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The demand for entrepreneurship to become more prevalent in societies worldwide highlights the need to better understand entrepreneurial intentions (EI). This is particularly important for African nations characterised by significant poverty and low income. Drawing on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) this paper explores potential predictors of these intentions in two countries that differ considerably in their economic situation and culture. It chiefly focuses on SEI as socially desired, yet still unexplored phenomenon. The current study differentiates between social (SEI) and commercial (CEI) entrepreneurial intentions and explores their antecedents among university students in Namibia (n = 223) and Germany (n = 1326). The results suggest that TPB only poorly predicts SEI, particularly in Namibia. However, they support universally positive effect of perceived behavioural control on formation of CEI in both countries. This study contributes to emerging research into antecedents of SEI. It also highlights the need to test exploratory power of recognised theories such as TPB within different contexts and types of entrepreneurial activity.

This essay argues that a Christian incarnational response to posthumanism must recognize that what is at stake isn't just whether belief systems align. It seeks to relocate the interaction between the church and posthumanism to how the practices of posthumanism and Christianity perform the bodies, affections and dispositions of each. Posthuman practices seeks to habituate: (1) A preference for informational patterns over material instantiation; (2) that consciousness and the self are extended and displaced rather than discrete and localized; (3) that the body is merely a tool, the original prosthesis we learn to manipulate and (4) that human life is organized such that it is seamless with intelligent machines. The Christian performance of embodied life, on the other hand, has Christ as template and, in the Eucharist, Christians are marked by offering, sacrifice and celebration in a community that affirms the integrity of our common incarnate life.

Robots are today made not only to assist us in menial tasks and routine labour but also provide companionship and love. This has generated much academic and public interest, and people have asked whether robots can love, whether human–robot relationships are possible, and whether humans can develop loving affection for robots. These are all important questions, but I approach the issues from another perspective: can robots made for love change our very understanding of love? By treating love as a cultural and malleable phenomenon, I explore the possibility of it being changed a) to accommodate robots, and b) as a consequence of how robots love us. The first regards the quest to understand what love is and our current tendency to understand phenomena in light of the computer or computational metaphor of human beings. The second involves an examination of how robots are produced to love, and what this form of love might lead to in the wild. Rather than asking if robots can live up to human ideals, I ask if humans will live down – or it might be up – to robot ideals. Using Abraham Maslow’s distinction between being love and deficiency love as an example, I argue that love robots might take us to a place where deficiency love and a growing expectancy of one-sided worship changes the content of love as a cultural phenomenon.

Virtue accounts of innovation ethics have recognized the virtue of creativity as an admirable trait in innovators. However, such accounts have not paid sufficient attention to the way creativity functions as a collective phenomenon. We propose a collective virtue account to supplement existing virtue accounts. We base our account on Kieran’s definition of creativity as a virtue and distinguish three components in it: creative output, mastery and intrinsic motivation. We argue that all of these components can meaningfully be attributed to innovation groups. This means that we can also attribute the virtue of creativity to group agents involved in innovation. Recognizing creativity as a collective virtue in innovation is important because it allows for a more accurate evaluation of how successful innovation generally happens. The innovator who takes a collective virtue account of creativity seriously will give attention to the facilitation of an environment where the group can flourish collectively, rather than only nurturing the individual genius.

A public health emergency, as the COVID-19 pandemic, may lead to shortages of potentially life-saving treatments. In this situation, it is necessary, justifiable and proportionate to have decision tools in place to enable healthcare professionals to triage and prioritise access to those resources. An ethically sound framework should consider the principles of beneficence and fair allocation. Scientific Societies across Europe were concerned with this problem early in the pandemic and published guidelines to support their professionals and institutions. This article aims to compare triage policies from medical bodies across Europe, to characterise the process of triage and the ethical values, principles and theories that were proposed in different countries during the first outbreak of COVID-19.

Popularized and commercialized leadership ideas are often criticized as mere fashions that dumb down leadership discourse, research, and learning. By contrast, we take leadership fashions seriously as an important vehicle for individual and collective leadership learning. We extend the neo-institutional theory of management fashions to define leadership fashions as a process that constantly reconfigures the rational norms and expectations attached to leadership, and that elevates certain approaches as the best way to fulfill those norms and expectations. Combining Weber’s broad understanding of rationality with our own concept of affective rationality, we account for the many different instrumental, practical, moral, and sometimes deeply personal and emotional norms and expectations that drive the leadership fashion setting process. This approach contributes a theoretical foundation for understanding the sociological significance of leadership fashions, for exploring the leadership industries that produce and promote them, and for researching further the ways that leadership fashions and the leadership industries influence leadership research, learning, and practice.

The goal of this article is to make connections between anthropological methods and performance based on data collected in research about salsa dancing in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The text describes changes in the approach to salsa and focuses on two different dance styles practiced in two ballroom dance schools. The literature on salsa tends to favor its sound structure, leaving aside other sensory stimuli. In contrast, this article presents an ethnographic approach to salsa dancing based on notions of performance. Thus, the purpose is to contribute to dance research from an anthropological perspective. RÉSUMÉ L’article suggère des liens entre la méthode anthropologique et la performance à partir de données recueillies dans une recherche sur la salsa à Rio de Janeiro. Le texte décrit les changements dans l’approche de la salsa et se concentre sur deux types de danse spécifiques et distincts pratiqués dans deux centres de danse de salon. Les études sur la salsa mettent généralement en évidence leur structure sonore, en laissant de côté les autres impulsions sensorielles. Ce texte suggère, en revanche, une approche ethnographique de la danse salsa liée aux notions de performance. Par conséquent, l’article se donne comme objectif de apporter des contributions à la recherche sur la danse dans une perspective anthropologique. RESUMO O artigo propõe articulações entre método antropológico e performance a partir de dados coletados em uma investigação sobre a dança de salsa na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O texto narra mudanças na abordagem da salsa, centrando-se em dois modos específicos e distintos praticados em duas academias de dança de salão. A literatura sobre salsa costuma privilegiar sua estrutura sonora, deixando de lado outros estímulos sensoriais. Em contraste, no presente texto se realiza uma abordagem etnográfica da dança de salsa atrelada a noções de performance. Assim, procura-se trazer contribuições para a pesquisa em dança a partir de uma perspectiva antropológica.

PurposeThe issues associated with the production and dissemination of management research have been widely debated amongst administrators, scholars and policymakers for decades. However, few studies to date have examined this issue at the level of the individual scholar. The purpose of this paper is to view a management scholar’s choice of knowledge dissemination (KD) outlets as a legitimacy judgment embedded in their social structure and community norms.Design/methodology/approachTo explore this, the authors conduct a sequential mixed-methods study. The study uses qualitative methods, including one-on-one interviews (n=29) and five workshops (n=79) with administrators, management scholars, students and external community members (practitioners and policymakers). In addition, the authors analyzed the KD outcomes of 524 management scholars at seven Canadian universities drawn from a stratified sample of business schools.FindingsThe results of the research demonstrate the complex interaction between individual scholar-level factors, including socialization (degree type and practitioner experience) and tenure, and the institutional-level factors, such as strategic orientation and accreditation, and how these influence KD judgments. Specifically, the authors find that institutional factors (such as tenure and promotion) are a central predictor of scholarly KD; in contrast, the authors find that individual-level factors including degree, professional experience and career stage influence non-scholarly KD.Originality/valueThe results suggest that as management scholars face increasing pressure to demonstrate impact beyond academia, it may be more difficult than simply adapting the reward system. Specifically, the authors suggest that administrators and policymakers will have to consider individual factors, including their academic training (including interdisciplinary training), previous practitioner experience and career stage.

This paper proposes a formal top-level model of explaining the outputs of machine-learning-based decision-making applications and evaluates it experimentally with three data sets. The model draws on AI & law research on argumentation with cases, which models how lawyers draw analogies to past cases and discuss their relevant similarities and differences in terms of relevant factors and dimensions in the problem domain. A case-based approach is natural since the input data of machine-learning applications can be seen as cases. While the approach is motivated by legal decision making, it also applies to other kinds of decision making, such as commercial decisions about loan applications or employee hiring, as long as the outcome is binary and the input conforms to this paper’s factor- or dimension format. The model is top-level in that it can be extended with more refined accounts of similarities and differences between cases. It is shown to overcome several limitations of similar argumentation-based explanation models, which only have binary features and do not represent the tendency of features towards particular outcomes. The results of the experimental evaluation studies indicate that the model may be feasible in practice, but that further development and experimentation is needed to confirm its usefulness as an explanation model. Main challenges here are selecting from a large number of possible explanations, reducing the number of features in the explanations and adding more meaningful information to them. It also remains to be investigated how suitable our approach is for explaining non-linear models.

Resume Objectifs Le concept d’injustice epistemique s’interesse a la maniere dont la capacite d’un sujet a produire du savoir peut etre deniee ou minoree. Nous nous proposons ici d’etudier son interet en psychiatrie, de la pratique clinique a la nosographie. Materiels et methodes Apres avoir defini les principales injustices epistemiques, nous etudions leur application a la relation medecin-malade. Nous cherchons enfin a comprendre quel pourrait etre l’apport de ce concept dans la clinique psychiatrique mais aussi dans la classification des troubles mentaux. Resultats Les patients souffrant de troubles mentaux sont particulierement vulnerables aux injustices epistemiques. Des facteurs predisposants peuvent etre identifies, certains communs a tous les troubles psychiatriques, d’autres specifiques a chaque pathologie. Les classifications en psychiatrie refletent aussi l’existence d’un desequilibre epistemique entre usagers et communaute scientifique. L’inclusion des usagers dans l’elaboration de la nosographie est de plus en plus consensuelle, car elle pourrait permettre d’ameliorer leur validite, avec un impact sur la pratique clinique, sur les questions de stigmatisation ou encore le financement de la recherche. Conclusion La notion d’injustice epistemique pourrait constituer un cadre conceptuel pour mettre en evidence les situations dans lesquels le discours du patient n’est pas suffisamment pris en compte alors qu’il constitue un savoir pertinent. Il nous semble donc utile dans une approche integrative visant a mieux articuler savoirs medical et experientiel, sous reserve du developpement d’outils pour mieux recueillir ce savoir experientiel.

We ask what type of neutralization techniques corporations apply to allegations of human rights abuses. We proceed by undertaking a Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) of 162 responses by ten extractives-sector firms over a period of 14 years. The firms were responding to accusations of human rights impacts documented by the Business and Human Rights Resource Centre. We use Garrett et al.’s (J Bus Ethics 8(7):507–520, 1989) framework of neutralization techniques consisting of denial, justification, concession and excuse to examine the responses. During our QCA, we observed emerging themes around self-promotion and evasive tactics. We contribute to existing literature by proposing ‘evasion’ as a novel neutralization technique, particularly in circumstances of corporate responses to accusations of wrongdoing. We argue that evasion occurs when firms refuse to engage in the debate brought forward in an accusation. In addition, we enrich our understanding of neutralization techniques by proposing subneutralization techniques in our analysis to diverge from that of other studies. We conclude by discussing the implications of the predominance of corporate narcissism and evasive neutralization techniques to the business and human rights movement and other international corporate responsibility standards.

This paper examines Hume’s ‘Title Principle’ (TP) and its role in a response to one of the ‘manifest contradictions’ he identifies in the conclusion to Book I of A Treatise on Human Nature. This ‘contradiction’ is a tension between two ‘equally natural and necessary’ principles of the imagination, our causal inferences and our propensity to believe in the continued and distinct existence of objects. The problem is that the consistent application of causal reason undercuts any grounds with have for the belief in continued and distinct existence, and yet that belief is as ‘natural and necessary’ as our propensity to infer effects from causes. The TP appears to offer a way to resolve this ‘contradiction’. It statesWhere reason is lively, and mixes itself with some propensity, it ought to be assented to. Where it does not, it never can have any title to operate upon us.’ (T 1.4.7.11; SBN 270)In brief, if it can be shown that the causal inferences that undermine the belief in external world are not ‘lively’ nor mixed with some propensity’ then we have grounds for think that they have no normative authority (they have no ‘title to operate on us). This is in part a response to another ‘manifest contradiction’, namely the apparently self-undermining nature of reason. In this paper I examine the nature and grounds of the TP and its relation to these ‘manifest contradictions’.

For Computer Science instructors, upholding academic integrity requires approaching teaching and assessment in a way that communicates progressive principles such as honesty, trust, fairness, respect and responsibility to students, At the same time, instructors also have to take steps to make it untenable for students to commit academic misconduct. This means that instructors need to be aware of unacceptable conduct by students, covering behaviours such as plagiarism, collusion, contract cheating, examination cheating and research fraud. Instructors also need to put measures into place to design out opportunities for students to engage in such unacceptable behaviours. This chapter explores academic integrity from the perspective of the knowledge needed by a Computer Science instructor. This is a changeable feast, as new methods to subvert academic integrity are always emerging, particularly in Computer Science where many students have the skills needed to develop the technology that aids new ways of cheating. As such, the chapter recommends that instructors deliver their curriculum with a pro-active focus on academic integrity from the outset. This includes leading by example and developing assessments that remove easy opportunities for students to cheat. This also means putting methods of detecting academic misconduct in place, even if detecting misconduct is only really intended as a measure designed to disincentivise students from cheating since they may get caught.

Visions are a major driver of the scientific and technological advance, as may be seen in the fields of spaceflight, nanotechnology, or synthetic biology. They often play a major role in the early stages of innovation. However, the spreading of scientific visions and their role in innovation processes is not well understood yet. Techno-visionary futures are created and obviously have authors whose work initiates a process of spreading by communication and dissemination. While the spreading of these visions into scientific and societal debates and their impacts upon them can considerably influence the course of research and innovation, little is known about the processes and mechanisms of spreading of techno-visionary futures. We only can diagnose desiderates for future research and propose some ideas how this gap could be closed.

Purpose Computing ethics represents a long established, yet rapidly evolving, discipline that grows in complexity and scope on a near-daily basis. Therefore, to help understand some of that scope it is essential to incorporate a range of perspectives, from a range of stakeholders, on current and emerging ethical challenges associated with computer technology. This study aims to achieve this by using, a three-pronged, stakeholder analysis of Computer Science academics, ICT industry professionals, and citizen groups was undertaken to explore what they consider to be crucial computing ethics concerns. The overlap between these stakeholder groups are explored, as well as whether their concerns are reflected in the existing literature. Design/methodology/approach Data collection was performed using focus groups, and the data was analysed using a thematic analysis. The data was also analysed to determine if there were overlaps between the literature and the stakeholders’ concerns and attitudes towards computing ethics. Findings The results of the focus group analysis show a mixture of overlapping concerns between the different groups, as well as some concerns that are unique to each of the specific groups. All groups stressed the importance of data as a key topic in computing ethics. This includes concerns around the accuracy, completeness and representativeness of data sets used to develop computing applications. Academics were concerned with the best ways to teach computing ethics to university students. Industry professionals believed that a lack of diversity in software teams resulted in important questions not being asked during design and development. Citizens discussed at length the negative and unexpected impacts of social media applications. These are all topics that have gained broad coverage in the literature. Social implications In recent years, the impact of ICT on society and the environment at large has grown tremendously. From this fast-paced growth, a myriad of ethical concerns have arisen. The analysis aims to shed light on what a diverse group of stakeholders consider the most important social impacts of technology and whether these concerns are reflected in the literature on computing ethics. The outcomes of this analysis will form the basis for new teaching content that will be developed in future to help illuminate and address these concerns. Originality/value The multi-stakeholder analysis provides individual and differing perspectives on the issues related to the rapidly evolving discipline of computing ethics.

The legacy of classical American Pragmatism – Peirce, James, Dewey, Addams, Mead, Follett and others – in organization theory is significant, albeit that much of its influence has come through implicit and indirect routes. In light of recent calls for an empirical stance as an alternative to the prevailing metaphysical stance in organizational research, we reread Pragmatism as a process philosophy that can profoundly inform process views of organization and organizing. Our particular reading highlights Pragmatism’s emphasis on process and emergence, its theory of knowing as fallible and experimental, its denouncing of dualisms, its future-oriented meliorism, its sensitivity to ethics and democracy, and its positioning of experience as both the start and end of inquiry, arguing that these features lay invaluable groundwork for the study of organization and organizing. We advocate a reappraisal of this legacy, mobilizing seven articles from the back catalogue of this journal in a virtual special issue that demonstrates how classical American Pragmatism can reinvigorate the field while also opening up new questions and new ways of questioning.

How we define our problems determines the solutions; yet problem framing within coastal management is rarely critiqued. Consequently, opportunities for comprehensive policy response, vital in addressing the complex challenges impacting the coast, are missed. To address this gap, we develop and apply coastal sustainability paradigms to critique 48 institutional instruments contributing to coastal management in Australia. In doing so, we uncover similarities and differences in the framing of coastal sustainability within Australian coastal management. An anthropocentric framing dominates, particularly at the local scale, prioritising humans over the environment. However, differences exist between and within jurisdictions based on sector and recency of policy reform. We also find evidence of problem-solution coupling, with some States prioritising hazard management over coastal management, through legislative backing of select instruments and sectors. The findings provide those involved in the complex system of coastal governance with the information needed to consider how the chosen framing supports or impedes public engagement and cross-scale and cross-sector coordination.

In this paper, we propose an argumentation formalism that allows for both deductive and abductive argumentation, where ‘deduction’ is used as an umbrella term for both defeasible and strict ‘forward’ inference. Our formalism is based on an extended version of our previously proposed information graph (IG) formalism, which provides a precise account of the interplay between deductive and abductive inference and causal and evidential information. In the current version, we consider additional types of information such as abstractions which allow domain experts to be more expressive in stating their knowledge, where we identify and impose constraints on the types of inferences that may be performed with the different types of information. A new notion of attack is defined that captures a crucial aspect of abductive reasoning, namely that of competition between abductively inferred alternative explanations. Our argumentation formalism generates an abstract argumentation framework and thus allows arguments to be formally evaluated. We prove that instantiations of our argumentation formalism satisfy key rationality postulates.

An accumulating amount of research has documented the harmful effects of abusive supervision on either its victims or third parties (peer abusive supervision). The abusive supervision literature, however, neglects to investigate the spillover effects of abusive supervision through third-party employees’ (i.e., peers’) mistreatment actions toward victims. Drawing on social learning theory, we argue that third parties learn mistreatment behaviors from abusive leaders and then themselves impose peer harassment and peer ostracism on victims, thereby negatively affecting victims’ performance. Further, we posit that, if a victim has a proactive personality, this will weaken these indirect, negative effects. We conducted two studies, both with three-wave longitudinal data, to verify the hypotheses. The results of Study 1 evidence the significant indirect effects of abusive supervision on employee creative performance via both peer harassment and peer ostracism. Contrary to our moderation hypothesis, the analysis shows that victims’ proactive personality strengthens rather than weakens the negative indirect effects of peer harassment. Study 2 generally replicated the results of Study 1 with employee’s objective job performance as outcome. Our research contributes to the abusive supervision literature by highlighting a social learning process of third-party peer mistreatment, suggesting a spillover channel of abusive supervision on the victim’s performance.

The ethics of research involving Aboriginal populations and low and middle-income country populations each developed out of a long history of exploitative research projects and partnerships. Commonalities and differences between the two fields have not yet been examined. This study undertook two independent literature searches for Aboriginal health research ethics and global health research ethics. Content analysis identified shared and differently emphasised ethical principles and concepts between the two fields. Shared ethical concepts like “benefit” and “capacity development” have been developed to guide collaborations in both Aboriginal health research and global health research. However, Aboriginal health research ethics gives much greater prominence to ethical principles that assist in decolonising research practice such as “self-determination”, “community-control”, and “community ownership”. The paper argues that global health research ethics would benefit from giving greater emphasis to these principles to guide research practice, while justice as approached in global health research ethics may inform Aboriginal health research practice. With increasing attention being drawn to the need to decolonise global health research, the lessons Aboriginal health research ethics can offer may be especially timely.

This article aims to investigate and compare indicators of sustainable urban development. The modern systems of indicators of sustainable development are considered. Based on the analysis of the approaches, the main indicators of the eff ective and sustainable development of cities have been identifi ed. The author describes two main ratings of Russian regions. According to the results of the study, indicators of sustainable development of the architectural and planning structure of the city are proposed.

In this article we introduce the concept of implied optical perspective in deep learning computer vision systems. Taking the BBC's experimental television programme “Made by Machine: When AI met the Archive” (2018) as a case study, we trace a conceptual and material link between the system used to automatically “watch” the television archive and a specific type of photographic practice. From a computational aesthetics perspective, we show how deep learning machine vision relies on photography, its technical regimes and epistemic advantages, and we propose a novel way to identify the latent camera through which the BBC archive was seen by machine.

In an application of the personality dynamics framework, we advance understanding on the relationship between baseline leader humility and team psychological safety by exploring the roles of humility variability and attractor strength. Specifically, we examine how the (in)consistency (i.e., variability) of leader-expressed humility across team members operates as a boundary condition in the relationship between leader-expressed humility and team psychological safety. We also explore how the agreement between leader self-reported humility and leader-expressed humility (i.e., self-other agreement, SOA) operates as an attractor to predict such a consistency. We test the hypothesized model through a sample of 85 teams, rated by 354 team members. The findings suggest that consistency reinforces, while inconsistency weakens, the effect of leader-expressed humility on team psychological safety. The findings also reveal that SOA relates to the consistency of leader-expressed humility, depending on the level at which the (dis)agreement occurs. We conclude that to better understand the outcomes of humble leadership, it is necessary to take into account not only the baseline of humility expressed by the leader (as most studies do), but also his/her humility variability and the strength of the attractor.

I am grateful to the commentators for their deep engagement with the issues raised in my paper (Wilkinson 2020). They raise a number of important challenges and questions about the use of frailty i...

Legal practitioners analyze relevant previous judgments to prepare favorable and advantageous arguments for an ongoing case. In Legal domain, recommender systems (RS) effectively identify and recommend referentially and/or semantically relevant judgments. Due to the availability of enormous amounts of judgments, RS needs to compute pairwise similarity scores for all unique judgment pairs in advance, aiming to minimize the recommendation response time. This practice introduces the scalability issue as the number of pairs to be computed increases quadratically with the number of judgments i.e., O (n2). However, there is a limited number of pairs consisting of strong relevance among the judgments. Therefore, it is insignificant to compute similarities for pairs consisting of trivial relevance between judgments. To address the scalability issue, this research proposes a graph clustering based novel Legal Document Recommendation System (LDRS) that forms clusters of referentially similar judgments and within those clusters find semantically relevant judgments. Hence, pairwise similarity scores are computed for each cluster to restrict search space within-cluster only instead of the entire corpus. Thus, the proposed LDRS severely reduces the number of similarity computations that enable large numbers of judgments to be handled. It exploits a highly scalable Louvain approach to cluster judgment citation network, and Doc2Vec to capture the semantic relevance among judgments within a cluster. The efficacy and efficiency of the proposed LDRS are evaluated and analyzed using the large real-life judgments of the Supreme Court of India. The experimental results demonstrate the encouraging performance of proposed LDRS in terms of Accuracy, F1-Scores, MCC Scores, and computational complexity, which validates the applicability for scalable recommender systems.

It may be possible, now or in the future, for humans to technologically intervene to reduce the amount of suffering experienced by wild animals. There is a debate about whether, if humans can do this, they should. Here, I consider the implications for this debate of the theological claim that humans have been granted dominion over the other animals. I argue that it's more plausible to interpret the dominion claim as granting humans (i) the responsibility to care for the well-being of individual animals than to interpret it as giving humans either (ii) the right to do whatever they want to other animals or (iii) the responsibility to care only for the well-being of aggregates of animals (such as whole species). I then show how this understanding of dominion undermines a range of arguments against intervening to reduce wild animal suffering. These arguments claim that humans do not stand in the right sort of relationship for intervention to be obligatory (or perhaps even permissible). But if we possess such dominion, we do stand in the right sort of relationship for it to be obligatory.

International audience; Despite the importance of the conflicting dimensions of corporate sustainability for business strategy, little is known about the tensions that derive from adopting global environmental and social standards in East Asia. Through 65 in-depth interviews conducted in Tokyo and Seoul, this article examines the tensions—and reactions to these tensions—of corporate sustainability managers tasked with the implementation of such standards in Japanese and South Korean multinational corporations. These represent key contexts of inquiry because of their normative tradition of corporate sustainability and geographical closeness. While elucidating that corporate sustainability managers in both countries encounter societal-commercial, traditional-modern, and individual-collective tensions, the article describes the ways they react differently to these tensions. This article contributes to the literature on corporate sustainability and tensions and the contextual literature on corporate sustainability in Japan and South Korea, ultimately offering takeaways for the strategic planning of multinational corporations.

This research explores how the strategy of firms evolves as a result of the imitation of several reference groups. In particular, it analyzes the extent to which firms replicate the strategic behaviors of successful firms, direct rivals and firms from the same category. Additionally, it examines potential variations in the speed of imitation depending on the reference group that is considered. Using a sample of firms of the Spanish retail banking sector from 1994 to 2009, our results show that, over time, firms tend to imitate the strategies of the three reference groups considered. The results also reveal significant variations in the speed of imitation depending on the reference group. We find that imitation to firms from the same category is faster than imitation to successful firms and direct rivals.

Robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) are revolutionizing all spheres of human life. From industrial processes to graphic design, the implementation of automated intelligent systems is changing how industries work. The spread of robots and AI systems has triggered academic institutions to closely examine how these technologies may affect the humanity—this is how the fields of roboethics and AI ethics have been born. The identification of ethical issues for robotics and AI and creation of ethical frameworks were the first steps to creating a regulatory environment for these technologies. In this paper, we focus on regulatory efforts in Europe and North America to create enforceable regulation for AI and robotics. We describe and compare ethical principles, policies, and regulations that have been proposed by government organizations for the design and use of robots and AI. We also discuss proposed international regulation for robotics and AI. This paper tries to highlight the need for a comprehensive, enforceable, and agile policy to ethically regulate technology today and in the future. Through reviewing existing policies, we conclude that the European Unition currently leads the way in defining roboethics and AI ethical principles and implementing them into policy. Our findings suggest that governments in Europe and North America are aware of the ethical risks that robotics and AI pose, and are engaged in policymaking to create regulatory policies for these new technologies.

BackgroundFrench military doctors are currently deployed in the Sahel to support the armed forces of Operation Barkhane, in medical or surgical units. As well as supporting French soldiers, their other missions are diverse and complex: medical assistance to civilians and persons under control (PUC), advice to commanding officers. These tasks can create ethical dilemmas when decisions are forced upon doctors that may be in conflict with medical values or fundamental principles. Little is known about the specific dilemmas experienced by French military doctors in overseas operations. We therefore conducted a qualitative study among doctors and surgeons recently deployed to the Sahel to explore and better understand this question.MethodSemi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 20 French military doctors or surgeons deployed since January 2016 in medical or surgical facilities in Mali and Chad.ResultsAll interviewed doctors reported having faced several ethical dilemmas during missions. All reported dilemmas involved the treatment of civilians (while delivering community medical assistance) or of PUC. The dilemmas involved choices as to which patients to treat, the use of care as a means to an end by military authorities, and the level of care attainable in the absence of any possible hospital follow-up. Questions of delivering care at the risk of their own safety or the mission’s and of treating openly hostile patients were also brought up. Several dilemmas stemmed from the dual loyalty problem, namely the conflict between military doctors’ duty of care to patients and to the military institution, but this was not the only factor involved. Contextual factors (restricted resources and security constraints) and psychological factors (especially hostility towards the enemy) were also associated with many of the reported dilemmas.ConclusionThis is the first reported study focusing on the ethical dilemmas encountered by French military doctors in overseas operations. It provides unique insights into their ethical experiences and should prove useful in improving operational training for healthcare personnel deployed on overseas missions.

Current and past pandemics have several aspects in common. It is expected that all members of society contribute to beat it. But it is also clear that the risks associated with the pandemic are different for different groups. This makes that appeals to solidarity based on technocratic risk calculations are only partially successful. Objective ‘risks of transmission’ may, for example, be trumped by risks of letting down people in need of help or by missing out certain opportunities in life. In this paper we argue that a rapprochement of the insights of standpoint epistemology with pandemic science and pandemic policy making may be an important step toward making pandemic science more accurate and pandemic calls for solidarity more effective.

Background It is important to foster social participation and health equity, especially for older adults in situations of vulnerability. Despite growing interest in vulnerability, there is no consensus regarding how to define or measure this concept. This paper provides an inventory and synthesis of definitions of and instruments measuring vulnerability in older adults. Methods Using a scoping study framework, eight databases (Abstracts in Social Gerontology, Academic Search Complete, AgeLine, CINAHL, MEDLINE, SocINDEX, PsycInfo, Scopus) were searched with relevant keywords [Vulnerab* AND (Concept*, Defin*, Meaning, Terminology, Measurement, Assessment*, Indicator*, Instrument*, Scale*, Questionnaire* OR Test*) AND (Aging, Aging, Elder*, Gerontolog*, Older OR Senior*)]. Results Thirty-one original definitions and five measuring instruments were identified, content-analyzed, and compared. Vulnerability definitions mostly focused on people under conditions that increased their risk of harm because of individual physical factors, the environment, and their interaction. Considering these definitions, experts in the field of aging, including two representing older adults, participated in a workshop, and a consensus was reached to define a situation of vulnerability as "a set of circumstances in which one or more individuals experience, at a specific moment in time, one or multiple physiological, psychological, socioeconomic or social difficulties that may interact to increase their risk of being harmed or having coping challenges that have a negative impact on their life." Although none of the measures fully targeted this definition, the Perceived Vulnerability Scale (PVS) is one of the most complete measures, with 22 items considering feelings of vulnerability toward personal and environmental factors, and good psychometric properties. Conclusions The proposed definition and the PVS help to provide a common language and measure in health and social sciences research, policy and practice identifying and reaching older adults in situations of vulnerability and intervening to foster social participation and health equity.

Over the past 30 years, the scientific community has been increasingly challenged to provide the next generation of researchers with training in responsible conduct of research (RCR). Although RCR courses, workshops, and seminars are now routinely taught internationally, there is little uniformity in goals, content, pedagogy, duration, class size, or methods of assessment. The result is a mixed picture of effectiveness. In this manuscript, we describe goals, rationales, and features for a course tested and revised through well over 100 iterations. Based on our experience and that of others with whom we have shared this model, we propose this course as one that RCR instructors might readily and successfully adopt or adapt.

This article deals with general problems of treating elderly and senile patients. With age, morbidity increases, such patients need surgical treatment more often, they are more susceptible to anesthesia than young people; the combination of age-related changes and concomitant diseases is typical, with corresponding increase in anesthetic risk.

This study investigated how middle managers can facilitate change by affecting subordinates’ affective responses and attitudes towards a merger. We utilized leader-member exchange theory and appraisal theory to argue that employees in high quality exchange relationships with their supervising manager would be provided with more change information and opportunities for participation in the change, and, in turn, would have more positive affective perceptions of the change in terms of trust, cynicism, uncertainty and control, and subsequently be more open to the change. Multi-group analysis was applied to data of 326 employees of two health insurance companies that were involved in a merger. The findings largely supported the research model, suggesting that middle managers can facilitate change by developing high-quality relationships with their subordinates, and addressing employees’ affective perceptions of the change through change information and change participation. Our focus on the middle managers’ relationship with their employees offers theoretical and practical insights into the affective and attitudinal processes that occur during organizational change.

In April 2020, close to the start of the first U.K. COVID-19 lockdown, the U.K. government announced the development of a COVID-19 contact tracing app, which was later trialled on the U.K. island, the Isle of Wight, in May/June 2020. United Kingdom surveys found general support for the development of such an app, which seemed strongly influenced by public trust. Institutions developing the app were called upon to fulfil the commitment to public trust by acting with trustworthiness. Such calls presuppose that public trust associated with the app can emerge if the conditions for trustworthiness are met and that public trust is simplistic, i.e., linearly the sum of each member of the publics’ individual – U.K. government trust relationship. Drawing on a synthesis of the trust literature and fifteen interviews with members of the public trialling the app on the Isle of Wight, this paper aims to explore what trust mechanisms and relationships are at play when thinking about public trust in the context of the U.K. COVID-19 app. We argue that public trust is a complex social phenomenon and not linearly correlated with institutional trustworthiness. As such, attention needs to widen from calls for trustworthy infrastructures as a way to build public trust, to a deeper understanding of those doing the trusting; in particular, what or whom do people place their trust in (or not) when considering whether using the app and why. An understanding of this will help when trying to secure public trust during the implementation of necessary public health measures. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11673-021-10127-x.

Highlights • Analysis of the science-law relationship as an interdisciplinary exchange of problems. • The problem-feeding model of interdisciplinarity is used in this analysis. • Highlight mismatches in expectations between actors. • Differing concepts of uncertainty and understandings of values-science central. Legal decision-making often relies on scientific knowledge and information of other kinds, not least in environmental law where legal institutions use environmental modeling to, for example, project expected effects of projects when approving or denying permits. In this paper, using use the problem-feeding model of interdisciplinarity, we analyze this relationship as an exchange of problems and solutions between different communities of expertise. Drawing on recent examples from Finland, we use the problem-feeding model to explore the conditions under which problem-solution coordination breaks down. We argue that tensions between the notions of uncertainty used by the different communities of expertise can lead to differing understandings of the way the relationship between legal institutions and scientific experts works, and that this may disrupt the orderly exchange of problems and solutions. We illustrate our views in a fictional discussion between a lawyer and a modeler.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo explorar a influência do work engagement e da confiança, na transferência de conhecimento tácito. É proposto um modelo que sugere uma relação entre estas variáveis. Para isto, realizou-se um estudo de metodologia mista, numa empresa de transportes públicos na Ilha da Madeira, Portugal. Aplicou-se um questionário numa amostra de 202 trabalhadores e realizaram-se sete entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados confirmam o papel facilitador do work engagement na transferência de conhecimento tácito, e que a confiança tem um papel mediador relevante nesta relação. As organizações que queiram aumentar a partilha de conhecimento tácito, devem promover um ambiente de confiança e cuidar do engagement dos seus trabalhadores. Classificações JEL: M1; M12. Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar la influencia del work engagement y la confianza en la transferencia de conocimiento tácito. Se propone un modelo que sugiere una relación entre estas variables. Se realizó un estudio de metodología mixta en una empresa de transporte público en la isla de Madeira, Portugal. Se aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra de 202 trabajadores y se realizaron 7 entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los resultados confirman el papel facilitador del work engagement en la transferencia de conocimiento tácito y que la confianza tiene un papel mediador relevante en esta relación. Las organizaciones que quieran incrementar el intercambio de conocimiento tácito deben fomentar un ambiente de confianza y cuidar el compromiso de sus trabajadores. Abstract This study aimed to explore the influence of work engagement and trust in tacit knowledge transfer. A model that suggests a relationship between these variables is proposed. A study of mixed methodology was carried out in a public transport company in Madeira Island, Portugal. A questionnaire to a sample of 202 workers was applied and 7 semi-structured interviews were conducted. The results confirm the facilitating role of work engagement in tacit knowledge transfer and that trust has a relevant mediating role in this relationship. Organizations that want to increase the sharing of tacit knowledge must promote an environment of trust and take care of the engagement of their workers.

Resume La pandemie actuelle a accentue les tensions economiques et sociales entre les plus jeunes et les aines. Dans une societe confrontee au choc de la pandemie, le dialogue entre les generations est un imperatif de maintien de la cohesion sociale. La notion d’intergenerationnel implique les nombreux processus de la vie sociale d’aujourd’hui permettant d’etablir des ponts entre les generations. Elle renvoie a un contenu relationnel entre individus appartenant a des tranches d’âges differents et partageant certaines communautes d’histoire. Elle depasse la dimension individuelle culturelle pour introduire celle de la civilisation. Elle necessite un pacte etabli dans le temps entre generation ascendante et descendante, voire avec des generations tres anterieures et a venir. La famille joue un role majeur pour l’education et la structuration des liens intergenerationnels a tout âge entre les personnes. L’intergenerationnel concerne differentes dynamiques identitaires psychologiques, sociales et politiques satellites de la demographie et de l’economie. Pour etre efficient dans la societe, une equite interpersonnelle est incontournable, condition necessaire pour une societe fraternelle.

Background Uterus transplantation (Utx) has achieved clinical success but little is known about motivations and experiences of UTx recipients. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 UTx recipients in addition to collecting quantitative demographic and clinical data. Closed-ended interview questions were treated as categorical variables. Thematic analysis was performed on qualitative data. Bivariate analysis tested associations between categorical variables. Results Themes that emerged included: the decision to pursue UTx is a process, primary motivations for UTx are specific to the experience of gestation, and alternative options did not offer the same value as UTx. There was no association between disease etiology, clinical status, or perception of UTx risk with information needs or donor preference. Conclusions Our findings suggest that UTx is a unique treatment option that some women with AUFI find preferable to adoption and surrogacy and, as such, should be discussed as a parenthood option with women diagnosed with AUFI.

Leadership in effecting change and transformation of the healthcare landscape on behalf of patients resides chiefly in patient advocacy organizations. The purpose of this chapter is to focus on leadership among not-for-profit patient advocacy organizations both in the U.S. and Europe by examining case studies of first-time leaders emerging in recent decades. Characteristics of these selected individuals are analyzed in the context of established leadership theories. Because of the necessity of securing funds to fulfill an organization's mission, transparency is of growing importance as an on-going and future challenge. Social entrepreneurism is introduced at the chapter's conclusion for its possible relevance to tomorrow's leaders emerging in patient advocacy organizations. Such thinking opens the door to future research to identify essential elements of success in the examination of first-time leadership in patient advocacy and to determine how it is best nurtured, mentored, and applauded.

In the abundant literature on social entrepreneurship, little attention is paid to the creation process of hybrid social ventures, beyond the assumptions that they are originated by market failures and are born to alleviate a social problem. Using a qualitative approach based on semi-structured interviews, the authors derive a process model explaining the creation of hybrid social ventures through effectuation and bricolage. They show that these decision-making tools may play a role in the creation process and that the new venture may have the defining characteristics of opportunity creation. They conclude that for a new venture to be created as a hybrid firm, a dual mission-goal with a social problem as the trigger and a financial goal to ensure sustainability are required.

Summary The text addresses the risks involving xenophobia against the Chinese on the internet, and social networks, from the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to demonstrating how irrational this manifestation is, especially the idea of virus creation in a laboratory. For this purpose, historical examples of how xenophobic prejudice is meaningless and have damaged humanity's trajectory in all world regions are addressed. Finally, I warn about the need to use science to confront the new coronavirus and abandon conspiracy theories.

This article analyses the importance of trust in counselling for refugee and other migrant women who have experienced gender-based violence. The data consist of journal entries written by social workers, case workers, legal counsellors, and psychologists working for seven non-governmental organizations providing counselling services for women in six European Union countries. The analysis focuses on how trust is represented in the journals and how it is linked to agency and vulnerability. Trust is necessary to build a form of agency that enables refugee women to be vulnerable in the sense that they expose themselves to the actions and expectations of the persons who help them. This form of vulnerability makes it possible to recount the events that have made them vulnerable in the sense of having been subjected to harmful actions. In the journals, the presence or absence of trust is always assessed by the counsellors, and the voice of the refugee women is not clearly present.