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This study explores the economic cohesion of two German areas, Hamburg and Saxony, in the 18th century, created through the inflow of Atlantic colonial groceries from the former to the latter. Combining different kinds of sources revealed the following. The trade flow from Hamburg to German lands began to shift from Prussia to Saxony in the middle of the 18th century. Within Saxony, the market was concentrated in two locations: the court city Dresden and proto-industrial district of Upper Lusatia. What made Saxony stand out were its liberal commercial policy and the development of rural trade. However, given that the growth of the market in Saxony was confined to geographically narrow zones, and that Prussia refused to be integrated with Hamburg, I concluded that the German market was distorted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extremely strong earthquakes that struck Calabria and Messina on 5 February 1783 caused a great catastrophe and thousands of deaths. The territory also suffered important geophysical alterations. There was massive media coverage, and European gazettes and newspapers reported on the event throughout the year. Numerous printed materials circulated, giving news of the scope and alternatives of the event. Among these is one written by the former Spanish Jesuit Francisco Gustá, an intellectual of well-earned prestige in Italy, which is the subject of analysis in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution analyses the earthquakes that occurred in Ecuador between the devastating ones of 1698 and 1797. Thus, the cases of 1755, 1757, 1778, 1786, and 1787 are dealt with. Through the use of official documentation and printed sources, we attempt to understand the management of the disaster by the Bourbon authorities during the second half of the century, as well as the post-disaster dissemination in reports of events, the press, pastoral letters, sermons, historical-geographical dictionaries, and history books. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schmitt's map was one of the outstanding survey products of the late 18th century, produced through Habsburg military mapping in the shadow of the Napoleonic Wars in the area of today's southern Germany and some neighboring regions. The main geodetic basis for the map work was the series of surveys in Germany conducted by C.-F. Cassini de Thury in the 1760s. However, this was only a horizontal control for part of Schmitt's map. The Cassini survey chains were linked in the 1790s by a complementary survey in the northern part of the map work: the Staržinsky-Sarret survey, which is the subject of this study. The authors have searched through the archive summary drafts of this survey. The georeferencing of the photographed sketches in the Cassini projection was feasible with surprisingly low error. By using the global SRTM elevation database, it was possible to identify the points/summits of the Staržinsky-Sarret survey between which visibility is possible. Thus, despite the fact that only one of the seven map sketches examined explicitly presents a triangulation structure, we present a possible triangulation pattern that could have been used to provide geodetic control in the northern part of the Schmitt map. The authors consider this survey as the basis for the assumption that georeferencing the Schmitt map in its own projection is possible in this area with relatively small residual errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The starting point of this proposal is a collection of decorated cuias, preserved in Portugal and produced by Indigenous women in Grão-Pará in the 18th century. The objects in question are an exemplary case of the global art history of the Amazonian communities. In order to investigate them, it is necessary to consider the procurement and ritual use of cuias (fruits of the cuieira tree-Crescentia cuyete), the sophisticated techniques used to produce a durable, glossy, black varnish from cumatê (or cumaté, cumati), a natural dark red pigment extracted from the skins of the cumatezeiro or axuazeiro tree (Myrcia atramentifera), as well as the incorporation of fauna and flora motifs from Asian or Asian-inspired textiles and embroidery, which circulated worldwide. Their history brings together the nature of the forest, the myths of creation, and the knowledge and practices of Indigenous and riverine women, mainly from the lower Amazon. Studying these objects produced by Indigenous female painters in a colonial context of appropriation, in addition to contributing to their knowledge, can stimulate dialogues on the knowledge of the Brazilian Amazon rainforest with other locations in America, sharing their ancestry and resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Secuencia: Revista de Historia y Ciencias Sociales is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones - Dr. Jose M. Luis Mora and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explores the economic cohesion of two German areas, Hamburg and Saxony, in the 18th century, created through the inflow of Atlantic colonial groceries from the former to the latter. Combining different kinds of sources revealed the following. The trade flow from Hamburg to German lands began to shift from Prussia to Saxony in the middle of the 18th century. Within Saxony, the market was concentrated in two locations: the court city Dresden and proto-industrial district of Upper Lusatia. What made Saxony stand out were its liberal commercial policy and the development of rural trade. However, given that the growth of the market in Saxony was confined to geographically narrow zones, and that Prussia refused to be integrated with Hamburg, I concluded that the German market was distorted.

The Elizabethan Bible (after the Empress Elizaveta Petrovna) is commonly referred to as the Bible which was revised in preparation for a new edition and first published in Saint Petersburg in 1751. A few months before the Bible was released, the Engraving Chamber of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences received two orders from the Holy Synod to create illustrations. The history of creation of the copperplate engravings can be traced with several sources: materials from the Office of the Synod (Russian State Historical Archive); materials from the Office of the Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the RAS); a published document of 1878 compiled by the Commission for the Holy Synod Archive “O napechatanii novoispravlennoi Slavianskoi Biblii” (in Russian). According to the Commission Report published in 1878 and containing generalized conclusions, one can mistakenly believe that works on the title page, frontispiece and the set of illustrations of the Bible (consisting of forty-nine engravings) were being performed at the Drawing and Engraving Chambers of the Academy of Sciences at the same time. It caused confusion in subsequent publications. This article is to clarify, on the basis of previously unpublished documents of the Office of the Holy Synod and Office of the Academy of Sciences, the details of the work of artists and engravers on these two separate orders from the Synod. The order dated November 28, 1750, involved the production of forty-nine subject engravings on Old Testament plots, and the order of September 16, 1751 required copperplate title page (containing a complex symbolic and allegorical program) and frontispiece with a full-length portrait of Empress Elizabeth. The first edition of this Bible (published in St. Petersburg on December 18, 1751) included two engravings from the order dated September 16, 1751, and only one plot composition of the expected forty-nine (from the order dated November 28, 1750).

The starting point of this proposal is a collection of decorated cuias, preserved in Portugal and produced by Indigenous women in Grão-Pará in the 18th century. The objects in question are an exemplary case of the global art history of the Amazonian communities. In order to investigate them, it is necessary to consider the procurement and ritual use of cuias (fruits of the cuieira tree-Crescentia cuyete), the sophisticated techniques used to produce a durable, glossy, black varnish from cumatê (or cumaté, cumati), a natural dark red pigment extracted from the skins of the cumatezeiro or axuazeiro tree (Myrcia atramentifera), as well as the incorporation of fauna and flora motifs from Asian or Asian-inspired textiles and embroidery, which circulated worldwide. Their history brings together the nature of the forest, the myths of creation, and the knowledge and practices of Indigenous and riverine women, mainly from the lower Amazon. Studying these objects produced by Indigenous female painters in a colonial context of appropriation, in addition to contributing to their knowledge, can stimulate dialogues on the knowledge of the Brazilian Amazon rainforest with other locations in America, sharing their ancestry and resistance.

At the end of the 18th century, when Sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal Society, recommended Botany Bay in Australia as an "advantageous" site to establish a new British penal colony, he did so with the knowledge that the east coast of the country was inhabited by Indigenous Australians, having traveled to the South Continent with Lieutenant James Cook. As a naturalist and imperial botanist on board the Endeavour, Banks's primary duty had been to identify and classify Australian flora and fauna. Yet, the multiple observations that he made based on his interactions with Aboriginal people also contributed to establish his influence in scientific and political circles at the turn of the 19th century. Banks's ethnographic accounts recorded in his Endeavour Journal shed light on his mind-set and convictions during his time in Australia as well as his impressions that later played their part in making him the greatest proponent of settlement in New South Wales and motivating the decision to colonize the country. In a time when exploration records significantly shaped the perceptions of the public about human nature and the beliefs and theories of the scientific community on questions of race and otherness, the writings of Joseph Banks offer a window into science and history in the making. As the scientific exploration of distant lands progressively gave way to political and economic interests, the transition from geographical othering to racial othering in the representation of Indigenous Australians turned Terra Australis Incognita into terra nullius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schmitt’s map was one of the outstanding survey products of the late 18th century, produced through Habsburg military mapping in the shadow of the Napoleonic Wars in the area of today’s southern Germany and some neighboring regions. The main geodetic basis for the map work was the series of surveys in Germany conducted by C.-F. Cassini de Thury in the 1760s. However, this was only a horizontal control for part of Schmitt’s map. The Cassini survey chains were linked in the 1790s by a complementary survey in the northern part of the map work: the Staržinsky-Sarret survey, which is the subject of this study. The authors have searched through the archive summary drafts of this survey. The georeferencing of the photographed sketches in the Cassini projection was feasible with surprisingly low error. By using the global SRTM elevation database, it was possible to identify the points/summits of the Staržinsky-Sarret survey between which visibility is possible. Thus, despite the fact that only one of the seven map sketches examined explicitly presents a triangulation structure, we present a possible triangulation pattern that could have been used to provide geodetic control in the northern part of the Schmitt map. The authors consider this survey as the basis for the assumption that georeferencing the Schmitt map in its own projection is possible in this area with relatively small residual errors.

Copyright of Journal of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute / Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Journal of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article proposes a multidisciplinary study on a typology of altarpiece that predominated in the Canary Islands during the 18th century: the laminated altarpiece. Three examples preserved in churches in Icod de los Vinos, in Tenerife, are analyzed, and this typology is linked to the local painter Cristóbal Afonso. In addition to the structural characteristics, the deterioration that these works usually show today is analyzed. The study seeks to better understand this typology and its development in other locations in Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera, and Fuerteventura. [Extracted from the article]

Critical edition of the unpublished report written by Francisco Javier de Santiago Palomares and Francisco Cerdá y Rico on the Cuerpo de Revisores de Letras Antiguas, created in 1729. This report was commissioned by the Consejo de Castilla to the Real Academia de la Historia, it contains issues such as the training of the revisores and the knowledge necessary to access the position. The edition is accompanied by the contextualization of the text and the analysis of its main ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the Vilnius Baroque School, the Augustinian Church of Our Lady of Consolation stands out as a distinctive architectural gem. The façade of this single-tower church is unparalleled among sacral architecture not only in Vilnius but throughout the entire Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 18th century. Despite its uniqueness, the church has long been overlooked by art and architecture historians due to the loss of the Augustinian monastery's archive, which contained crucial construction documents. The absence of archival records has hampered research into the church and monastery's history, and the identity of the architect remains a mystery obscured by various assumptions. The construction of the church, initiated by Kazimierz Dominyk Królikowski, the prosecutor and envoy of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, supervisor of Tendžiogala, began in 1738, funded by his will. The construction and interior decoration unfolded between approximately 1738/46 and 1757. Around 1790-1810, the façade underwent reconstruction with the addition of square-plan annexes, the treasury-library and the chapel of the Lord Jesus. This alteration, while expanding the church, deviated from the original design, disrupting the intended emphasis on the vertical line, dynamism, and the impression of spatial dissection. The article focuses on two main issues: the potential prototype of the church and its authorship. It briefly traces the evolution of single-tower Catholic churches in Central Europe and posits the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity in Dresden, commissioned by Augustus III, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, as a key prototype for the church façade. Gaetano Chiaveri, an architect from the royal court milieu, supervised the design of the Dresden Cathedral and its construction, which began in 1738. The article explores segments of Chiaveri's creative path to uncover how certain cultural experiences and architectural ideas circulated in various socio-cultural environments, among different creators and states, shedding light on the channels through which the Dresden Cathedral's concept could have developed and reached Vilnius. The architect responsible for the design of the Church of Our Lady of Consolation remains unknown, with historiography suggesting several potential architects. This article critically assesses the validity of these assumptions. It concludes that attributing the authorship to the Augustinian monk Erazm Bartold-Grymała lacks source-based and theoretical justification rooted in stylistic features. An additional review of historiography, along with an analysis of both previously discovered and new sources, rejects the claim of Antonio Ludovico Paracco's authorship. While the version proposing Joannes Valentinus Tobias de Dyderzteyn (Didreysteen, Didrichstein, Dietrichstein) as the architect, which had been previously raised by the author of this article, it is now subject to questioning. Although, in the totality of the analyzed data, Dyderzteyn's authorship seems the most convincing, deeper stylistic and comparative studies are deemed necessary for robust argumentation. Doubts about his possible authorship stem from the newly discovered fact that the construction of the church might have started before Dyderzteyn arrived in Vilnius. The article explores the potential authorship of Giuseppe (Józef) Fontana, an architect active in Vilnius. This analysis is based on the interpretation of historical facts and a stylistic examination. Among the architects of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Fontana is considered as an architect who could have been exposed to the construction of the Wettin Cathedral or its drawings, possibly even having a personal acquaintance with the architect Gaetano Chiaveri. However, a critical analysis of the architectural stylistics reveals no common features between Giuseppe Fontana's work and the Church of Our Lady of Consolation in Vilnius, making it difficult to hypothesize about his authorship. The article briefly discusses several other architects working in Vilnius during the church's construction. It is concluded that the architect behind the design of the Church of Our Lady of Consolation was knowledgeable about the practice of designing single-tower churches. Their professional expertise encompassed not only the traditions of Italian High Baroque architecture but also familiarity with the contemporaneous stylistic innovations in Italian Late Baroque and the architectural context of Saxony and Bavaria. These influences are reflected in the shape, proportions, and expression of the architectural elements of the Church of Our Lady of Consolation's façade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The southwest of the Iberian Peninsula is subject to irregular rainfall patterns with recurring opposite events, periods of drought or intense rain. Based on documentary sources, in the context of the particular hydrological conditions of the city and its urban protection system, the corresponding impacts of the Guadalquivir River in Seville during the 18th century are examined. Events that reveal vulnerability to extreme weather events are described. This has allowed us to prepare the annual water risk index. From its quantification, the temporal evolution throughout the 18th century is obtained. Irregularly distributed, variability is observed, in which the effects of drought are more frequent in the first half of the century and floods in the final decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tropelías: Revista de Teoría de la Literatura y Literatura Comparada is the property of Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Spal: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla is the property of Spal. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of RILEX Revista Sobre Investigaciones Léxicas is the property of Editorial de la Universidad de Jaen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of KUL Journal of Legal Studies / Studia Prawnicze KUL is the property of John Paul II Catholic University of Lubin / Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawla II and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Ottoman Legacy Studies (OMAD) / Osmanlı Mirası Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Ottoman Legacy Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The links between the Hospitaller Order and the American continent witnessed, in the transition from the 17th and 18th Centuries, a period of successes and failures. After the sale of its Caribbean colonies to France in 1665, its Knights of the Langue of Castile rendered notable services to the Habsburg Monarchy in the New World, while at the same time the chronistic memory and cultural “bon goût” continued to have the Western Indies as a central space of their projection. Likewise, its members in Bourbon Spain did not cease to promote a return to America through the establishment of commanderies in frontier areas to fight the “infidels”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wherever and whenever systems of slavery existed, enslaved people struggled to attain freedom. Spanning various imperial contexts from 1750 to 1920, this special issue convenes a team of scholars to investigate the aftermath of emancipation. What did freedom from slavery entail in deeply unequal colonial societies? This issue explores diverse experiences, from maroon communities in the Caribbean wilderness to the forced resettlement of freed slaves in European colonies in Africa, and the legal emancipation of slaves in segregated colonial port cities in Asia. Enslaved people encountered 'freedom' with its attendant threats and opportunities in myriad ways. Building on the rich historiographical tradition of slavery studies, this special issue aims to broaden the scope of historical research from the slave trade and the lives of enslaved individuals to their post-emancipation existence. However, even recent literature often treats freedom after abolition and manumission as distinct phenomena, representing different legal paths to freedom—one associated with the early modern period and the other with the nineteenth century. This special issue re-evaluates this presupposition by foregrounding the post-emancipation life events of formerly enslaved individuals. It questions whether and how these different transitions from slave status to freedom can and should be structurally compared in slavery studies. By tapping into previously unexplored sources, re-examining older datasets with fresh perspectives, and employing record linkage to uncover forgotten slave histories, the authors seek to assess the living conditions of formerly enslaved people and their direct descendants after emancipation. In doing so, we aim to explore how past experiences of enslavement influenced future life choices and opportunities, thereby questioning the so-called afterlives of slavery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pre-industrial societies subsistence agriculture played a crucial role in ensuring survival, not just for people born free, but also for those born into slavery. Within the legal framework of colonial structures, certain owners granted their enslaved individuals temporary usage rights to parcels of land upon their emancipation, and in rare cases, even bestowed permanent ownership. This article wants to study land ownership patterns of manumitted slaves in eighteenth-century Sri Lanka, when the island's coastal territories were subject to the influence of the Dutch East India Company. By examining Dutch-language last wills from the period 1702 to 1765 we analyze the patterns of land donations by former owners to their freed slaves. By establishing connections between these donations and the detailed land registers of suburban districts surrounding the cities of Colombo and Galle, our objective is to uncover the shortand long-term implications of land ownership for the manumitted individuals and their families. Furthermore, this article also reflects on the implications of negotiated registration practices of such land ownership with a colonial power for the manumitted slaves. What did the label 'manumitted' or 'free' slave entail in Sri Lanka's society, and how did registration in Dutch bureaucracy influence those labelling practices? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 'inquisition' (or inquiry) held before a Justice of the Peace was the primary instrument for management of lunacy in eighteenth-century England. Yet its purpose was to protect wealth rather than the individual. The 1766 case book of Dr John Monro, London's leading doctor for madness, unexpectedly records a consultation that links two siblings who both had inquisitions. Nicholas Jeffreys' only son was attested lunatic in 1744: to circumvent inheritance through primogeniture, Jeffreys directed the family wealth to his last living child. One of his three daughters married Lord Camden, a former Lord Chancellor: after her and her second sister's deaths, the last-surviving sister was also placed under inquisition in 1780, to ensure the inheritance for his own family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Tiempos Modernos is the property of Tiempos Modernos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A large number of transcultural fictions appeared in the 18th century, providing us with an important entry into discussing the task of comparative literature today. The 18th-century Oriental tales, stories authored by European writers that adapted from or modeled themselves after loose translations of folk tales from the East, practiced a kind of mental shapeshifting, blurring the boundaries between East and West. The same kind of cross-cultural identification is visible in many other literary narratives from the same period, indicative of a fluid, universalist politics regarding Europe's relations with the Orient that requires reevaluation. 18th-century transcultural fictions suggest a few tactics for mediating between the necessity of establishing grounds of comparison and the need to draw distinctions. In its search for ways of breaking through the stronghold of cultural nationalism, comparative literature in its contemporary incarnation does well to rethink Enlightenment universalism as encoded in the literary landscape of 18th century Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper presents a historical analysis of a rare dyer’s manuscript, preserved within the Museum of Industry in Ghent, Belgium. The manuscript, originating from a dyer in late 18th-century Antwerp, includes an extensive collection of recipes. The study will enable researchers to better grasp the practices of traditional dyeing techniques and materials in the region during that time. The manuscript focuses primarily on the dyeing of woolen fabrics. Approximately 90 of the 132 recipes utilize red dyes. Recipes for dying orange, brown, black, blue, and green colors are also described. The document mentions the use of madder, brazilwood, redwood, and cochineal. To create a variety of red shades, the dyer describes how fabrics were treated with different mordanting compounds, with alum and tin as the main ingredients, and how the dyeing solutions were prepared. The resulting colors include ‘madder red’, ‘formal red’, ‘crimson’, ‘scarlet’, ‘Turkish red’, ‘fire color’ and ‘flesh color’. In addition to the dyeing recipes, the manuscript contains various accounting documents and correspondences between the dyer, customers, and suppliers. Lastly, over 100 original, colored samples are attached to the described recipes. In this paper, the artifact’s contents will be disclosed, comprising recipes with attached samples and correspondence. Findings resulting from archive research will be included, contextualizing and placing the dyer in their urban and social context. The paper concludes by discussing its potential limitations and provides avenues for possible future research.

Objective/context: In the context of the installation of cabildos in the viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada, this article studies the transition of two towns inhabited by «free people» to the status of villas: the parroquia of Guasimal de Cúcuta and the sitio of San José de La Marinilla. This process shows how the fact that the Catholic monarchy gave the jurisdictional quality of villa to specific towns fostered a virtuous circle in which various local and metropolitan agencies became intertwined and promoted a policy of negotiated integration, which ceded autonomy in local government. Methodology: Based on primary documentary sources detailing the establishment and functioning of chapter governments, we analyze the process of administrative cession in jurisdictional terms and, in general, the establishment of provincial governments in towns in the viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada. Originality: The examination of the documentation allows us to reveal the materialization of a historical process of generalized integration in Hispanic America, induced by the ministers of Charles III, which gave jurisdictional qualities to mestizo population groups, seeking to benefit the royal rents of the economic growth that these populations were experiencing and to determine the new municipal political architecture in the time of the Bourbons. Conclusions: In the cases analyzed, we can see how, in search of administrative rationality, the crown negotiated the granting of autonomy to parroquias and towns of «free people» as a policy of integration that should strengthen centralization and increase productivity to achieve income and economic growth. It can also be seen how the patricians were diligent in giving institutionality to the new republics, guided by royal regulations that even embraced strengthening the branches of propios y arbitrios (such as health and coercion, among others).

Diyarbakır tarih boyunca birçok medeniyete ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Bu nedenle de ilim ve kültür hayatı çeşitli olmuştur. Bu durum şehirde yaşayanların sahip olduğu kitap ve bunlarla olan ilişkilerinden anlaşılmaktadır. Çalışmada öncelikle 18. yüzyıla ait Diyarbakır Şer’iyye Sicil defterlerindeki terekelerden istifade edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda 22 defterde yer alan 3.607 hüküm taranmıştır. Bu hükümlerin 138’inde 261 farklı eser 945 defa kaydedilmiştir. Ayrıca incelenen Şer’iyye sicillerinden 13’ü karma konulu, 9’u ise tereke olup bu defterler 1.286 hüküm içermektedir. Bunların yanı sıra telif eserlerden de istifade edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler ışığında döneme ait kişilerin sahip olduğu kitaplar tespit edilmiştir. Daha sonra bu kitaplar konularına göre tasnif edilmiştir. Şer’iyye sicillerinde yer alan kitap ve sahiplerinin incelenmesi ile kitapların yer aldığı defterler, kitaba sahip olan kişiler, bu kişilerin sahip oldukları kitap sayısı, kitapların konulara göre dağılımı, hangi konulardaki kitapların daha çok okunduğu, kitap sahibi kişilerin maddi durumları, statüleri, dini mensubiyetleri, kitapların fiyatları ve mahallelere dağılımı gibi konular aydınlatılmaya çalışılmıştır.

At the time of the American Revolution, French culture developed a fas- cination with America. This trend was expressed in many forms, including fashion, artwork, and architecture, all con-tributing to French narratives about the United States and the American Revolution. The fore-most of these nar- ratives were the portrayals of America as a neoclassical, republican idyll and as a rustic, pastoral return to the romantic concept of nature. French figures who donned the “American” style played a large and often conscious role in crafting such cultural narratives. From 1776 to 1789, the “American” style in France took on a variety of contradictory meanings in French culture and politics. French figures like the Marquis de Lafayette, the Duchesse de la Tour du Pin, and the Marquis de Condorcet took on a French-American identity and styled themselves as “Americans” to express different political views. By analyzing these individuals’ political views and sartorial styling, this essay examines the impact of French “American” style on the French perception of America. The essay utilizes contemporary publications such as newspa- pers and fashion magazines, as well as the memoirs and correspondence of French fig-ures. Through these sources, I examine the narratives surrounding “American” style and identi-ty in France. This reveals the complex relation- ship between French style and politics, contrib-uting to the ongoing historical discourse on the cultural lead-up to the Revolution of 1789.

This paper presents a historical analysis of a rare dyer's manuscript, preserved within the Museum of Industry in Ghent, Belgium. The manuscript, originating from a dyer in late 18th-century Antwerp, includes an extensive collection of recipes. The study will enable researchers to better grasp the practices of traditional dyeing techniques and materials in the region during that time. The manuscript focuses primarily on the dyeing of woolen fabrics. Approximately 90 of the 132 recipes utilize red dyes. Recipes for dying orange, brown, black, blue, and green colors are also described. The document mentions the use of madder, brazilwood, redwood, and cochineal. To create a variety of red shades, the dyer describes how fabrics were treated with different mordanting compounds, with alum and tin as the main ingredients, and how the dyeing solutions were prepared. The resulting colors include 'madder red', 'formal red', 'crimson', 'scarlet', 'Turkish red', 'fire color' and 'flesh color'. In addition to the dyeing recipes, the manuscript contains various accounting documents and correspondences between the dyer, customers, and suppliers. Lastly, over 100 original, colored samples are attached to the described recipes. In this paper, the artifact's contents will be disclosed, comprising recipes with attached samples and correspondence. Findings resulting from archive research will be included, contextualizing and placing the dyer in their urban and social context. The paper concludes by discussing its potential limitations and provides avenues for possible future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tempo (1413-7704) is the property of Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the experiences of Count Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1658-1730) during his nine-month captivity under the Turks, following his capture on the eve of the siege of Vienna in 1683. Translated into Bulgarian, parts of his major works on this subject - "Autobiography" and "Information on Slavery / Ragguaglio della schiavitù" - are presented and analyzed. These texts are compared with other documents and studies to explore the formation and development of Marsili's ideas about slavery, the means of combating this phenomenon, and the forms of redemption. Above all, the analysis highlights the universal human values embedded in these examples of European memoir literature from the dawn of the eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aristocracy and their use of commercial credit are seldom explored in the European comparative context despite important studies of the French aristocracy and their credit relations with shopkeepers, tradesmen and fashion merchants. This article studies the aristocracy and commercial credit in England, Germany and Sweden, by drawing on the normative literature and the account books, receipted bills, correspondence and diaries of several families occupying different echelons of the nobility. We examine the extent and nature of aristocratic engagement with shop credit, the ways in which they manipulated and managed this credit, and their motivations for doing so. We argue that the aristocracy was involved in a modern commercial credit economy and that this was central to their position in society and way of life. Our analysis of the ideals communicated through conduct books and parental advice and the actual credit practices of the aristocracy show that they took their credit arrangements seriously. They had to abide by the rules of commercial credit and settle their accounts: sometimes promptly, most often in a timely manner and only occasionally after considerable delay. The article offers a comparative framework for further and broader studies on the aristocracy within economic history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last quarter of the 18th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth experienced a period of intense growth and transformation. Signs of modernization were evident in the extensive construction activity in Vilnius, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This architectural research presents a case study of the house belonging to a noble of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Antoni Tyzenhauz (1756-1816), the last president of Vilnius, located on the 23rd (712) land property. By utilizing historical sources, iconography, periodicals, and reports from architectural masonry researchers and archaeologists, this study connects the renovation works conducted on the 23rd (712) property in the late 18th and early 19th centuries with its owner. It also discusses the building's architecture and the layout of its premises. Since the renovation works conducted by Tyzenhauz in the late 18th and early 19th centuries were not particularly daring and retained the original masonry, the construction activities of the previous owners are first reviewed. When discussing Tyzenhauz's renovations, the issue of the modest masonry facade is raised. There could have been several reasons for this simplicity. One reason could be related to Romanticism, while a more mundane explanation might be the client's financial limitations. Although Tyzenhauz's primary vocation as a nobleman was warfare, a brief period of his life involved participation in the Vilnius City Municipality. This short episode likely did not significantly impact his lifestyle. However, his continuous involvement in the resistance against the Russian Empire and the loss of his homeland may have affected his social and financial situation. Despite this, the decorum befitting a nobleman is still evident in the interior, eloquently revealing the status of the owner of this house, Generosus Dominus (Great Lord of Noble Birth). Based on an 1806 description of the property, the renovation project, and comparable examples, the article hypothesizes a layout for the representative apartment suitable for a high-status individual, including auxiliary premises. The 23rd (712) property that belonged to the city's last president, Antoni Tyzenhauz, in Vilnius, and its renovation during troubled times, serves as a small yet significant reflection of the important changes occurring in the country. During this period, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was experiencing intense growth and transformation, seeking renewal in all areas of the state. Following the loss of statehood, there was constant resistance against annexation by the Russian Empire. Thus, the house at 3 Subačiaus St., modest at first glance, stands as an expressive example of a complex and changeable period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the manuscript diary of a Scottish doctor, Jonathan Troup, who during a truncated fifteen-month period, from 1789 to 1790, practised medicine on the island of Dominica, part of the climatic 'torrid zone' in the British West Indies. While the relevant textual contents of his diary are already familiar to scholars of medical humanities, the analysis seeks to complement and extend these existing discussions by addressing an aspect of the illustrated and inscribed pages of Troup's diary that has not been previously discussed, namely his diurnal account of race-making. The article argues that Troup was a product of Scottish enlightenment medical training, with its blended curricula of medicine, natural history and moral philosophy. The diary in turn, is shown to be a product of the diagnostic tools of that education, which equipped practitioners with the skills to classify human diversity through careful observation in the 'colonial field'. In his diurnal sketches, Troup employs a tiered racial system or calculus of colour to differentiate between peoples of different races, based on the visual proximity of their skin to either European whiteness or shades of blackness associated with African descent. In the textual descriptions that variously accompany, envelope, elucidate and ignore the drawings, Troup's race-making schema is shown to be informed by factors other than the gradations of skin complexion, including social temper and moral temperament. Such factors are given particular prominence in his discussion of multi-racial women, making gender an innate constituent of his race-making schema. The article is framed by the concept of business, which for most professionals in the Caribbean involved more than one economic occupation. It offers a prognosis as to the significance of Troup's diary for a range of academic disciplines, historical, literary and visual, and their discreet historiographies which pertain to his imperial careering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article re-evaluates the debates over a proposed Scottish militia that took place in the British public sphere at the height of the Seven Years War and French invasion and Jacobite rebellion scares, and locates within them the origins of the discourse of Highlandism. Accordingly, the real and imagined ethnic traditions and characteristics of Scottish Highlanders to some extent came to represent the entire Scottish nation, while concurrently rehabilitating and replacing former stereotypes of Highlanders as bellicose 'savages' and Jacobite 'rebels.' Further, the debates were not merely informed by domestic politics and intellectual agendas, as typically assumed in the historiography; they were also tied to the larger geopolitical and cultural entanglements of imperial warfare and continued threats from Franco-Jacobite fifth columns, as circulated in an anxious, mercantilist, wartime print culture. These discourses reveal that mid-century whiggish Britons continued to worry about French-instigated rebellion despite historiographical assumptions to the contrary, and experienced considerable uncertainty and concern for the intertwined problems of foreign enemies, overseas war and domestic politics. This context, the widespread doubts surrounding Scotland's trustworthiness and relative status within the Union, and the defensive reactions among certain pro-militia 'Scots', show how commentators mobilised Highland soldiers in support of Scotland's deservedness of political, institutional and cultural equality with England. This, however, was not an era of growing confidence, cumulative antigallican military service and a 'long-eighteenth-century' process of political and cultural consolidation, but rather a deeply uncertain time of burgeoning global conflict and entangled Scotto-Franco-British identity dynamics which must be more fully considered on their own problematic terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/context: In the context of the installation of cabildos in the viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada, this article studies the transition of two towns inhabited by «free people» to the status of villas: the parroquia of Guasimal de Cúcuta and the sitio of San José de La Marinilla. This process shows how the fact that the Catholic monarchy gave the jurisdictional quality of villa to specific towns fostered a virtuous circle in which various local and metropolitan agencies became intertwined and promoted a policy of negotiated integration, which ceded autonomy in local government. Methodology: Based on primary documentary sources detailing the establishment and functioning of chapter governments, we analyze the process of administrative cession in jurisdictional terms and, in general, the establishment of provincial governments in towns in the viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada. Originality: The examination of the documentation allows us to reveal the materialization of a historical process of generalized integration in Hispanic America, induced by the ministers of Charles III, which gave jurisdictional qualities to mestizo population groups, seeking to benefit the royal rents of the economic growth that these populations were experiencing and to determine the new municipal political architecture in the time of the Bourbons. Conclusions: In the cases analyzed, we can see how, in search of administrative rationality, the crown negotiated the granting of autonomy to parroquias and towns of «free people» as a policy of integration that should strengthen centralization and increase productivity to achieve income and economic growth. It can also be seen how the patricians were diligent in giving institutionality to the new republics, guided by royal regulations that even embraced strengthening the branches of propios y arbitrios (such as health and coercion, among others). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Classical Turkish literature, there are many literary genres. One of these is the poetic dictionaries, which provide equivalents of words in the source language(s) in the target language(s). Written primarily to expedite and facilitate language learning, these works have garnered considerable attention in our literature. While there are versions written for various languages, those in Arabic-Turkish, Persian-Turkish, or Arabic-Persian-Turkish forms are more common. Due to their popularity, numerous poetic dictionaries have been penned, and through previous research efforts, their existence has been identified and documented. As research and examination continue, new works in this genre are being added regularly. As a result of such endeavors, one of the works added to the chain of poetic dictionaries is the "Tuhfe-i Fethiyye" compiled in Persian-Turkish by a poet using the pen name Fethi, in 1156/1743-44. Comprising a 80-verse introduction written in the form of a "mesnevi" and a dictionary section consisting of 32 "kıtas" with varying verse counts between 5 and 18, totaling 403 verses, Tuhfe-i Fethiyye contains around 900 Persian words or phrases along with their Turkish equivalents. In this study, focusing on the form and content characteristics of Tuhfe-i Fethiyye, which was written in the 18th century and currently known through the sole surviving manuscript registered under the number "EY_1233" in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum Library selected "kıtas" from the work have been provided in translated written text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is a first approach to understand the situation of the assets and community funds of the indigenous peoples of the province of Tabasco at the end of the 18th century, which have so far been barely studied systematically. In the “Expediente para conocer el estado de las comunidades de indios de la provincia de Tabasco y arreglarlas como corresponde”, its governor, Don Miguel Castro y Araoz, and other viceregal authorities of the Mérida Intendancy, between 1793 and 1797, after learning the unfortunate situation of the community funds, they will express their opinions in order to take measures to order and systematize these funds in accordance with the provisions of the Ordenanza de Intendentes of 1786. In a complex and marginal geographical scenario, the examination of this file reveals the delicate situation that these peoples were going through and the difficulties in contributing to the good performance of the community funds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]