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Squid Lolliguncula panamensis Berry, 1911 is of commercial and ecological importance in the Gulf of Tehuantepec (southeastern Mexico). This study examines the mode of oocyte development, packing in the ovary, and spawning pattern of this understudied species. Lolliguncula panamensis presents a synchronous oocyte growth in batches, with multiple spawnings, with the presence of post-ovulatory follicles and atretic follicles, including the constant presence of pre-vitellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes. The size frequencies of oocytes of ripe ovaries exhibit a pronounced morphological and size separation between the late yolk stage and mature oocytes, suggesting that the oocytes pass through this size range very fast. These oocytes adopt a geometrical shape that makes their packing efficient for spawning. One three-dimensional packing of vitellogenic oocytes (scutoid type) in the ovary was observed. The results of our study suggest that the spawning behavior of Lolliguncula panamensis may constitute an opportunistic reproductive strategy in which individuals present multiple spawnings over a brief period. We suggest that this strategy might be a response to complex regional oceanographic conditions of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March 1912, Captain Robert Falcon Scott and his companions perished on their return journey from the South Pole. The Final Blizzard delivered a terminal blow. However, it was only a part of this story of endurance and tragedy. In December 1911, en route to the South Pole, the men had been tent-bound for 4 days due to an exceptionally warm, wet blizzard. This article compares the meteorological situation that the polar party encountered in December 1911 to a similar situation in the modern time and suggests a possible climatology behind the 1911 event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By virtue of Article 141 of the Constitution of India (hereinafter, the Constitution), the law declared by the Supreme Court of India (hereinafter, the Supreme Court) is the law of the land. The Supreme Court furtherance to its law-declaring power under Article 141 of the Constitution has declared design law only in three decisions. This Paper seeks to cull out the principles of design law declared by the Supreme Court in the last 72 years. There are only three reported decisions of the Supreme Court on the design law of which two are Division Bench decisions and one is Full Bench decision. Number of decisions per year is not even one. On an average, the Supreme Court has decided 4 cases in a year, or one design case in 8,836.66 days or in 24.21 years. Since the number of reported decisions is very less so only few questions of design law have been answered by the Supreme Court. A review of decisions of the Supreme Court on the design law reveals that: (i) unlike the patent and copyright decisions, the Supreme Court has declared the design law in all the three reported decisions; (ii) no case is reported in which the constitutionality of The Designs Act, 2000 was challenged; (iii) no Constitution Bench or Single Bench decision is reported; (iv) no Chief Justice of India was on the bench in any decision; (v) the Court has unanimously declared the design law; and (vi) no dissenting or concurring judgment is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constitution of India. When the Supreme Court decides a lis, it not only decide for the parties to the case but also declares the law on a question that it decides to answer. There are only twenty-four reported decisions delivered by the Supreme Court in the last 72 years on the copyright law. Number of decisions per year is not even one. On an average, the Supreme Court has decided. 33 case in a year; or one copyright case in 1104.58 days; or in 3.02 years. These decisions of the Supreme Court on the copyright law are just double of the number of decisions on the patent law. A review of decisions on copyright law from 28 January 1950 to 28 August 2022, reveals that: (i) only in 20 decisions, the Supreme Court has declared copyright law which include 4 decisions from 20th century and 16 decisions from 21st century; (ii) the validity of The Copyright Act, 1957, was not challenged in any decision; (iii) only one case from the decision of theHigh Court involving the constitutionality of Rule 29 (4) of The Copyright Rules, 2013 where the High Court re-drafted the Rule, reached to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court held the re-drafting by the High Court as unwarranted and shown deference to the legislative wisdom; (iv) No Constitution Bench or Single Bench decision is reported; (v) no Chief Justice of India was on the bench in any copyright decision; (vi) only 4 judges authored their separate but concurring judgments (3 from 20th century and 1 from 21st century) and no dissenting judgment was delivered; (vii) the Court has unanimpously answered the questions of copyright law; and (viii) only some of the questions of copyright law have been answered unambiguously and unequivovally by the Supreme Court but some of the questions have been left open by the Court. This Paper seeks to cull out the principles of copyright law as declared by the Supreme Court in the last 72 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Supreme Court of India (hereinafter, the Supreme Court) does not merely decide a lis in personam but also declares the law on a question that it decides to answer. The law so declared by the Supreme Court becomes binding in rem by virtue of Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Since the establishment of the Supreme Court, only three cases were decided in the 20th century on The Patents Act, 1970 including one under The Patents and Designs Act, 1911, and in 21st century only eleven cases have been decided under The Patents Act. Number of decisions per year is not even one. On an average, the Court has decided, 19 cases in a year; or one patent case in 1893.57 days, or in 5.18 years. Hence, only few questions of patent law have been answered. Many patent law questions still remain unanswered. This raises a two-fold problem. One, answers are not only too little but some of them are too ambiguous, too opaque and too vague. Two, absence of answer on certain basic points of patent law further heightens the problem of legal uncertainty and opacity. A review of decisions on the patent law reveals that: (i) the Court has declared patent law only in ten decisions; (ii) in no decision the validity of The Patents Act, 1970, was challenged; (iii) the Court has unanimously answered the questions of patent law; and (iv) only some of the questions of patent law have been answered by the Supreme Court unambiguously and unequivocally but some of the questions of patent law have been left open by the Court. This Paper identifies the intended and interpretedconstructed meaning of 'Law Declared' and seeks to cull out the principles of patent law as declared by the Supreme Court in the last 72 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a yearbook dedicated to the main credit institutions and insurance companies, published in Bucharest in 1911. It is printed by an economist - Ioan Garoiu from Transylvania and a lawyer - Mihail Mora from Bucharest. The yearbook appears to appear only once, in 1911, in the Library of the Romanian Academy in Bucharest, only this copy being found. Analyzing it, we try to make an x-ray of the credit institutions in Romania in the first decade of the 20th century, a period of economic boom characteristic of the so-called Belle Epoque for Central Europe. The involvement of Romanian bank managers and officials from Transylvania in the banking system of the Kingdom of Romania (see the "Mountain of Pietate" from Bucharest), is a less well-known aspect of Romanian-Romanian relations until 1914. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The earthquake that occurred in Turkistan on 3 January 1911 was one of the most severe earthquakes in the region according to historical records. The 8.2- magnitude earthquake caused extensive damage in the region. Dozens of settlements were affected by the earthquake, while many buildings were either destroyed or damaged by the earthquake. The earthquake cost dozens of lives and left thousands injured. This affect left by the earthquake in the region appeared in both the World Press and the Ottoman press. The issue soon lost its news value for newspapers and magazines that initially provided information to the Ottoman public in the context of information obtained from the World Press. On the other hand, Journal of Sırat-ı Müstakim published the news about the earthquake in its columns constantly and invited the Ottoman public to be sensitive to the issue and started a relief campaign for the earthquake victims with its own means. On the other hand, an Aid Commission was established in Bab-ı Meşhihat for the earthquake victims and a relief campaign was started with the help of the government to meet the necessary needs of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of copyright is to protect the author of the copyrighted work from any unlawful reproduction or exploitation of his or her work by others. On one hand copyright granted extensive rights to the authors and creators whereas on the other hand it sets out some limitations on the rights of the authors. The law does not permit one to appropriate him to what has been produced by the labor, skill and capital of another. This is the very foundation of Copyright Law. A fair dealing is a copying of the copyrighted work without the permission of the author. A fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work for the purpose of research or private study or criticism or review, whether of that work or any other work shall not constitute an infringement of copyright. Fair dealing is the permitted copying of the copyrighted work. The term fair dealing has not been defined anywhere in copyright law but the court on several occasions elaborated and explained this doctrine. The aim of this paper is to analyze the scope and extent of doctrine of fair dealing with the help of national and international law and judicial interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to recent trends in the historiography of the Risorgimento, this contribution examines contents and features of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of Italy’s Unification in the Tuscan area known as Maremma grossetana. The peculiar socio-economical features of this area offer an insight into the multifaceted meanings of the 50th anniversary celebration and the contradictions of the jubilee, which exalted Giolitti’s Italy while highlighting the “failed unification” of peripheral, less developed territories.

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The strategic, political-diplomatic, and economic considerations, but especially the fear of Russia have shaped Romania's option of forming an alliance with the Central Powers beginning with 1883. Later, to this there was added the fear caused by Bulgarian nationalism, which threatened the power balance in Southeastern Europe. The political and diplomatic collaboration with the Ottoman Empire has thus become a key element in Romania's attempt for stopping Bulgaria's aggressiveness, by promoting a status quo policy. Afterwards, however, the Italian-Ottoman War (1911-1912) and the Balkan wars that succeeded it played a substantial role in changing the status quo in the Balkans and for accelerating the disintegration process of the Ottoman state. Romanian decision makers tried to mediate in the Italian-Romanian conflict, thus trying to stop the expansion of nationalism in the Balkans, but also to respond to the internal manifestations directed against Italy as a consequence of the economic impact that the conflict had on the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerrannée is the property of Edisud and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Halopteris urcoelata sp. nov. is described from Port Phillip. Plumularia rotunda Mulder and Trebilcock, 1911 is redescribed from the adjacent Victorian coast and its relationship to Plumularia wilsoni Bale, 1926 discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of the History & Philosophy of Medicine / Archiwum Historii i Filozofii Medycyny is the property of Polskie Towarzystwo Historii Medycyny i Farmacji and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)