'archaïsme destinées á disparaître avec l'affirmation de la modernité, ces actions protestataires ont suscité un intérêt croissant depuis une trentaine d'année et donné lieu á diverses réévaluations. This article aims to study the evolution of the historiography of popular violence in nineteenth-century France, in studying a singular type of conflict, in some ways marginal and invisible in the historiography of contemporary France: 'machine-breaking'. This type of violent event, caused sometimes by hostility towards new ways of working accused of stealing the livelihood of men, is well known in the British context. But far from being limited to England in the early nineteenth century, this violence can be found repeatedly in early industrial Europe. This kind of violence seems strange to the contemporary observer. First considered as manifestations of archaic pre-industrial violence, which must disappear with the affirmation of modernity, this type of action has attracted increasing interest over the last 30 years and has resulted in various reassessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines depictions of the relationship between servants and children's sexual knowledge in 19th-century French texts concerned with the management and education of servants. According to the author, these texts suggested that while children could be corrupted by servants, the ultimate responsibility for servants' actions lay with masters who modeled inappropriate sexual behavior. The relationship between ignorance and innocence is also discussed.

The article argues that the 19th century historical novel "Salammbô" by Gustave Flaubert was the center of 19th century French thought. The shift from politics to religion in French thought, the reason behind Flaubert's writing of the novel, and religion in France during that time period are discussed. The parallel between the novel and the work "Histoire de Polybe" written by ancient Greek historian Polybe is also commented on.

The article focuses on the correspondence between Parisian writers and the editors of "Le Provincial" newspaper, issued in Dijon, France between March and September 1828, and analyses the letters of provincial writers sent to the newspaper. Topics include provincial pride, intellectual, and cultural awakening. Special attention is paid to French writer Victor Hugo's letters.