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This article deals with a type of coaster from the northwest Mediterranean called tartane. This emblematic coaster is generally presented as the most commonly utilised boat for cargo transport from the 16th century until the end of sailing ship coastal trade in this area at the very beginning of the 20th century. Although it is often described as a wide-bottom one-masted lateen ship, we can count at least four different rigging systems in various iconographic resources portraying tartanes, dating from 1679 to the very first decades of the 20th century. These diverse rigging systems reveal some developments to and influences on the tartane-type vessel, and they add complexity to our vision of a maritime cultural landscape in a coherent sailing space that includes the Gulf of Lion and Liguria. Cet article traite d’un type de caboteur à voile de la Méditerranée nord-occidentale appelé tartane. Ce caboteur emblématique est généralement présenté comme le bateau le plus utilisé pour le transport de marchandises du xvie siècle jusqu’à la fin du commerce côtier par voiliers dans cette zone, au tout début du xxe siècle. Bien qu’il soit souvent décrit comme un navire à voile latine à large fond, on peut compter au moins quatre systèmes de gréement différents dans diverses sources iconographiques représentant des tartanes, de 1679 aux toutes premières décennies du xxe siècle. Ces divers systèmes de gréement mettent en évidence un certain nombre de développements et d’influences sur le navire de type tartane et ils ajoutent de la complexité à notre vision d’un paysage culturel maritime inscrit dans un espace de navigation cohérent qui comprend le golfe du Lion et la Ligurie.

This article deals with a type of coaster from the northwest Mediterranean called tartane. This emblematic coaster is generally presented as the most commonly utilised boat for cargo transport from the 16th century until the end of sailing ship coastal trade in this area at the very beginning of the 20th century. Although it is often described as a wide-bottom one-masted lateen ship, we can count at least four different rigging systems in various iconographic resources portraying tartanes, dating from 1679 to the very first decades of the 20th century. These diverse rigging systems reveal some developments to and influences on the tartane-type vessel, and they add complexity to our vision of a maritime cultural landscape in a coherent sailing space that includes the Gulf of Lion and Liguria., Cet article traite d’un type de caboteur à voile de la Méditerranée nord-occidentale appelé tartane. Ce caboteur emblématique estgénéralement présenté comme le bateau le plus utilisé pour le transport de marchandises du XVIe siècle jusqu’à la fin du commercecôtier par voiliers dans cette zone, au tout début du XXe siècle. Bien qu’il soit souvent décrit comme un navire à voile latine à largefond, on peut compter au moins quatre systèmes de gréement différents dans diverses sources iconographiques représentant destartanes, de 1679 aux toutes premières décennies du XXe siècle. Ces divers systèmes de gréement mettent en évidence un certainnombre de développements et d’influences sur le navire de type tartane et ils ajoutent de la complexité à notre vision d’un paysageculturel maritime inscrit dans un espace de navigation cohérent qui comprend le golfe du Lion et la Ligurie.

Cropland area per capita and pressure index on cropland are important parameters for measuring the social vulnerability and sustainability from the perspective of food security in a certain region in China during the historical periods. This study reconstructed the change in spatial distribution of cropland area per labor/household and pressure index on cropland during the 17th–20th century by using historical documents, regression analysis, pressure index model, and GIS (geographic information system). Following this, we analyzed the impacting process of climate change and sustainability of cropland use during the different periods. The conclusions of this study are as follows: (i) there was an obvious spatial difference of labor/household density, as there was higher density in three agricultural areas, which had the same pattern as cropland distribution during the same periods; (ii) Cropland area per capita was relatively higher during the 17th–18th century, which were above 0.4 ha/person in the majority of counties and were distributed homogenously. Until the 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, cropland area per capita in a considerable proportion of regions decreased below 0.2 ha/person, which embodies the increase in social vulnerability and unsustainability at that time; (iii) The pressure index on cropland also showed a spatial pattern similar to cropland area per capita, which presented as having a lower threshold than nowadays. During the 17th–18th century, there was no pressure on cropland. In comparison, in the 19th century and at the beginning of 20th century, two high-value centers of pressure index on cropland appeared in the Middle Shandong and the Jiaodong region. As a result, pressure on cropland use increased and a food crisis was likely to have been created; (iv) A higher extent of sustainable cropland use corresponded to the cold period, while a lower extent of sustainable cropland use corresponded to the warm period in Shandong over the past 300 years. The turning point of the 1680s from dry to wet was not distinctively attributed to the decrease in the extent of sustainable cropland use in Shandong. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the increasing pressure on the sustainability of cropland use finally intensified the social conflict and increased the probability of social revolts.

L'auteur observe les raisons pour lesquelles les limites réelles ou imaginaires de l'Europe centrale à l'époque moderne ne coïncident pas toujours avec celles de ce que l'on appelle "l'Europe centrale" au XXe siècle. La signification de la notion d'Europe centrale varie selon la place relative occupée des États comme le Saint Empire, l'Autriche et la Russie. Sur la scène politique européenne, lorsque la Russie entre en jeu, c'est elle qui gagne le statut de puissance orientale jusqu'alors occupé par la monarchie des Habsbourg. La région reste un enjeu fort des relations internationales entre les puissances, du XVIIe à la fin du XIXe siècle, entre France et Autriche d'abord, entre France et Prusse et Angleterre ensuite, puis entre France et Allemagne enfin.

Tetra Tech EC, Inc. (TtEC), conducted a Phase I and II archeological survey of the project area for the proposed replacement of Brindle Lake Dam, under contract to Fort Dix. The structure is a low earth dam on Brindletown Creek on the Fort Dix Military Reservation in the Township of Plumsted, Ocean County, New Jersey. The project’s area of potential effects (APE) covers an area of 5.5 acres (2.3 hectares) and includes the dam, two laydown areas, and access roads. A portion of the project area had previously been surveyed during a planning-level study of Fort Dix in 2003 to 2004. That survey identified a mid- to late nineteenth century site, 28-OC-152, which includes the proposed North Laydown Area. An evaluation of the archeological evidence concluded that, pursuant to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 USC 470f), the project will have no effect on significant historic properties. No additional archeological study is recommended. This is a final report.

The zaojing is a wooden construction system that covers opera stages for rain protection and sound control. Zaojings in China display a diverse range of geometric expressions, delicate manufacturing, structural behaviours, and acoustic qualities. Despite their uniqueness and patrimonial interest, very little literature is known to exist, and it lacks comprehensiveness. Based on the fresh field investigations in North- and South- China, at least six kinds of zaojing types have been collected. From the view of geometry, construction, structural behaviour and renovation process, this paper attempts to introduce one of the unique type “spiral zaojing” comprehensively and intensively. Through the interview with three local carpenter masters, the field practice in contemporary rural China could also be brought to light.