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The Himalayan orogen exposes a range of metamorphosed assemblages, from low-grade Indian shelf sediments of the Tethyan Formation to eclogite and ultra-high pressure rocks documented near the sutur...

Pollen-based vegetation, biodiversity, and biome reconstructions over the last 15,500 years from sediment core data at Mbi Crater in the Cameroon highlands (6.089273° N, 10.348549° E; 2015 m above sea level) are used to discuss the behavior of the lower edge of the Afromontane forest facing climate change. The data reveal that the post-glacial forest change gradually happened at Mbi and that the forest-wooded grassland ecotone was highly influenced by the climate variability related to the North Atlantic. The forest disruption and diversity loss intermittently occurred over the whole period, and their vegetation changes temporally match dry-cold events at the northern latitudes during the Younger Dryas, at 9.5–9.1 ka, 8.6–8.0 ka, 6.7–6.0 ka, 3.2 ka, and during the Little Ice Age (LIA). During the LIA, the mountain forest was subject to unprecedented levels of disturbance at all altitudes, unlike the seasonal lowland forests, which appears to have been only marginally affected.

Stable water isotopes from polar ice cores are invaluable high-resolution climate proxy records. Recent studies have aimed to improve our understanding of how the climate signal is stored in the stable water isotope record by addressing the influence of post-depositional processes on the isotopic composition of surface snow. In this study, the relationship between surface snow metamorphism and water isotopes during precipitation-free periods is explored using measurements of snow-specific surface area (SSA). Continuous daily SSA measurements from the East Greenland Ice Core Project site (EastGRIP) during the summer seasons of 2017, 2018 and 2019 are used to develop an empirical decay model to describe events of rapid decrease in SSA linked to snow metamorphism. We find that SSA decay during precipitation-free periods at the EastGRIP site is best described by the exponential equation SSA(t)=(SSA0-22)⋅e-αt+22, and has a dependency on wind speed. The relationship between surface snow SSA and snow isotopic composition is primarily explored using empirical orthogonal function analysis. A coherence between SSA and deuterium excess is apparent during 2017 and 2019, suggesting that processes driving change in SSA also influence snow deuterium excess. By contrast, 2018 was characterised by a covariance between SSA and δ18O highlighting the inter-annual variability in surface regimes. Moreover, we observed changes in isotopic composition consistent with fractionation effects associated with sublimation and vapour diffusion during periods of rapid decrease in SSA. Our findings support recent studies which provide evidence of isotopic fractionation during sublimation, and show that snow deuterium excess is modified during snow metamorphism.

The carbon (C) dynamics of northern peatlands are sensitive to hydrological changes owing to ecohydrological feedbacks. We quantified and evaluated the impact of water level variations in a beaver pond (BP) on the CO2 flux dynamics of an adjacent, raised Sphagnum–shrub-dominated bog in southern Canada. We applied the CoupModel to the Mer Bleue bog, where the hydrological, energy and CO2 fluxes have been measured continuously for over 20 years. The lateral flow of water from the bog to the BP was estimated by the hydraulic gradient between the peatland and the BP's water level and the vertical profile of peat hydraulic conductivity. The model outputs were compared with the measured hydrological components, CO2 flux and energy flux data (1998–2019). CoupModel was able to reproduce the measured data well. The simulation shows that variation in the BP water level (naturally occurring or due to management) influenced the bog net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2. Over 1998–2004, the BP water level was 0.75 to 1.0 m lower than during 2017–2019. Simulated net CO2 uptake was 55 gCm-2yr-1 lower during 1998–2004 compared to 2017–2019 when there was no BP disturbance, which was similar to the differences in measured NEE between those periods. Peatland annual NEE was well correlated with water table depth (WTD) within the bog, and NEE also shows a linear relation with the water level at the BP, with a slope of −120 gCO2-Cm-2yr-1m-1. The current modelling predicts that the bog may switch from CO2 sink to source when the BP water levels drop lower than ∼ 1.7 m below the peat surface at the eddy covariance (EC) tower, located on the bog surface 250 m from the BP. This study highlights the importance of natural and human disturbances to adjacent water bodies in regulating the net CO2 uptake function of northern peatlands.

The vicinity of the Rozprza archaeological site (central Poland) has been the area of a series of palaeoecological studies tracking the environmental history of the Luciąża River valley up to ca. 13,200 cal. BP. Numerous subfossil palaeomeanders of different sizes have been discovered in the valley floor. Here, we present the first results of multiproxy research on the paleo-oxbow lake fill, one of the oldest in the region. The wide range of palaeoecological analyses resulted in reconstructions of vegetation history, climatic, hydrological and habitat changes. The studied oxbow was an aquatic ecosystem with diverse invertebrate fauna until the end of Younger Dryas when it transformed into a limno-telmatic habitat. The sediment composition indicates active denudation processes and several episodes of turbulent hydrological conditions. Such an increased river activity could have caused flooding, resulting in an allochthonous matter supply to the oxbow lake in Late Vistulian. Environmental changes were strictly related to the regional features of the catchment, the transformation of soils, and the hydrogeological conditions. The chironomid- and pollen-inferred climatic reconstructions indicate periods of high and low continentality. The chironomid record indicates relatively cool summer conditions in the Allerød, especially ca. 13,000 cal. BP, possibly related to the Gerzensee Oscillation. On the other hand, a distinct increase of summer temperatures in Younger Dryas (up to 16 °C) was recorded. Such a situation was also confirmed in some other studies from the region, suggesting that it might be the effect of some specific, local palaeoclimatic conditions. Fundator badań: Fundator badań: Optional.empty

The Kuril Islands stretch southwest from Kamchatka, Russia, to Hokkaido, Japan and separate the Sea of Okhotsk from the northern Pacific Ocean. A series of transgressions and regressions linked to variations in climatically affected global ice volume are among the most important drivers of Holocene environmental changes in the region. Despite a long research history, reconstructions of the Holocene palaeoenvironment are sparse with inconsistent interpretations, arising from insufficient dating control, different temporal resolutions, and specific local geographical features, such as high tectonic activity and the isolated nature of the area. We have investigated a 550 cm lake sediment section from Iturup Island, the largest among the Kuril Islands. The 6600 year old sediment section was studied using sedimentological, geochemical, chironomid, diatom, and pollen analyses to reconstruct environmental and climatic changes and sea level fluctuations (transgression – regression stages). During the warm late phase of the Middle Holocene (6600–4400 cal BP) an open bay or lagoon with shallow overgrown littorals existed at the sampling site. The cooling between 5600 and 4400 cal BP can be correlated with Neoglacial cooling. The cool period between 4200 and 3200 cal BP was a transition towards the formation of a freshwater lagoon and can be related to a decline of the Japan Late Jomon transgression (Sakaguchi, 1983). Between 3200 and 2800 cal BP the lagoon separated from the marine environment in response to a further sea level decrease during the Japan Latest Jomon cold stage and regression. The following increase in the share of broad-leaved pollen indicated a slight warming (Yayoi transition stage) that was interrupted by a short-term cooling spell between 1500 and 1400 cal BP (cold Japan Kofun stage). The period between ca 1100 and 800 cal BP can be related to the European Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) or relatively dry Japan Nara-Heian-Kamakura warm stage. The Little Ice Age cooling and Edo regression were evident after ca 800 cal BP. Modern warming however is not well seen in the investigated core.

Aquaponics, one of the vertical farming methods, is a combination of aquaculture and hydroponics. To enhance the production capabilities of the aquaponics system and maximize crop yield on a commercial level, integration of Industry 4.0 technologies is needed. Industry 4.0 is a strategic initiative characterized by the fusion of emerging technologies such as big data and analytics, internet of things, robotics, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence. The realization of aquaponics 4.0, however, requires an efficient flow and integration of data due to the presence of complex biological processes. A key challenge in this essence is to deal with the semantic heterogeneity of multiple data resources. An ontology that is regarded as one of the normative tools solves the semantic interoperation problem by describing, extracting, and sharing the domains’ knowledge. In the field of agriculture, several ontologies are developed for the soil-based farming methods, but so far, no attempt has been made to represent the knowledge of the aquaponics 4.0 system in the form of an ontology model. Therefore, this study proposes a unified ontology model, AquaONT, to represent and store the essential knowledge of an aquaponics 4.0 system. This ontology provides a mechanism for sharing and reusing the aquaponics 4.0 system’s knowledge to solve the semantic interoperation problem. AquaONT is built from indoor vertical farming terminologies and is validated and implemented by considering experimental test cases related to environmental parameters, design configuration, and product quality. The proposed ontology model will help vertical farm practitioners with more transparent decision-making regarding crop production, product quality, and facility layout of the aquaponics farm. For future work, a decision support system will be developed using this ontology model and artificial intelligence techniques for autonomous data-driven decisions.

Canola meal is a low-value agricultural residue obtained after oil extraction from canola, the utilization of which requires further attention. On the other hand, plastic waste disposal is also another leading issue that creates severe environmental challenges. Supercritical water gasification is considered an environmentally friendly technology to produce hydrogen from plastic residues and organic wastes. This study deals with hydrothermal co-gasification of canola meal and plastic wastes (i.e., low-density polyethylene) while exploring the influence of temperature (375–525°C), residence time (15–60 min) and plastic-to-biomass ratio (0:100, 20:80, 50:50, 80:20 and 100:0) on hydrogen yield. Maximum hydrogen yield (8.1 mmol/g) and total gas yield (17.9 mmol/g) were obtained at optimal temperature and residence time of 525°C and 60 min, respectively. A change in the gas yield with variable plastic-to-biomass ratio showed synergistic effects between both feedstocks. The trend of catalytic performance towards improving hydrogen yield was in the following order: WO3–TiO2 (18.5 mmol/g) > KOH (16.9 mmol/g) > TiO2 (9.5 mmol/g) > ZrO2 (7.8 mmol/g) > WO3–ZrO2 (7.4 mmol/g).

International audience; The Anthropocene was conceptualized in 2000 to reflect the extensive impact of human activities on our planet, and subsequent detailed analyses have revealed a substantial Earth System response to these impacts beginning in the mid-20 th century. Key to this understanding was the discovery of a sharp upturn in a multitude of global socioeconomic indicators and Earth System trends at that time; a phenomenon termed the 'Great Acceleration'. It coincides with massive increases in global human-consumed energy and shows the Earth System now on a trajectory far exceeding the earlier variability of the Holocene Epoch, and in some respects the entire Quaternary Period. The evaluation of geological signals similarly shows the mid-20 th century as representing the most appropriate inception for the Anthropocene. A recent mathematical analysis has nonetheless challenged the significance of the original Great Acceleration data. We examine this analytical approach and reiterate the robustness of the original data in supporting the Great Acceleration, while emphasizing that intervals of rapid growth are inevitably time-limited, as recognised at the outset. Moreover, the exceptional magnitude of this growth remains undeniable, reaffirming the centrality of the Great Acceleration in justifying a formal chronostratigraphic Anthropocene at the rank of series/epoch.

Funding Information: This research has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement (EnergyMatching project number 768766), and J. Gust. Richert foundation in Sweden (grant number: 2020-00586). Funding Information: This research has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement (EnergyMatching project number 768766 ), and J. Gust. Richert foundation in Sweden (grant number: 2020-00586 ). Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s) Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy sharing among neighboring households is a promising solution to mitigating the difficulties of renewable power (such as solar Photovoltaics (PV)) penetration on the power grid. Until now, there is still a lack of study on the impacts of future climate change on the P2P energy trading performances. The future climate change will cause variances in the renewable energy production and further lead to changes in the economic performances of households with various energy uses and affect the decision making in PV ownership and pricing strategies. Being unaware of these impacts could potentially hinder the P2P energy sharing application in practice. To bridge such knowledge gap, this paper conducts a systematic investigation of the climate change impacts on the energy sharing performance in solar PV power shared communities. The future weather data is generated using the Morphine method, and an agent-based modeling method is used for simulating the energy trading behaviors of households. Four comparative scenarios of different PV ownerships and pricing strategies are designed. The detailed energy trading performances (including the PV power self-sufficiency, cost saving, revenues, and compound annual growth rate) for the four comparative scenarios are analyzed under both the present and future climates and compared. The study results of a building community located in Sweden show that the future climate change is more beneficial to large energy use households while less beneficial to small households. High price of energy trading can improve the fairness of the economic performances in the community, especially when some of the households do not have any PV ownership. This study can help understand the future climate impacts on the energy sharing performances of building communities, which can in turn guide decision making in PV ownership and price setting for different households under the future climate change to facilitate real applications.

Powertrain electrification has been proven as an effective solution to public concerns about fossil fuel usage and carbon emissions. As a midterm technology from conventional internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles have received wide research attention from industry and academics alike and are sharing an increasing percentage of vehicles in the market. As a crucial component in hybrid powertrains, the internal combustion engine has important impacts on vehicle performance. Recent years have witnessed tremendous effort towards hybrid electric vehicle-specific engine technologies. Low temperature combustion concept, alternative fuels, over-expansion Atkinson cycle, and waste heat recovery technique provide the most promising solutions to clean and efficient hybrid-specific engines. In this paper, recent progress in these four technologies on hybrid powertrain platforms is reviewed comprehensively. Working principles, influencing factors, benefit potentials, advantages, and disadvantages of each technology are discussed in detail. Although these technologies present improvement in fuel economy and emissions, there are several issues as well. Challenges and concerns associated with system complexity, restricted operating conditions, controls, cost, safety, etc., are specified, and corresponding recommendations are provided from technology level to powertrain level. Future research opportunities are suggested at the end to encourage more research activities in this area.

Landslides are a major geohazard that cause thousands of fatalities every year. Despite their importance, identifying unstable slopes and forecasting collapses remains a major challenge. In this study, we use the 7 February 2021 Chamoli rock–ice avalanche as a data-rich example to investigate the potential of remotely sensed datasets for the assessment of slope stability. We investigate imagery over the 3 decades preceding collapse and assess the precursory signs exhibited by this slope prior to the catastrophic collapse. We evaluate monthly slope motion from 2015 to 2021 through feature tracking of high-resolution optical satellite imagery. We then combine these data with a time series of pre- and post-event digital elevation models (DEMs), which we use to evaluate elevation change over the same area. Both datasets show that the 26.9×106 m3 collapse block moved over 10 m horizontally and vertically in the 5 years preceding collapse, with particularly rapid motion occurring in the summers of 2017 and 2018. We propose that the collapse results from a combination of snow loading in a deep headwall crack and permafrost degradation in the heavily jointed bedrock. Despite observing a clear precursory signal, we find that the timing of the Chamoli rock–ice avalanche could likely not have been forecast from satellite data alone. Our results highlight the potential of remotely sensed imagery for assessing landslide hazard in remote areas, but that challenges remain for operational hazard monitoring., Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 22 (10), ISSN:1561-8633, ISSN:1684-9981

Cyclone Pam swept through the archipelago of Vanuatu on 13-14 March 2015, with wind speeds exceeding those recorded anywhere in the South Pacific since the 1980s. Southern and central parts of the country were particularly affected. Material damage on Tongoa, one of the most afflicted islands, was extensive, but no deaths were reported. During the storm, villagers found shelter in their kitchen, in what is considered locally as a 'lifeboat'. The aftermath was managed and mitigated by international aid organisations. On Tongoa, this included a 'Shelter Cluster' programme, under which villagers were given house rebuilding kits. Elaborating upon extensive ethnographic investigations on site between 2011 and 2018, this paper explores and reveals the ways in which this aid generated confusion among the local population. In a larger context of regular disasters triggered by natural hazards, locals have found endogenous ways of dealing with such extreme climatic events, for the most part without any external assistance.في الفترة من 13 إلى 14 مارس 2015 ، اجتاح إعصار بام أرخبيل منطقة فان واتو بسرعات رياح تجاوزت تلك المسجلة في أي مكان في منطقة جنوب المحيط الهادئ منذ الثمانينيات. وقد تأثرت الأجزاء الجنوبية والوسطى من البلاد بشكل خاص. في تونغوا، إحدى الجزر الأكثر تضررًا، كانت الأضرار المادية جسيمة على الرغم من عدم الإبلاغ عن أي حالة وفاة. خلال العاصفة، وجد القرويون المأوى في مطبخهم، والذي اعتبروه محليًا "قوارب نجاة". تمت إدارة تداعيات الكارثة والتخفيف من حدتها من قبل منظمات الإغاثة الدولية. وشمل ذلك في تونغوا برنامج "مجموعة المأوى" حيث تم تزويد القرويين بمجموعات أدوات إعادة بناء المنازل. بالتفصيل في التحقيقات الإثنوغرافية المكثفة في الموقع التي أجريت بين عامي 2011 و 2018 ، تستكشف هذه المقالة وتكشف الطرق التي تسببت بها هذه المساعدة في حدوث ارتباك بين السكان المحليين. في سياق أكبر من الكوارث العادية التي تسببها الأخطار الطبيعية، وجد السكان المحليون طرقًا داخلية للتعامل مع مثل هذه الأحداث المناخية المتطرفة ، في الجزء الأكبر من دون أي مساعدات خارجية - مما يكشف عن ديناميكية المساعدات الإنسانية الكلمات الدالة: إعصار بام ، كارثة ، مساعدات إنسانية ، إعادة بناء ما بعد الكارثة ، تو نغوا ، فان واتو ، العمارة العامية.2015年3月13日-14日，飓风帕姆席卷瓦努阿图群岛，风速超过了自1980年代以来南太平洋地区任何地方的记录。该国南部和中部地区受到的影响尤其严重。汤戈阿是受灾最为严重的岛屿之一，虽然没有死亡报告，但财产损失很大。暴风雨期间，村民们都躲在厨房里避难，厨房被当地人视为是“救生艇”。国际援助组织为这场灾难提供了善后工作和减灾帮助。这包括一项“避难所助建”计划，向村民提供房屋重建工具包。本文详细阐述了2011年至2018年间，在现场进行的大范围民族学调查，探讨并揭示了这种援助对当地人造成混乱的各种情况。对于周期性的自然灾害，当地人在大多数没有任何外界援助的情况下，已经掌握了一些在处理此类极端气候事件的老办法，这也揭示了人道主义援助的动态 关键词：飓风帕姆，灾难，人道主义援助，灾后重建，汤戈阿，瓦努阿图，乡土建筑.

Lead (Pb) is one of the most paradoxical elements, both having diverse practical uses, as well as being extremely toxic to humans, and especially to children. The use of Pb records a steady growth with annual production currently exceeding 10 million metric tons. In spite of the environmental awareness of modern society, humans are still exposed to Pb through its emission by smelting and mining activities, and also by Pb-bearing mine wastes and soils. Here, we review the chemical and mineralogical forms of Pb generated from smelting and mining processes and subsequently altered in tailings, slag piles, and soils. In smelter plumes, Pb is emitted to the atmosphere either in the form of smaller nano-size particulate matter (PM) often associated with S, or larger micrometer Pb-bearing PM matter accompanied by oxide-silicate matrices. Pb-bearing phases in mine tailings and impacted soils depict a greater mineralogical and chemical complexity than those emitted from smelters and the larger particle size of this PM also leads to a lower Pb bioavailability. High resolution observations in aquatic system, soils and rock coatings impacted by smelting and mining activities show the presence of Pb-bearing phosphates, sulfides, sulfates, carbonates, and oxide nanoparticles. Larger micrometer size particles of Pb-bearing minerals form often through the aggregation of Pb-bearing nanoparticles, a process commonly referred to as crystallization through particle attachment. Mobilization of Pb within soil columns is strongly affected by the transport of colloids, especially those composed of organic matter and Fe-hydroxides because Pb is taken up efficiently by these two soil components. The extraordinary variability and complexities of all of these processes suggest that future reduction of Pb contamination in the environment and its impact on human health mainly depends on eliminating or greatly reducing Pb-release from smelting operations and tailings impoundments.

Climate change is expected to have detrimental consequences on fragile ecosystems, threatening biodiversity, as well as food security of millions of people. Trees are likely to play a central role in mitigating these impacts. The microclimatic conditions below tree canopies usually differ substantially from the ambient macroclimate as vegetation can buffer temperature changes and variability. Trees cool down their surroundings through several biophysical mechanisms, and the cooling benefits occur also with trees outside forest. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of canopy cover on microclimate in an intensively modified Afromontane landscape in Taita Taveta, Kenya. We studied temperatures recorded by 19 microclimate sensors under different canopy covers, as well as land surface temperature (LST) estimated by Landsat 8 thermal infrared sensor. We combined the temperature records with high-resolution airborne laser scanning data to untangle the combined effects of topography and canopy cover on microclimate. We developed four multivariate regression models to study the joint impacts of topography and canopy cover on LST. The results showed a negative linear relationship between canopy cover percentage and daytime mean (R2=0.65) and maximum (R2=0.75) temperatures. Any increase in canopy cover contributed to reducing temperatures. The average difference between 0 % and 100 % canopy cover sites was 5.2 ∘C in mean temperatures and 10.2 ∘C in maximum temperatures. Canopy cover (CC) reduced LST on average by 0.05 ∘C per percent CC. The influence of canopy cover on microclimate was shown to vary strongly with elevation and ambient temperatures. These results demonstrate that trees have a substantial effect on microclimate, but the effect is dependent on macroclimate, highlighting the importance of maintaining tree cover particularly in warmer conditions. Hence, we demonstrate that trees outside forests can increase climate change resilience in fragmented landscapes, having strong potential for regulating regional and local temperatures.

We review palaeoenvironmental proxies and combinations of these relevant for understanding hunter-gatherer niche construction activities in pre-agricultural Europe. Our approach consists of two steps: (1) identify the possible range of hunter-gatherer impacts on landscapes based on ethnographic studies; (2) evaluate proxies possibly reflecting these impacts for both the Eemian (Last Interglacial, Middle Palaeolithic) and the Early–Middle Holocene (Mesolithic). We found these paleoenvironmental proxies were not able to unequivocally establish clear-cut differences between specific anthropogenic, climatic and megafaunal impacts for either time period in this area. We discuss case studies for both periods and show that published evidence for Mesolithic manipulation of landscapes is based on the interpretation of comparable data as available for the Last Interglacial. If one applies the ‘Mesolithic’ interpretation schemes to the Neanderthal record, three common niche construction activities can be hypothesised: vegetation burning, plant manipulation and impact on animal species presence and abundance. Our review suggests that as strong a case can be made for a Neanderthal impact on landscapes as for anthropogenic landscape changes during the Mesolithic, even though the Neanderthal evidence comes from only one high-resolution site complex. Further research should include attempts (e.g. by means of modelling studies) to establish whether hunter-gatherer impact on landscapes played out at a local level only versus at a larger scale during both time periods, while we also need to obtain comparative data on the population sizes of Last Interglacial and Holocene hunter-gatherers, as these are usually inferred to have differed significantly.

Marine litter is one of the main sources of anthropogenic pollution in the marine ecosystem, with plastic representing a global threat. This paper aims to assess the spatial distribution of plastic macro-litter on the seafloor, identifying accumulation hotspots at a northern Mediterranean scale. Density indices (items km–2) from the MEDITS trawl surveys (years 2013-2015) were modelled by generalized additive models using a Delta-type approach and several covariates: latitude, longitude, depth, seafloor slope, surface oceanographic currents and distances from main ports. To set thresholds for the identification of accumulation areas, the percentiles (85th, 90th and 95th) of the plastic spatial density distribution were computed on the raster data. In the northern Mediterranean marine macro-litter was widespread (90.13% of the 1279 surveyed stations), with plastic by far the most recurrent category. The prediction map of the plastic density highlighted accumulation areas (85th, 90th and 95th percentiles of the distribution, respectively, corresponding to 147, 196 and 316 items km–2) in the Gulf of Lions, eastern Corsica, the eastern Adriatic Sea, the Argo-Saronic region and waters around southern Cyprus. Maximum densities were predicted in correspondence to the shallower depths and in proximity to populated areas (distance from the ports). Surface currents and local water circulation with cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies were identified as drivers likely facilitating the sinking to the bottoms of floating debris, Sí

The Blanes submarine canyon (BC) deeply incises the Catalan continental shelf in the NW Mediterranean Sea. As a consequence of the closeness (only 4 km) of its head to the coastline and the mouth of the Tordera River, the canyon has a direct influence on the shelf dispersal system as it collects large amounts of sediment, mainly during high-energy events. Multibeam bathymetry, backscatter imagery and very-high resolution seismic reflection profiles have allowed characterizing the morphology of the continental shelf around the canyon head, also identifying sediment sources and transport pathways into the canyon. The morphological data have also been used to reconstruct the evolution of the continental shelf during the last sea-level transgression so that the current understanding of shelf-to-canyon sediment exchanges through time could be improved. The continental shelf surrounding the BC consists of both depositional and erosional or non-depositional areas. Depositional areas display prominent sediment bodies, a generally smooth bathymetry and variable backscatter. These include: (i) an area of modern coarse-grained sediment accumulation that comprises the inner shelf; (ii) a modern fine-grained sedimentation area on the middle shelf offshore Tossa de Mar; and (iii) a modern sediment depleted area that covers most of the middle and outer shelf to the west of the canyon head. Erosional and non-depositional areas display a rough topography and high backscatter, and occur primarily to the east of the canyon head, where the arrival of river-fed inputs is very small. In agreement with this pattern, the continental shelf north and west of the canyon head likely is the main source of shelf sediment into the canyon. To the north, a pattern of very high backscatter extends from the coastline to the canyon head, suggesting the remobilization and off-shelf export of fines. Additionally, relict near-shore sand bodies developed over the Barcelona shelf that extend to the canyon head rim constitute a source of coarse sediment. High-energy processes, namely river floods and coastal storms, are the main controls over the river-shelf-canyon sediment exchange. River floods increase the delivery of terrigenous particles to the coastal system. Storms, mainly from the east, remobilize the sediment temporarily accumulated on the shelf towards the canyon head, so that the finer fractions are preferentially removed and a coarse lag is normally left on the shelf floor. Exceptionally, very strong storms also remove the coarse fractions from the shelf drive them into the canyon. Processes like dense shelf water cascading, which is much more intense in canyons to the north of BC, and the Northern Current also contribute to the transport of suspended sediment from far distant northern sources. During the last post-glacial transgression the BC had a strong influence on the evolution of the inner continental margin, as it interrupted the shelf sediment dispersal system by isolating the shelves to its north and south, named La Planassa and Barcelona shelves, respectively.

Full list of authors: Harra, Louise; Andretta, Vincenzo; Appourchaux, Thierry; Baudin, Frédéric; Bellot-Rubio, Luis; Birch, Aaron C.; Boumier, Patrick; Cameron, Robert H.; Carlsson, Matts; Corbard, Thierry; Davies, Jackie; Fazakerley, Andrew; Fineschi, Silvano; Finsterle, Wolfgang; Gizon, Laurent; Harrison, Richard; Hassler, Donald M.; Leibacher, John; Liewer, Paulett; Macdonald, Malcolm; Maksimovic, Milan; Murphy, Neil; Naletto, Giampiero; Nigro, Giuseppina; Owen, Christopher; Martínez-Pillet, Valentín; Rochus, Pierre; Romoli, Marco; Sekii, Takashi; Spadaro, Daniele; Veronig, Astrid; Schmutz, W.--This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/., A mission to view the solar poles from high helio-latitudes (above 60°) will build on the experience of Solar Orbiter as well as a long heritage of successful solar missions and instrumentation (e.g. SOHO Domingo et al. (Solar Phys. 162(1-2), 1–37 1995), STEREO Howard et al. (Space Sci. Rev. 136(1-4), 67–115 2008), Hinode Kosugi et al. (Solar Phys. 243(1), 3–17 2007), Pesnell et al. Solar Phys. 275(1–2), 3–15 2012), but will focus for the first time on the solar poles, enabling scientific investigations that cannot be done by any other mission. One of the major mysteries of the Sun is the solar cycle. The activity cycle of the Sun drives the structure and behaviour of the heliosphere and of course, the driver of space weather. In addition, solar activity and variability provides fluctuating input into the Earth climate models, and these same physical processes are applicable to stellar systems hosting exoplanets. One of the main obstructions to understanding the solar cycle, and hence all solar activity, is our current lack of understanding of the polar regions. In this White Paper, submitted to the European Space Agency in response to the Voyage 2050 call, we describe a mission concept that aims to address this fundamental issue. In parallel, we recognise that viewing the Sun from above the polar regions enables further scientific advantages, beyond those related to the solar cycle, such as unique and powerful studies of coronal mass ejection processes, from a global perspective, and studies of coronal structure and activity in polar regions. Not only will these provide important scientific advances for fundamental stellar physics research, they will feed into our understanding of impacts on the Earth and other planets’ space environment. © The Author(s) 2021., Open Access funding provided by ETH Zurich., With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709.

International audience; Ozone, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations over Paris, France and Stockholm, Sweden were modeled at 4 and 1 \unit{km} horizontal resolutions respectively for the present and 2050 periods employing decade-long simulations. We account for large-scale global climate change (RCP-4.5) and fine resolution bottom-up emission projections developed by local experts and quantify their impact on future pollutant concentrations. Moreover, we identify biases related to the implementation of regional scale emission projections over the study areas by comparing modeled pollutant concentrations between the fine and coarse scale simulations. We show that over urban areas with major regional contribution (e.g., the city of Stockholm) the bias due to coarse emission inventory may be significant and lead to policy misclassification. Our results stress the need to better understand the mechanism of bias propagation across the modeling scales in order to design more successful local-scale strategies. We find that the impact of climate change is spatially homogeneous in both regions, implying strong regional influence. The climate benefit for ozone (daily average and maximum) is up to -5 % for Paris and -2 % for Stockholm city. The joined climate benefit on PM2.5 and PM10 in Paris is between -10 and -5 % while for Stockholm we observe mixed trends up to 3 % depending on season and size class. In Stockholm, emission mitigation leads to concentration reductions up to 15 % for daily average and maximum ozone and 20 % for PM and through a sensitivity analysis we show that this response is entirely due to changes in emissions at the regional scale. On the contrary, over the city of Paris (VOC-limited photochemical regime), local mitigation of NOx emissions increases future ozone concentrations due to ozone titration inhibition. This competing trend between the respective roles of emission and climate change, results in an increase in 2050 daily average ozone by 2.5 % in Paris. Climate and not emission change appears to be the most influential factor for maximum ozone concentration over the city of Paris, which may be particularly interesting in a health impact perspective.

Advanced transportation biofuels have been the focus of intensive development since the early 2000s, and gasification in combination with synthesis technologies represents a flexible production pathway to deliver fuels for heavy-duty transport sectors that are difficult to electrify. This article is related to the pilot-scale development of a process concept aiming to smaller-scale production plants than are feasible with fluidized-bed gasifiers. Five test weeks with a total gasification time of 347 hours were realized at a pilot plant that consisted of the pressurized staged fixed-bed gasifier, raw gas cooling to 500–600 °C, filtration with robust metal filters, and catalytic reforming of tars and methane. The gasifier combined an updraft primary stage and a catalytically enhanced secondary stage where most of the updraft tars were decomposed. The tar content of the product gas, 2–12 g/m3, was of the same order of magnitude as determined previously for fluidized-bed gasifiers. Consequently, similar filtration and reforming methods could be successfully applied. After the reformer, the contents of C2-hydrocarbon gases and high-molecular-weight tars were negligible. Esa Kurkela,* Minna Kurkela, Ilkka Hiltunen Pilot-scale development of pressurized fixed-bed gasification for synthesis gas production from biomass residues Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01554-2

The economic consequences of drought episodes are increasingly important, although they are often difficult to apprehend in part because of the complexity of the underlying mechanisms. In this article, we will study one of the consequences of drought, namely the risk of subsidence (or more specifically clay shrinkage induced subsidence), for which insurance has been mandatory in France for several decades. Using data obtained from several insurers, representing about a quarter of the household insurance market, over the past twenty years, we propose some statistical models to predict the frequency but also the intensity of these droughts, for insurers, showing that climate change will have probably major economic consequences on this risk. But even if we use more advanced models than standard regression-type models (here random forests to capture non linearity and cross effects), it is still difficult to predict the economic cost of subsidence claims, even if all geophysical and climatic information is available.

The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is the leading mode of climate variability in the extratropical Southern Hemisphere, with major regional climate impacts. Observations, reconstructions, and historical climate simulations all show positive trends in the SAM since the 1960s; however, earlier trends in palaeoclimate SAM reconstructions cannot be reconciled with last millennium simulations. There are also large differences in the magnitude of solar irradiance change between various solar reconstructions, although most last millennium climate simulations have relied on a low-amplitude solar-forcing scenario. Here we investigate the sensitivity of the SAM to solar irradiance variations using simulations with a range of constant solar-forcing values and last millennium transient simulations with varying amplitude solar-forcing scenarios. We find the mean SAM state can be significantly altered by solar irradiance changes and that transient last millennium simulations using a high-amplitude solar scenario have an improved and significant agreement with proxy-based SAM reconstructions. Our findings suggest that the effects of solar forcing on high-latitude climate may not be adequately incorporated in most last millennium simulations due to solar irradiance changes that are too small and/or the absence of interactive atmospheric chemistry in the global climate models used for these palaeoclimate simulations.

Graphical abstract, Introduction Face masks are regarded as effective Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the dominant polypropylene (PP)-based masks are devoid of antiviral/antibacterial activities and create enormous environmental burdens after disposal. Objectives Here we report a facile and potentially scalable method to fabricate biodegradable, breathable, and biocidal cellulose nonwovens (BCNWs) to address both environmental and hygienic problems of commercially available face masks. Methods TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nonwovens are rendered antiviral/antibacterial via covalent bonding with disinfecting polyhexamethylene guanidine or neomycin sulfate through carbodiimide coupling chemistry. Results The obtained results showed that the BCNWs have virucidal rate of >99.14%, bactericidal efficiency of >99.51%, no leaching-out effect, and excellent air permeability of >1111.5 mm s−1. More importantly, the as-prepared BCNWs can inactivate SARS-CoV-2 instantly. Conclusions This strategy provides a new platform for the green fabrication of multifunctional cellulose nonwovens as scalable bio-protective layers with superior performance for various PPE in fighting COVID-19 or future pandemics. Additionally, replacing the non-biodegradable non-antimicrobial PP-based masks with the cellulose-based masks can reduce the plastic wastes and lower the greenhouse gas production from the incineration of disposed masks.

In this study we analyzed turbulent heat fluxes over a seasonal ice cover on a boreal lake located in southern Finland. Eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements of sensible (H) and latent heat (LE) from four ice-on seasons between 2014 and 2019 are compared to three different bulk transfer models: one with a constant transfer coefficient and two with stability-adjusted transfer coefficients: the Lake Heat Flux Analyzer and SEA-ICE. All three models correlate well with the EC results in general while typically underestimating the magnitude and the standard deviation of the flux in comparison to the EC observations. Differences between the models are small, with the constant transfer coefficient model performing slightly better than the stability-adjusted models. Small difference in temperature and humidity between surface and air results in low correlation between models and EC. During melting periods (surface temperature T0>0 ∘C), the model performance for LE decreases when compared to the freezing periods (T0 ∘C), while the opposite is true for H. At low wind speed, EC shows relatively high fluxes (±20 W m−2) for H and LE due to non-local effects that the bulk models are not able to reproduce. The complex topography of the lake surroundings creates local violations of the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory, which helps explain this counterintuitive result. Finally, the uncertainty in the estimation of the surface temperature and humidity affects the bulk heat fluxes, especially when the differences between surface and air values are small.

CMIP6 model sea surface temperature (SST) seasonal extrema averaged over 1981–2010 are assessed against the World Ocean Atlas (WOA18) observational climatology. We propose a mask to identify and exclude regions of large differences between three commonly used climatologies (WOA18, WOCE-Argo Global Hydrographic climatology (WAGHC) and the Hadley Centre Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature data set (HadISST)). The biases in SST seasonal extrema are largely consistent with the annual mean SST biases. However, the amplitude and spatial pattern of SST bias vary seasonally in the 20 CMIP6 models assessed. Large seasonal variations in the SST bias occur in eastern boundary upwelling regions, polar regions, the North Pacific and the eastern equatorial Atlantic. These results demonstrate the importance of evaluating model performance not simply against annual mean properties. Models with greater vertical resolution in their ocean component typically demonstrate better representation of SST extrema, particularly seasonal maximum SST. No significant relationship of SST seasonal extrema with horizontal ocean model resolution is found.

The eddy-covariance technique measures carbon, water, and energy fluxes between the land surface and the atmosphere at hundreds of sites globally. Collections of standardised and homogenised flux estimates such as the LaThuile, Fluxnet2015, National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS), AsiaFlux, AmeriFlux, and Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN)/OzFlux data sets are invaluable to study land surface processes and vegetation functioning at the ecosystem scale. Space-borne measurements give complementary information on the state of the land surface in the surroundings of the towers. They aid the interpretation of the fluxes and support the benchmarking of terrestrial biosphere models. However, insufficient quality and frequent and/or long gaps are recurrent problems in applying the remotely sensed data and may considerably affect the scientific conclusions. Here, we describe a standardised procedure to extract, quality filter, and gap-fill Earth observation data from the MODIS instruments and the Landsat satellites. The methods consistently process surface reflectance in individual spectral bands, derived vegetation indices, and land surface temperature. A geometrical correction estimates the magnitude of land surface temperature as if seen from nadir or 40∘ off-nadir. Finally, we offer the community living data sets of pre-processed Earth observation data, where version 1.0 features the MCD43A4/A2 and MxD11A1 MODIS products and Landsat Collection 1 Tier 1 and Tier 2 products in a radius of 2 km around 338 flux sites. The data sets we provide can widely facilitate the integration of activities in the eddy-covariance, remote sensing, and modelling fields.

The synthesis of renewable chemical fuels from CO2 and H2O via photoelectrochemical (PEC) route reprensents a promising room-temperature approach for transforming greenhouse gas into value-added chemicals (e.g., syngas), but to date it has been hampered by the lack of efficient photocathode for CO2 reduction. Herein, we report efficient PEC CO2 reduction into syngas by photocathode engineering. The photocathode is consisting of a planar p-n Si junction for strong light harvesting, GaN nanowires for efficient electron extraction and transfer, and Au/TiO2 for rapid electrocatalytic syngas production. The photocathode yields a record-high solar energy conversion efficiency of 2.3%. Furthermore, desirable syngas compositions with CO/H2 ratios such as 1:2 and 1:1 can be produced by simply varying the size of Au nanoparticle. Theoretical calculations reveal that the active sites for CO and H2 generation are the facet and undercoordinated sites of Au particles, respectively.

Late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is considered to be one of the most severe diseases of potato and tomato worldwide. Whilst current synthetic fungicides are efficient at controlling this disease, they are an environmental and economic burden. In line with EU directives to reduce the use of synthetic pesticides and increase the use of sustainable alternative disease control strategies that can form part of integrated pest management systems, practical biological control solutions are urgently needed. Despite the fact that there has been a large body of scientific research into microorganisms with potential for the biological control of late blight disease, relatively few commercial biocontrol agents, licensed to control late blight, exist. Furthermore, the practical uptake of those in Europe is lower than might be expected, suggesting that such solutions are not yet feasible, or effective. Here we review the scientific literature, focusing on the most recent developments in the hunt for efficient and sustainable biological control of late blight disease. We discuss the progress in our mechanistic understanding of mycoparasite–prey interactions, in the context of late blight and the challenges and limitations to the use of such knowledge in practical disease control within a European context.

Methane hydrate has become one promising energy resource for humankind. In this study, recent worldwide onshore/offshore drilling and production activities are analysed. The most recent reports from sites such as Japan (2013 and 2017) and China (2017) show that the road towards comprehensive utilisation of methane hydrate is underway. Though the production methods (depressurisation, thermal stimulation and carbon dioxide (CO2) replacement) diverge in safety and efficiency, potential has been confirmed for future large-scale utilisation. The world hydrate policy is dependent on the socioeconomic status and environmental concerns in major countries. It is urged that international regulations on commercial explorations be settled for methane hydrate projects.

The understanding of nonlinear, high dimensional flows, e.g, atmospheric and ocean flows, is critical to address the impacts of global climate change. Data Assimilation techniques combine physical models and observational data, often in a Bayesian framework, to predict the future state of the model and the uncertainty in this prediction. Inherent in these systems are noise (Gaussian and non-Gaussian), nonlinearity, and high dimensionality that pose challenges to making accurate predictions. To address these issues we investigate the use of both model and data dimension reduction based on techniques including Assimilation in Unstable Subspaces, Proper Orthogonal Decomposition, and Dynamic Mode Decomposition. Algorithms that take advantage of projected physical and data models may be combined with Data Analysis techniques such as Ensemble Kalman Filter and Particle Filter variants. The projected Data Assimilation techniques are developed for the optimal proposal particle filter and applied to the Lorenz'96 and Shallow Water Equations to test the efficacy of our techniques in high dimensional, nonlinear systems., 30 pages, 13 figures, 3 tables To appear in Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 2021,ISSN 0898-1221

Recent palaeomagnetic and seismological studies have strengthened the suggestion that the Moon once possessed a core dynamo. Despite its importance as a constraint on lunar evolution, there is currently no consensus on how such a dynamo was driven. Two groups working independently have arrived at the idea that the lunar dynamo was powered by mechanical stirring of the liquid core. Dwyer et al. investigate the mechanism of a dynamo driven by continuous mechanical stirring arising from the differential motion between the solid silicate mantle and the liquid core beneath. They show that the fluid motions and the power required to drive a dynamo operating continuously for more than 1 billion years are readily obtained by such mechanical stirring. Le Bars et al. propose a model whereby the dynamo action comes from impact-induced changes in the Moon's rotation rate. They show that basin-forming impact events are energetic enough to have unlocked the Moon from synchronous rotation, and that the subsequent large-scale fluid flows in the core, excited by the tidal distortion of the core–mantle boundary, could have powered a lunar dynamo. The origin of lunar magnetic anomalies1,2,3,4,5 remains unresolved after their discovery more than four decades ago. A commonly invoked hypothesis is that the Moon might once have possessed a thermally driven core dynamo3, but this theory is problematical given the small size of the core and the required surface magnetic field strengths6. An alternative hypothesis is that impact events might have amplified ambient fields near the antipodes of the largest basins7, but many magnetic anomalies exist that are not associated with basin antipodes. Here we propose a new model for magnetic field generation, in which dynamo action comes from impact-induced changes in the Moon’s rotation rate. Basin-forming impact events are energetic enough to have unlocked the Moon from synchronous rotation8, and we demonstrate that the subsequent large-scale fluid flows in the core, excited by the tidal distortion of the core–mantle boundary9, could have powered a lunar dynamo. Predicted surface magnetic field strengths are on the order of several microteslas, consistent with palaeomagnetic measurements5, and the duration of these fields is sufficient to explain the central magnetic anomalies associated with several large impact basins.

Drought and heat stress affect global wheat production and food security. Since these climate hazards are expected to increase in frequency and intensity due to anthropogenic climate change, there is a growing need for effective planning and adaptive actions at all timescales relevant to the stakeholders and users in this sector. This work aims at assessing the forecast quality in predicting the evolution of drought and heat stress by using user-relevant agro-climatic indices such as Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and Heat Magnitude Day Index (HMDI) on a multi-annual timescale, as this time horizon coincides with the long-term strategic planning of stakeholders in the wheat sector. We present the probabilistic skill and reliability of initialized decadal forecast to predict these indices for the months preceding the wheat harvest on a global spatial scale. The results reveal the usefulness of the study in a climate services context while showing that decadal climate forecasts are skillful and reliable over several wheat harvesting regions. We would like to acknowledge financial support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme (MED-GOLD; Grant No. 776467, EUCP; Grant No. 776613 and FOCUS-Africa; Grant No. 869575) and from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) as part of the project CLINSA (Grant No. CGL2017-85791-R). This study has also received support from C3S_34c (contract number: ECMWF/COPERNICUS/2019/C3S_34c_DWD) of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) operated by ECMWF. B.S.M. acknowledges additional financial support from the Marie Sklodowska-Curie fellowship (Grant No. 713673) and from a fellowship of ’la Caixa’ Foundation (ID 100010434). The fellowship code is LCF/BQ/IN17/11620038.

The mechanisms that amplify orbitally-driven changes in insolation and drive the glacial cycles of the past 2.6 million years, the Pleistocene, are poorly understood. Previous studies indicate that cloud-phase feedbacks oppose ice sheet initiation when orbital configuration supports ice sheet growth. Cloud phase was observationally constrained in a recent study and provides evidence for a weaker negative cloud feedback in response to carbon dioxide doubling. We observationally constrain cloud phase in the Community Earth System Model and explore how changes in orbital configuration impact the climate response. Constraining cloud phase weakens the negative high latitude cloud phase feedback and unmasks positive water vapor and cloud feedbacks (amount and optical depth) that extend cooling to lower latitudes. Snowfall accumulation and ablation metrics also support ice sheet expansion as seen in proxy records. This indicates that well-known cloud and water vapor feedbacks are the mechanisms amplifying orbital climate forcing.

Indoor concentrations of black carbon (BC) were measured when wood was burned for traditional cultural activities in a study in a Cree community located in subarctic Canada. The study also included an intervention using a propane-fuelled heater to mitigate in situ BC. Mass concentrations of BC were measured in a game-smoking tent for 39 days and in hunting cabins on the west coast of James Bay, Canada, for 8 days. Five-minute averaged BC mass concentration (N = 12,319) data were recorded and assessed using optimised noise-reduction averaging. Mean BC mass concentrations were lower in hunting cabins (mean = 8.25 micrograms per cubic metre (µg m−3)) and higher in the game-smoking tent (mean = 15.46 µg m−3). However, excessive BC peaks were recorded in the game-smoking tent (maximum = 3076.71 µg m−3) when the fire was stoked or loaded. The intervention with the propane heater in a hunting cabin yielded a 90% reduction in measured BC mass concentrations. We do not presume that exposure to BC is of concern in hunting cabins with appropriate wood-burning appliances that are well-sealed and vent outside. In game-smoking tents, we advise that persons take intermittent breaks outside of the tent for fresh air.

The use of nano phase change material in thermal energy storage applications appears promising, but the often-poor performance and the lack of understanding of the heat transfer mechanisms interconnectedness remains a challenge and hinders their widespread integration. The existing numerical work has unveiled numerous impediments in predicting the actual melting behaviour. They rarely combine the effects of conduction enhancement, convection degradation, and latent heat reduction, due to inaccurate characterization of the thermophysical properties and the limitations of their model assumptions. In the present study, an enhanced numerical approach was developed to investigate the melting performance of xGnP-octadecane filled in a vertical cylindrical enclosure at different weight concentrations. The model results for the pure phase change material were compared and validated against the experimental data. The progression of the melting front, temperature probes, energy storage capacity and heat transfer rate of the nano phase change material were thoroughly evaluated. The current numerical observations demonstrate that the addition of nanoparticles improves, up to a critical concentration of 0.5wt%, the melting rate. The results showed that by adding 0.5wt% of xGnP in the base phase change material (octadecane), the melting rate decreases by 9.7% and the heat storage rate increases by 12.6%. However, at higher loadings, the heat transfer rate is deteriorated due to worsening of other thermophysical properties provoking the prevalence of viscous forces over natural convection and latent capacity. The system overall efficacy was found to be dependent on the net effects of relative changes of all thermophysical properties with nanoparticle concentration and temperature in the solid, so called mushy, and liquid zones. Finally, when characterizing nano phase change material, the thermal conductivity cannot be considered alone as a criterion for nano phase change material selection. A high thermal conductivity is needed for maximum heat absorption in thermal transport applications. Nevertheless, low viscosity, high latent heat and specific heat capacities are also essential to ensure a better thermal energy storage efficiency in terms of capacity and heat extraction/release rate.

Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) are an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional heating and cooling systems because of their high efficiency and low greenhouse gas emissions. The ground acts as a heat sink/source for the excess/required heat inside a building for cooling and heating modes, respectively. However, imbalance in heating and cooling needs can change ground temperature over the operating duration. This increase/decrease in ground temperature lowers system efficiency and causes the ground to foul—failing to accept or provide more heat. In order to ensure that GSHPs can operate to their designed conditions, thermal modelling is required to simulate the ground temperature during system operation. In addition, the borehole field layout can have a major impact on ground temperature. In this study, four buildings were studied—a hospital, fast-food restaurant, residence, and school, each with varying borehole configurations. Boreholes were modeled in a soil volume using finite-element methods and heating and cooling fluxes were applied to the borehole walls to simulate the GSHP operation. 20 years of operation were modelled for each building for 2x2, 4x4, and 2x8 borehole configurations. Results indicate that the borehole separation distance of 6 m, recommended by ASHRAE, is not always sufficient to prevent borehole thermal interactions. Benefits of using a 2x8 configuration as opposed to a 4x4 configuration, which can be observed because of the larger perimeter it provides for heat to dissipate to surrounding soil were quantified. This study indicates that it is important to carefully consider ground temperature during the operation of a GSHP. Borehole separation distances, layout, and hybridization should be studied to alleviate ground fouling problems.

This report provides an overview on the cooperation activities with relevant EU projects and other initiatives on negative emission technologies in the second reporting period of the OceanNETs project (01.01.2022 – 31.12.2022).

soumis a JGR Atmospheres - First posted online: Fri, 8 Oct 2021; International audience; During the extended activity of Mount Etna volcano in February-April 2021, three distinct paroxysmal events took place from 21 to 26 February, which were associated with a very uncommon transport of the injected upper-tropospheric plumes towards the north. Using a synergy of observations and modelling, we characterised the emissions and three-dimensional dispersion for these three plumes, we monitor their downwind distribution and optical properties, and we estimate their radiative impacts at selected locations. With a satellite-based source inversion, we estimate the emitted sulphur dioxide (SO2) mass at an integrated value of 55 kt and plumes injections at up to 12 km altitudes, which qualifies this series as an extreme event for Mount Etna. Then, we combine Lagrangian dispersion modelling, initialised with measured temporally-resolved SO2 emission fluxes and altitudes, with satellite observations to track the dispersion of the three individual plumes. The transport towards the north allowed the height-resolved downwind monitoring of the plumes at selected observatories in France, Italy and Israel, using LiDARs and photometric aerosol observations. Volcanic-specific aerosol optical depths in the visible spectral range ranging from about 0.004 to 0.03 and local daily average shortwave radiative forcing ranging from about -0.2 to -1.2 W/m2 (at the top of atmosphere) and from about -0.2 to -3.0 W/m2 (at the surface) are found. The composition (possible presence of ash), aerosol optical depth and radiative forcing of the plume has a large inter- and intra-plume variability and thus depend strongly on the position of the sampled section of the plumes.

Materially plastics are ambivalent. In spite of their often lauded quality of creating seemingly untethered imitations, representations and replacements, they have a materiality that leaks, off-gasses and disintegrates. They are accomplished at mimicry yet frequently unable to be remoulded. They are ostensibly resistant to microbial contamination yet absorb environmental pollutants and leach endocrine disrupting plasticisers. This article argues that, due to the material influence of plastics, their ubiquity, and the societal transformations that they have enabled, that anthropologists need to pay sustained attention to this material. Moreover, it argues that anthropological methods and theories are crucial to understanding plastics at a vital moment in their (and our) history. It articulates three ways in which anthropology can engage plastics at all stages in their lifecycles. Firstly, to study plastics challenges what it means to exist: whether or not human beings are bounded or permeable entities, experienced as individuated, collective or somewhere in between. Secondly, plastics disrupt what people know, are willing to know, or are persuaded is worth knowing about the production and disposal of the products that they consume. Thirdly, the materiality of plastics expose contemporary inequalities. Plastics can create unseen violence, both in their geographically unequal toxic distributions and in the vastness of their temporal effects.

In order to have an immediate impact on building energy-related emissions, existing buildings need to be addressed. To inform policy and technical decisions, detailed mathematical models are required which can explore numerous building retrofit solutions and their energy and emissions performance . This paper describes the adaptation of a hybrid statistical and engineering-based model for residential building stock in Canada to analyze community-scale energy retrofits . The modelling domain includes both envelope and mechanical retrofits, as well as district renewable energy systems. This model is then applied to a case study of converting a community of fifty 1980’s vintage single-detached homes to achieve net-zero energy. The case study demonstrated that deep envelope retrofits and fuel switching from natural gas to electric heat pump systems reduce community energy demand by 69%. Saturating available roof area with photovoltaics was able to achieve net-zero balance. By considering net-zero at the community-scale, individual buildings that did not achieve net-zero were offset by net-exporting neighbours. Annual community emissions of the retrofit reduced emissions by 95%. The analysis also highlights the significant impact on electrical infrastructure due to solar generation and energy demand mismatch.

Several studies have investigated new particle formation (NPF) events from various sites ranging from pristine locations, including forest sites, to urban areas. However, there is still a dearth of studies investigating NPF processes and subsequent aerosol growth in coastal yet semi-urban sites, where the tropospheric layer is a concoction of biogenic and anthropogenic gases and particles. The investigation of factors leading to NPF becomes extremely complex due to the highly dynamic meteorological conditions at the coastline especially when combined with both continental and oceanic weather conditions. Herein, we engage in a comprehensive study of particle number size distributions and aerosol-forming precursor vapors at the coastal semi-urban site in Helsinki, Finland. The measurement period, 25 June–18 August 2019, was timed with the recurring cyanobacterial summer bloom in the Baltic Sea region and coastal regions of Finland. Our study recorded several regional/local NPF and aerosol burst events during this period. Although the overall anthropogenic influence on sulfuric acid (SA) concentrations was low during the measurement period, we observed that the regional or local NPF events, characterized by SA concentrations on the order of 107 molec.cm-3, occurred mostly when the air mass traveled over the land areas. Interestingly, when the air mass traveled over the Baltic Sea, an area enriched with algae and cyanobacterial blooms, high iodic acid (IA) concentration coincided with an aerosol burst or a spike event at the measurement site. Further, SA-rich bursts were seen when the air mass traveled over the Gulf of Bothnia, enriched with cyanobacterial blooms. The two most important factors affecting aerosol precursor vapor concentrations, and thus the aerosol formation, were speculated to be (1) the type of phytoplankton species and intensity of bloom present in the coastal regions of Finland and the Baltic Sea and (2) the wind direction. During the events, most of the growth of sub-3 nm particles was probably due to SA, rather than IA or methane sulfonic acid (MSA); however much of the particle growth remained unexplained indicative of the strong role of organics in the growth of particles, especially in the 3–7 nm particle size range. Further studies are needed to explore the role of organics in NPF events and the potential influence of cyanobacterial blooms in coastal locations.

Debris flows affect people and infrastructure around the world, and as a result, many numerical models and modelling approaches have been developed to simulate their impacts. Observations from instrumented debris-flow channels show that variability in inflow depth, velocity, and discharge in real debris flows is much higher than what is typically used in numerical simulations. However, the effect of this natural variability on numerical model outputs is not well known. In this study, we examine the effects of using complex inflow time series within a single-phase runout model utilizing a Voellmy flow-resistance model. The interactions between model topography and flow resistance were studied first using a simple triangular hydrograph, which showed that simulated discharges change because of local slopes and Voellmy parameters. Next, more complex inflows were tested using time series based on 24 real debris-flow hydrographs initiated from three locations. We described a simple method to scale inflow hydrographs by defining a target event volume and maximum allowable peak discharge. The results showed a large variation in simulated flow depths and velocities arising from the variable inflow. The effects of variable-inflow conditions were demonstrated in simulations of two case histories of real debris flows, where the variation in inflow leads to significant variations in the simulation outputs. The real debris-flow hydrographs were used to provide an indication of the range of impacts that may result from the natural variability in inflow conditions. These results demonstrate that variation in inflow conditions can lead to reasonable estimates of the potential variation in impacts., Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 22 (5), ISSN:1561-8633, ISSN:1684-9981

International audience; Lake Bottom oxbow is a partially-filled oxbow lake within an alluvium filled sandstone canyon reach of the Dolores River in eastern Utah, USA. Two adjacent sediment cores were obtained from the Lake Bottom oxbow to better understand the depositional and environmental history of the site and region. Depositional ages were determined using radiocarbon dating (14C) of pollen extracts, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of sand, concentration of 137Cs and 210Pb radioisotopes, and the first occurrence of pollen from human-introduced crops (Zea mays) and trees and shrubs (Tamarix) found in the oxbow sediments. Age control from OSL, short-lived radioisotopes, and pollen are stratigraphically consistent and fit the geomorphic character of the partially-filled oxbow, which suggests it is a late Holocene feature. In contrast, the 14C results appear to be contaminated by old carbon and produced age overestimates of 3000–12,000 years. Our findings suggest that multiple dating methods should be employed when applying radiocarbon dating to settings that are susceptible to contamination by recycled old carbon, especially when dating pollen extracts that are difficult to determine organic purity. The OSL results suggest initial oxbow formation by 860 ± 270 yr (±2σ) and then rapidly infilled with fluvial sediment. The OSL age control indicates the oxbow formed during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, a time of enhanced summer moisture and active flooding in the Dolores River watershed. Similar low-elevation records in the arid Colorado Plateau are rare, making this site an important contribution to the regional paleoenvironmental record.

Since the early twentieth century, the copper-mining industry on the Zambian and Congolese Copperbelt has moved millions of tonnes of earth and dramatically reshaped the landscape. Nonetheless, mining companies, governments and even residents largely overlooked the adverse environmental aspects of mining until the early 1990s. By scrutinising environmental knowledge production on the Central African Copperbelt from the 1950s until the late 1990s, particularly regarding notions of 'waste', this article problematises the silencing of the environmental impacts of mining. To make the environmental history of the Copperbelt visible, this article examines forestry policies, medical services and environmental protests. Moreover, by historically tracing the emergence of environmental consciousness, it contextualises the sudden 'discovery' of pollution in the 1990s as a local and (inter)national phenomenon. Drawing on rare archival and oral history sources, it provides one of the first cross-border environmental histories of the Central African Copperbelt.

The late Permian to Early Triassic volcano-sedimentary succession associated with the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (LIP) is well preserved in the Binchuan area, Southwest China. This paper presents coupled zircon U-Pb age, trace element, and Hf isotope analyses from the succession, together with whole-rock geochemical compositions, to reveal the origin and evolution of volcanic rocks of the LIP. Zircons from the matrix and a rhyolite clast in the Lower Triassic conglomerate bed yield identical U-Pb ages of ca. 260 Ma and have geochemical affinities to those crystallized from within-plate magmas. These features, combined with the dominance of rhyolite clasts from this horizon, imply a source related to Emeishan silicic volcanic rocks. Zircons from silicic ignimbrite and rhyolite in the upper volcanic succession of the LIP display high eHf(t) values (+4.2 to +12.9), low Th/Nb and U/Yb ratios, and similar eNd(t) values (−0.17 to +0.47) to high-Ti basalts. These chemical and isotopic characteristics are consistent with the eroded silicic volcanic rocks, indicating that the late-stage silicic volcanic rocks were generated by fractionation of high-Ti basaltic magmas without significant crustal contamination. Although the late Permian zircons from the lower and upper low-Ti basalt successions all show arc-like geochemical characteristics with high Th/Nb and U/Yb ratios, the former has much lower eHf(t) values (−11.7 to −3.6) than the latter (+4.4 to +11.6), and the zircons from the upper low-Ti basalt succession show positive eHf(t) values similar to the studied rhyolites. Samples from the lower low-Ti basalt succession have relatively higher eNd(t) values (−2.66 to +3.38) than those from the upper low-Ti basalt succession (−4.48 to −0.82). These geochemical features indicate the early-stage low-Ti basalts may be mainly derived from a previously enriched subcontinental mantle lithosphere, whereas the late-stage low-Ti basalts may be generated from the increasing involvement of asthenospheric mantle source with crustal contamination.

Generation Expansion Planning (GEP) can inform regulation, electricity market design, and regional system planning by identifying adaptive investment strategies. Relevant uncertainties include hourly variability in load and renewable generation and decadal-scale uncertainty in technology, markets, and regulation. A multi-stage and multi-scale stochastic GEP model that represents these uncertainties at sufficient resolution becomes intractable. We present an approach for representing this multi-scale uncertainty, and compare it to existing methods, applied to a two-stage stochastic GEP model with a cumulative carbon emission target. For long-term uncertainty, we compare partitioning methods, which reduce the number of decision variables but retain all scenarios, to representative scenario methods, which retain only a subset of the original scenarios. For short-term uncertainty, we compare methods that select representative weeks based on distance metrics in the parameter space to methods that use the covariance of outcomes across feasible decisions to select weeks. We find that scenario reduction methods struggle to find the appropriate investment levels for variable renewable generation and consequently produce more costly plans than scenario partitioning methods. While simple approximating methods perform well with larger models, covariance based approximations have the best performance overall.

The radius of maximum wind (Rmax) in a tropical cyclone governs the footprint of hazards, including damaging wind, surge, and rainfall. However, Rmax is an inconstant quantity that is difficult to observe directly and is poorly resolved in reanalyses and climate models. In contrast, outer wind radii are much less sensitive to such issues. Here we present a simple empirical model for predicting Rmax from the radius of 34-kt (1 kt ≈ 0.51 m s−1) wind (R17.5 ms). The model only requires as input quantities that are routinely estimated operationally: maximum wind speed, R17.5 ms, and latitude. The form of the empirical model takes advantage of our physical understanding of tropical cyclone radial structure and is trained on the Extended Best Track database from the North Atlantic 2004–20. Results are similar for the TC-OBS database. The physics reduces the relationship between the two radii to a dependence on two physical parameters, while the observational data enables an optimal estimate of the quantitative dependence on those parameters. The model performs substantially better than existing operational methods for estimating Rmax. The model reproduces the observed statistical increase in Rmax with latitude and demonstrates that this increase is driven by the increase in R17.5 ms with latitude. Overall, the model offers a simple and fast first-order prediction of Rmax that can be used operationally and in risk models. Significance Statement If we can better predict the area of strong winds in a tropical cyclone, we can better prepare for its potential impacts. This work develops a simple model to predict the radius where the strongest winds in a tropical cyclone are located. The model is simple and fast and more accurate than existing models, and it also helps us to understand what causes this radius to vary in time, from storm to storm, and at different latitudes. It can be used in both operational forecasting and models of tropical cyclone hazard risk.