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Käesoleva väitekirja eesmärk oli Nikolai Ahšarumovi (1829-1893) kirjandusliku reputatsiooni analüüsimine selle dünaamikas, mida defineerisid nii sotsiokultuurilised tegurid kui ka ajastu sotsiaalne nõudlus. Ahšarumov oli Fjodor Dostojevski, Lev Tolstoi, Ivan Gontšarovi ja Aleksei Pisemski kaasaegne, jäljendades nende töid („Teisik”, „Võõras nimi”, „Modell“, „Mandariin“, „Lahtised otsad“), ning Nikolai Tšernõševski, Nikolai Dobroljubovi oponent, kelle utilitaristlike kontseptsioonidega ta vaidles oma kriitilistes artiklites („Kunsti orjastamisest“, artikliteseeria kogumikule „Kevad“ ja ajakirjadele „Ülemaailmne töö“ ning „Kaunite kunstide teataja“). Erilist tähelepanu pööratakse piirnevatele kontekstidele: malele, õigusteadusele, kunstiteadusele ja ajastu kirjanduselule endale – ajakirjaäri organiseerimisele ja valgustuslikule tegevusele. Olles kogu elu kirjandusringkondadest kõrvale jäänud, sünteesis Ahšarumov oma belletristikas erinevaid kunstilise ja teadusliku teadmise sfääre. Ahšarumovi belletristika ja kriitika moodustavad keerulise ideoloogilise terviku: ilukirjanduslikud tekstid jätkavad reeglina tema publitsistlikke teese. Töös püstitatakse hüpotees, mille kohaselt püüdis kirjanik elu jooksul luua oma teostele ilukirjanduslikku kommentaari, metaromaani, mille süžee lubaks tal formuleerida isiklikku kirjanduslikku positsiooni ja anda üldine iseloomustus tema poolt uuritava perioodi kirjandusruumile. Selles suhtes asetub suurem osa tema teostest ühte ritta, mis märgistab kirjaniku enesetunnetust kirjandusruumis, viies „kirjandusliku kangelase käitumise mudeli autori tasemele“. Sellegipoolest tunnistati tema teoste formaalne külg kaasaegsete poolt ühehäälselt mitterahuldavaks. Peale mitut eksperimentaalset katset pöördub kirjanik triviaalsete detektiivi- ja seltskonnajutustuste ning lastekirjanduse poole, mis ei eelda eksperimenti ja eksisteerivad kitsastes kultuuriraamides, ning peale surma suhtutakse temasse kui Dostojevski epigooni, kes ei ole võimeline iseseisvalt midagi uut ütlema. Nagu näidatakse väitekirjas, peitub sellises tulemuses oma seaduspärasus. Kuna kultuurimälu ressursid on piiratud, siis „vabaneb“ ta „üleliigsetest“ nimedest ja perekonnanimedest: teisikud ja epigoonid ei ole kirjanduse sünkroonsuse jaoks vajalikud ning diakroonias huvitavad nad rohkem uurijaid, kes tegelevad kirjanduse evolutsiooni jäänukite ja tupiksuundade uurimisega, mitte kirjanduslike reputatsioonide rehabiliteerimisega. Kuid ilma teise- ja kolmandajärgulisi kirjanikke uurimata ei ole ajaloolis-kirjanduslikku protsessi võimalik mõista. Käesolevas töös näidatakse N. Ahšarumovi näitel ühte võimalikku vene belletristika uurimissuunda – kirjaniku-belletristi kirjatööde pragmaatika uurimist., The aim of the thesis is characterisation of the literary reputation of Nikolai Akhsharumov (1820–1893) in its dynamic development determined by both the sociocultural factors and the social needs of the era. Akhsharumov is a contemporary of Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Ivan Goncharov and Alexey Pisemsky whose works he emulated (The Double, The Alien Name, The Model, The Mandarin, Nobody Was Any the Wiser) and an opponent of Nikolay Chernyshevsky and Nikolay Dobrolyubov whose utilitarian conceptions he disputed in his critical articles (“The Enslavement of Art”, a series of articles in the collection Spring and in the journals Vsemirnyi trud and Vestnik izyashchnykh iskusstv). He paid special attention to related contexts: chess, jurisprudence, art research and, particularly, literary life of the epoch – organisation of publishing of journals and educational projects. Avoiding the literary circles for his whole life, Akhsharumov synthesised various forms of artistic and scientific knowledge in his fiction. Akhsharumov’s fiction and criticism form a complex ideological unity. As a rule, his artistic texts follow the texts of literary criticism. The thesis poses a hypothesis according to which, throughout his life, the writer attempted to create an artistic commentary to his critical works, a meta-novel the plot of which allowed him to formulate his own literary position and provide a general characterisation of the literary space of the period he studied. In this perspective, most of his works form a single vector that demarcates the self-awareness of the writer in the literary field and brings the model of the character’s behaviour to the level of the author himself. Nonetheless, his contemporaries unanimously considered the formal side of his works unsatisfactory. After several experimental attempts, the writer turns to trivial detective stories and children’s literature which do not require experimenting and exist in the framework of a narrow-context culture. After his death he is regarded as an epigone by Dostoevsky not capable of saying anything new independently. As the thesis shows, there is a regularity in this kind of result. As the cultural memory has limited capacity, it gets rid of ‘excessive’ names: doubles and epigones are not necessary for literary synchronicity. Even diachronically, they are of greater interest for researchers who engage in studying relics and dead ends of literary evolution rather than in rehabilitating literary reputations. However, it is impossible to comprehend the historical literary process without studying second- and third-rate writers. The present thesis employs the case of N. Akhsharumov to demonstrate that one of the possible areas of research in Russian fiction is studying the pragmatics of the creation of a mass-fiction writer’s work., https://www.ester.ee/record=b5429180

Tema kojom ću se baviti u svom diplomskom radu je analiza ženskog modnog trenda s kraja 19.stoljeća naziva Cul de Paris ili pariška stražnjica. Cul de Paris ili pariška stražnjica, bio je predmet, odnosno dodatak ženskoj odjeći za izbacivanje, točnije, isticanje stražnjeg dijela suknje. Ovaj ženski modni trend bio je osobito popularan u Europi i Sjedinjenim Državama tijekom većeg dijela 1870-ih i ponovno 1880-ih. Zadatak, odnosno svrha mog diplomskog rada je proučavanje i istraživanje jednog specifičnog ženskog modnog trenda s kraja 19.stoljeća u periodu od 1870. do 1890.godine. koji mene osobno kao kostimografa uveliko fascinira i inspirira u mojim radovima i projektima. Rezultat ovog istraživanja je diplomski rad koji će predstavljati temelj za kvalitetne i buduće kazališne i filmske reinterpretacije ženskog kostima s kraja 19.stoljeća., The topic I will deal with in my dissertation is the analysis of a female fashion trend from the end of the 19th century called Cul de Paris or the bustle. Cul de Paris, or the bustle, was an object, that is, an addition to women's clothing to eject, more precisely, highlight the back of the skirt. This female fashion trend was particularly popular in Europe and the United States during much of the 1870s and again in the 1880s. The task and the purpose of my thesis is to study and research a specific women's fashion trend from the end of the 19th century in the period from 1870 to 1890 that fascinates me personally as a costume designer and inspires me in my works and projects. The result of this research is a graduate thesis that will be the basis for quality and future theatrical and film reinterpretations, and will also suggest alternative materials that would be used for better and more successful reinterpretation of costumes.

Denne oppgaven undersøker hvordan kvinners stemme ble en del av offentligheten mot slutten av 1800-tallet i Norge. Gjennom en analyse av fire kjønnsdebatter (1885–1891) følger oppgaven Kitty Lange Kiellands (1843–1914) bidrag i kvinneemansipasjonen. Det er som kunstmaler at Kielland er mest kjent i nyere tid. Mindre kjent er det at hun var en sentral bidragsyter i 1880- og 1890-årenes kjønnsdebatter og kvinnesak. Disse tiårene markerte på mange måter tidspunktet da kvinnen ble gjennomgangstema for mange ulike typer diskusjoner. De fire debattene viser hvordan kampen om å definere den nye og moderne kvinnen, skjedde gjennom svært varierte ståsteder og tematikk. Eksisterende forskning dreier seg ofte om å sette ulike debattanters posisjoner i sammenheng med hvilke politiske sympatier de hadde, eller om de tilhørte kristenkonservative eller venstreradikale leirer. Slike perspektiver oppdager viktige trekk ved kjønnsdebatten gjennom fokus på politikk, kultur eller litteratur – men kan samtidig unngå å få øye på de nyansene man finner gjennom å gå mer i dybden på enkeltdebatter. Min innfallsvinkel er å studere retorikken som ble brukt i Kiellands polemikker med tre mannlige motstandere, og én kvinnelig motstander. Jeg får gjennom dette undersøkt hvordan retorikkbruken i debattene er kjønnet og hva dette hadde å si for både debatten og deltagerne. Deretter setter jeg debattene og deltagerne inn i en større offentlighetskontekst, også her med et kjønnsperspektiv. Ved å gjøre denne dynamiske dybdeanalysen, får jeg vist frem noen mindre kjente vinklinger som den større fortellingen om kvinnesak ennå ikke har belyst i særlig grad. Begge sider i debatten vil bli gitt fokus, noe som gir et dypere innblikk også i hva motstanden mot kvinnesak dreide seg om. At oppgaven følger Kiellands stemme gjennom debattene, vil samtidig danne et godt bilde på hvem hun var som polemiker og feminist i det som var et komplekst og flerstemt debattklima.

Cella Barr Associates contracted with Soil Systems, Inc. to prepare an overview of the cultural resources in the Papago Park planning area. A survey of pertinent literature and site record files was conducted and the results were summarized in this report. Recommendations for documentation and assessment of cultural resources within the park area conclude this report. A review of the archaeological and historical material encompassing the Papago Park planning area has revealed 20 archaeological sites and four significant historical structures. The sites include 19 prehistoric Hohokam and historic Piman Indian occupations of the area as well as a historic trash dump. The significant historical structures are Hayden Flour Mill, the orginal automobile bridge across the Salt River, the Mill Avenue Bridge, and the Tempe Beach Stadium. Other historical places within the planning area are the Arizona State University Administrative Building, Mouer Park and Tempe Beach Park.

The aim of this essay is to examine how men is portrayed in three short stories, ”En omvändelsehistoria”, ”Far och son” and ”Jeppa”, from the debut Från Skåne by Victoria Benedictsson. I also investigate the ideas of masculinity during the 1880s. Unmanliness, paternity and manly tears are other concepts that I have been examining with close–reading as the method. The essay begins with a short recap of the earlier research about Benedictsson. Her debut as well as the perspective of masculinity on the work of female authors has been almost ignored by the academic sphere and my aim was to do something about it. Firstly, I discuss unmanliness in the peasant culture, secondly, paternity and absence and thirdly, unmanliness and manly tears. My result shows that the different ideas of masculinity affect the characters in many ways. For example, the elderly in the stories mostly falls down in unmanliness. I have come to the conclusion that the fear of being unmanly urge the men, or the boys, to act manly and follow the ideals.

Despite the fact that women were denied the right to political decision-making both inside and outside of the established legal framework, the question arises as to whether Croatian women in the latter half of the nineteenth century exhibited any interest in politics and political life in Civil Croatia, and whether they demonstrated their preference for a specific political party in any way whatsoever. In this work, the author attempts to respond to this question by analyzing the political press of the Party of the Right from the beginning of the 1880s and primary materials from the Croatian State Archives in Zagreb in which, as in the press, rare sources for the history of women are interwoven into the plethora of sources on the activities of men. The ways in which women demonstrated their preference for the Party of the Right and its leaders are shown. The central protagonists are the teachers Anka Tkalčić and Vera Tkalec, whose open sympathies for the Party of the Right drew the attention of the authorities and placed their livelihoods in jeopardy.

U izvornom gradivu iz Hrvatskoga državnog arhiva u Zagrebu te pravaškome političkom tisku od početka 1880-ih mogu se pronaći zanimljivi podaci koji potvrđuju da je Stranka prava u vrijeme prerastanja u nacionalni pokret imala simpatizera i među ženama. U radu se prikazuje na koje su načine žene iskazivale svoju privrženost Stranci prava i njezinim prvacima, a središnje su protagonistice učiteljice Anka Tkalčić i Vera Tkalec, koje su simpatiziranjem pravaštva privukle pažnju vlasti i ugrozile svoje egzistencije., In original documents from the Croatian State Archive in Zagreb as well as the Party of Right’s publications from the beginning of the 1880s interesting information can be found which shows that at the time when the Party of Right grew into a national movement it had support among women. While the “fairer sex” in the satirical and humoristic pages of the Rightist press was ridiculed for an exaggerated interest in dance and entertainment, fashion-consciousness, extravagance, haughtiness, the reading of foreign, German and French, novels, and most especially a lack of interest in the situation and fate of the Croat people, even a hatred toward Croatia, the Rightist political press also noted various public expressions of sympathy and support by female “fatherlanders” for the Party of Right and its leaders. While women, primarily from the artisanal, merchant, and peasant classes, expressed their sympathy for the Party of Right through greetings to Ante Starčević on his patron saint’s day, applause and hurrahs from the galleries of the Sabor, the decoration and showering of Party of Right leaders with flowers, and other such expressions of support, the authorities paid little mind to them for the most part during the 1880s. However, already in 1882 the report that female teachers were adhering to the “revolutionary ideas” of the Party of Right led the authorities to react promptly and with rather harsh penalties. The main protagonists of this article are two teachers, Anka Tkalčić and Vera Tkalec, who by their sympathy for Rightism drew the attention of the authorities and endangered their livelihoods. For inculcating the youth with “revolutionary ideas,” discovered in the “traces” of the school assignments of her students, Anka Tkalčić was not only dismissed from her position at the school in Bakar, but also permanently barred from the teaching profession. Some months later, in the case of Vera Tkalec, merely the “great suspicion” that she was a supporter of the Party of Right was sufficient for a recommendation to be made to Ban Pejačević to subject her to the “strictest surveillance” and transfer her from Senj to a village.

This paper builds on research originally published as "The 'Hoover Scare' in South Carolina, 1887: An Attempt to Organize Black Farm Labor" Labor History, 40:3 (August 1999): 261-82. Shortly after that article was published, Mr. John Seawright, of Athens, Georgia, sent me newspaper clippings documenting Hover's visit to Atlanta in 1889. These led me to discover further primary sources, most importantly the indictments mentioned below (pp.16ff). I presented a much shorter version of this paper at the annual meeting of the Southern Historical Association in Atlanta, Georgia, on 4 October 2005. A somewhat longer version will be published under the title “'The First Anarchist That Ever Came to Atlanta’: Hiram F. Hover from New York to the New South” in Rachel Rubin, Christopher Green, and James Smethurst, eds., Radicalism in the South Since Reconstruction (New York: Palgrave/Macmillan, forthcoming 2006/2007).

In this thesis I examine the ways in which the modern state addresses sex. I want to ascertain by what considerations the state is informed in its relationship to sex. What is behind the state’s regulation of sexual practices? What is its interest in regard to sex? To answer these questions I examine fundamental artefacts of the modern state, especially the law (but also the bureaucracy), as directed by the 1993 English court case of Brown. Brown involves the search for the sexual subject; The Lords in Brown were at a loss for how to conceptualise the subject before them. Their search is my own: who is the sexual subject? What is his relationship to the state? To answer these questions, Brown directs me for authority to two widely separated moments of supposed classic ‘discontinuity’: the 1957 Wolfenden Report, and the late-Victorian Queen’s Bench. These two moments in government - the 1960s and the 1880s - are usually depicted as ideologically different, indicating discontinuity, difference, change and perhaps even revolution between the relative approaches of the state to sex. And yet, in Brown, both are upheld as appropriate contemporary authorities on sex, the individual and the state. Here I take my cue from the Lords and interrogate the artefacts of these two periods in government to ascertain the story of the 20th century state’s relationship to sex. My thesis is a political analysis that incorporates genealogy in its focus on law as indicative of the state. It incorporates a detailed study of primary artefacts of the state: detailed analyses of seemingly discontinuous moments including individual court cases, individual Committees, individual treatises and opinions and political memoirs. I conclude by drawing together my overall argument, that during the 20th century there has been no radical change of the modern state in regard to sex, and that the success of the permissive mythology has generally blinded us to this fact. Not only have we mistaken the nature of the permissive state as concerned with evolution, we have erroneously been persuaded of the blanket repression of the Victorian state. The big break, the discontinuity of the 1960s, that often is described as ‘revolutionary’ (and inevitable in the teleology of progress), is a re-configuration of the same object as the Victorian state. The permissive state enacts the latest stage in the great Victorian project of embodying the sexual subject – a subject at once embodied and created as an object of control.

In March 1999, Desert Archaeology, Inc., was subcontracted by lnca Engineering to conduct archaeological testing along U.S. 70 between Safford and Thatcher at the behest of the Arizona Department of Transportation. Subsurface features associated with four prehistoric habitation sites (AZ CC:2:235, :289, :290, and :291 [ASM]), two prehistoric canal sites (AZ CC:2:296 and :297), and one late historic-period canal site (AZ CC:2:298) were identified. Except CC:2:291 that was removed from the project area after the testing phase, Desert Archaeology conducted data recovery at all of these sites in February and early March 2000. The investigated portion of CC:2:235 (the Daley site) was south of the site area investigated by Eastern Arizona College (EAC) in 1980. EAC's salvage excavations revealed an early Classic (Bylas phase) settlement with masonry and jacal structures. Evidence for a late Formative period occupation was also recovered and a late Classic (Safford phase)component was probably removed by plowing. Features investigated by Desert Archaeology at the Daley site included two ephemeral pit structures, one possible pit structure, an extramural area that may have been used to fire pottery, and a trash-filled wash. All features date to the late A.D. 1200s. The possible pottery firing area was adjacent to the trash-filled wash. The latter contained polishing stones and partially reconstructible vessels from nearly every utilitarian and decorated ceramic ware recovered from late thirteenth century contexts in the Safford Basin, except Maverick Mountain Series pottery. A number of the partial vessels were secondarily burned, suggesting they were used to cover vessels that were being fired. Maverick Mountain Series pottery was only recovered at the site from the two pit structures where it was found in substantial quantities. Both structures were ephemeral and dug into loose sand. Considering the correlation of Maverick Mountain Series pottery with the inhabitants of northeastern Arizona, these structures may have been temporary encampments for immigrants who either moved on or gained acceptance into the local community. Single pit structures were also identified at CC:2:290 and CC:2:291 near the eastern and western margins of the Daley site, respectively. Both structures were also occupied during the late 1200s and associated with small quantities of Maverick Mountain Series pottery. CC:2:289 was in a plowed field within the southern half of the proposed detention basin. Prehistoric features that had survived plowing included two small pit structures, two flexed burials, and a number of pits of indeterminate function. AMS radiocarbon dates and diagnostic artifacts from these features suggest long-term, low-level activity consistent with extended use of the site for agricultural purposes from circa A.D. 1-A.D. 1300. Three prehistoric canals (AZ CC:2:296 [ASM] Features 1 and 2 and AZ CC:2:297 [ASM]) traversed CC:2:289 and were associated with several of the site components. CC:2:296 Features 1 and 2 followed parallel courses and were probably used sequentially. AMS radiocarbon dates from these two canals suggest they were utilized in the AD. 1-300 range, the earliest evidence for irrigation to date in the Safford Basin. An AMS radiocarbon date from a maize cupule recovered from a nearby pit also overlapped with this range. AMS radiocarbon dates from CC:2:297 did not overlap, but use in the late Formative or early Classic period is suggested, perhaps in association with the two pit structures. Finally, a large late historic-period canal (CC:2:298 Locus 2), was identified within the site boundaries of CC:2:290. Archival research revealed that this was a segment of the Central Canal abandoned in 1905 after a large flood. The late historic Smithville Canal (AZ CC:2:79 [ASM]), constructed in 1880, approached the northwestern edge of the project area. An eastward extension of this canal and diversion dam, constructed several decades ago, skirted the northern edge of the project area.

Archaeological monitoring was conducted during subsurface construction activities associated with the relocation of a portion of the Utah Extension (AZ U:9:254 [ASM]) within the City of Mesa. Construction procedures consisted of excavating a trench approximately 0.2 miles (0.31 kilometers) long and four feet (1.22 meters) wide along an alleyway north of and downslope from the Utah Extension. Additional excavations included six areas: one at each end of the trench , one near the approximate center of the trench, and three areas at the present location of the Utah Extension, corresponding to excavations on the trench, up the grade to the manhole structures at the present location of the Utah Extension were also included. Excavations reached a maximum depth of approximately five feet (1.5 meters).

On December 29, 1997, and January 9 and February 20, 1998, Archaeological Research Services, Inc. (ARS) conducted a cultural resources (archaeological) survey along a portion of the Grand Canal in Glendale, Maricopa County, Arizona. The survey was performed at the request of the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) to determine if important cultural resources were present within or immediately adjacent to the study area which could be affected by the construction of a proposed drainage channel associated with the Agua Fria Freeway (ADOT Project #RAM 600; TRACS# 101L MA H0795 S1D). The study was performed under the conditions of Contract No. 97-17 between the ARS and ADOT, and the authority of Permits 97-17BL and 98-13BL, issued to ARS by the Arizona State Museum (ASM); the ASM was notified of ARS's intent to perform the survey by letter of 12-29-97. The total of approximately 35.8 acres (14.5 hectares) of private and municipal lands were examined during this study. As a result of the survey, one historic archaeological site, one historic feature, and one potentially historic feature were identified and recorded within and immediately adjacent to the project area. These cultural resources are briefly described below. Site AZ T:7:167 (ASM), represented by an in-use segment of the historic Grand Canal, constructed between 1878 and 1886. This canal segment apparently serves to channel surplus or run-off (waste) water from area agricultural fields into the New River channel approximately one-half mile to the west. As an aggregate historic property, the Grand Canal is considered to be eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) under Criteria A (association with important events) and C (design/construction) of 36 CFR Part 60.4 However, that portion of the Grand Canal within the current study area has been extensively modified from its original condition by reconstruction and enlargement projects in 1907 and 1911-1913, and by the addition of a modern concrete lining. As such, this segment of the Grand Canal lacks several critical aspects of integrity including setting, materials, workmanship, and feeling. It is the opinion of ARS that the portion of the Grand Canal within the project area, does not contribute to the overall National Register eligibility of Site 167 (ASM), and no further preservation and/or avoidance measures are recommended. In addition to the historic archaeological site, portions of a historic irrigation canal and a possibly historic irrigation canal were identified and recorded. These irrigation features consist of, respectively, an historic Roosevelt Irrigation District canal constructed in 1928 and extensively upgraded in 1984-1985, and a historic/modern unlined dirt irrigation distribution canal. Although at least one of these structures is of historic age, both have been modified from their original condition, and are unremarkable examples of a common type of irrigation structure. These features do not represent significant cultural resources in terms of National Register of Historic Places eligibility criteria; no further preservation and/or avoidance measures are recommended. Cultural resources clearance for the proposed drainage channel construction project is being recommended for approval by the appropriate entity (ies). In the event that subsurface cultural remains are encountered during the course of the proposed project, such activities must be discontinued in the immediate vicinity of the remains, and a professional archaeologist consulted in order to determine their nature and significance.

Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) conducted a cultural resources survey on the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community for a proposed landfill site. The survey, requested by Terry Leonard of the SRPMIC, was undertaken to identify and assess cultural resources that might be impacted by the development of the landfill. Twenty-three sites were identified, 18 prehistoric and five historic. Nine of the prehistoric sites represent lithic scatters, four are artifact scatters, and five are canal alignments. Of the historic sites, four consist of trash scatters and one is a historic road alignment. Nine prehistoric and nine historic isolated finds were recorded.