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Saat ini, isu penggunaan energi yang berlebihan telah mewabah di masyarakat. Penggunaan energi yang berlebihan banyak ditemukan pada lingkungan rumah tangga. Penerapan rumah yang hemat energi dapat dijadikan solusi dalam mengatasi masalah tersebut. Namun, beberapa masyarakat tidak memprioritaskan konsep tersebut. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menentukan bagaimana persepsi masyarakat mengenai kepentingan menerapkan konsep rumah hemat energi pada rumah tinggal sehari – hari dan menentukan hal – hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam menciptakan konsep rumah hemat energi. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui kuesioner ke beberapa responden lapisan masyarakat baik itu karyawan, wiraswasta, maupun mahasiswa. Data yang telah terkumpul dianalisis menggunakan analisis kualitatif data teks. Hasil dari analisis tersebut akan menghasilkan faktor – faktor yang menjadi alasan kepentingan menerapkan konsep rumah hemat energi dan kriteria dalam penerapan rumah hemat energi.

National logistics cost can be used as a key indicator to reflect a country's overall logistics performance and monitor their respective logistics policies. However, not all countries have developed this indicator, and some have used differing methodologies. This paper provides an approach for calculating national logistics cost per gross domestic product (NLC/GDP) in the context of Thailand and demonstrates its veracity and validity using an action research methodology with key stakeholders. The approach utilizes easily obtainable macro level data combined with survey data. The calculation method has progressively improved in its accuracy and efficacy to reflect Thailand's logistic context. The proposed approach contributes to the national logistics cost debate and can inform academics, managers, and policy makers not just in Thailand but, in other countries when developing their own NLC/GDP to evaluate their respective logistics development activities.

This paper studies the relationship between logistics, intermodality and airport efficiency. To this end, using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), the efficiency of the 21 largest European airports has been estimated over the 2009–2014 period. In a second stage, this research analyses the effect of Logistics and Modal Integration on airport efficiency. The airport's ability to compete globally depends, greatly, on the passengers and cargo’ access to efficient networks. The results show evidence of the positive impact of the quality of the national logistics system on Airport efficiency. The effect of Logistics on overall airport efficiency is estimated at 0.15% for every 1% increase in the Logistic Performance (LPI), ceteris paribus. Furthermore, airports that have a direct link to a High-Speed Rail (HSR) network are expected to perform, on average, 27 per cent above the rest of the airports. Finally, airports that offer more facilities to optimise the interface between airport and aircraft are expected to achieve higher efficiency levels.

The analysis of electric vehicle adoption pathways on a national level is a multi-dimensional problem, making adoption path analysis a complex task. The identification of successful strategies is however crucial for the decarbonization of the transport sector. This work provides an innovative analytical tool integrating a national adoption path identification framework and a macro-environmental STEPE (socio-cultural, technological, economic, political, environmental) approach. The method is tested at three countries: Norway, as the country with highest electric vehicle (EV) share globally, and France and Germany as two important European car-maker industries. When comparing France, Germany and Norway, the proposed framework allows raising the following main conclusions: Technology itself is not a decisive criteria. For the evolvement of a national EV production portfolio, the social value of the technology and the willingness of the incumbent car industry to position itself in this new market appear important. When EV are available in the market, regulatory incentives and policies have to match with consumer preferences. Among direct subsidies, policies affecting the purchase price of EV are identified as most effective instrument. The analysis further prompts a duality between national incentives and local programs supporting EV adoption. The final timeline analysis with Norway as forerunner and France and Germany as early adopters provides a detailed assessment of the temporal evolvement of national EV adoption pathways.

A vehicle simulation model, CO2MPAS supports the introduction of the new WLTP-based certification system for CO2 emissions in Europe. This paper investigates the possibility to use the underlying simulation methodology to accurately calculate CO2 emissions over real-world trips, thus to extend the use of the methodology beyond vehicle certification. As a reference, the analysis used measurement data obtained from four vehicles over two different routes under real-world driving conditions. The CO2 emissions were measured using portable emissions measurement systems. The formal CO2MPAS methodology and two modified versions of it that require a reduced number of input data were assessed about their capacity to predict the measured CO2 emissions. The analysis focused on the accuracy and uncertainty of the three different methodology configurations. As an additional benchmark, the analysis considered the CO2 emissions estimates obtained from the EMEP/EEA Guidebook methodology used for emissions inventorying in Europe. Results show that the basic CO2MPAS configuration demonstrates good performance in predicting CO2 emissions over on-road tests, reaching a prediction accuracy over an entire test trip of −0,3% and a standard deviation of 3,1%. The modified versions showed slightly higher biases up to 3% and uncertainties (5–7%), but remaining within reasonable limits considering the reduced number of inputs used in each case. Given its ability to predict CO2 emissions accurately on a local base, CO2MPAS could be used for the prediction of instantaneous CO2 emissions in traffic micro-simulation exercises.

The rake movements in rail freight transportation are executed by dynamically allocating empty rakes to observed demands. This work proposes an alternate cycle planning strategy based on the average demand data. The system is modeled as the Pickup and Delivery Problem with customer specified origin and destination and multiple full truckload demands by each customer. Initially, an Exact Formulation of the problem that gives optimal cycles is presented. A modified Order First Split Second Heuristic (OFSS) is proposed to solve the deterministic version of this problem where a giant tour is constructed by assigning a value to each node based on the greedy path from that location. The splitting algorithm forms multiple cycles satisfying maximum cycle time constraint from the Giant Tour. A heuristic solution obtained by splitting optimal giant tour is also determined to study the performance of proposed heuristic. Considering the possibility of deviation of actual demands from average, an adaptive algorithm that modifies the planned cycles to accommodate the changes in demand is presented. Computations show that the heuristic gives near-optimal solution in terms of net revenue and the number of vehicles required. Testing this algorithm on dynamic demands show that the initial cycle plan can be followed with minor modification if the Degree of Dynamism of the system is small. The proposed algorithm is tested on Indian freight rail data and the improvements in rake utilization are noted.

Asian airports are keen to develop into hubs to strengthen their respective positions in the region. When a hub airport launches more routes and increases flight frequencies, its neighbouring airports might be affected by depending on them for transfers to additional destinations. To analyse the situation in Asia, this paper develops two composite indexes referred to as the Airport Transfer Dependency Index (ATDI) and Airport Transfer Dependency Degree (ATDD) based on the Gini coefficient and Hub Connectivity Performance Index (HCPI) to measure an airport's transfer dependency on other airports. The analysis focuses on the case of Taiwan's Taoyuan Airport's dependency on its neighbouring hubs for destinations to North America (NA), Europe (EU), the Middle East (ME), Africa (AF) and Oceania (OC). The results reveal that Taoyuan Airport has significant transfer dependency on Tokyo's Narita Airport for North America (NA) routes and on Hong Kong Airport for the other long-haul routes. The analysis presented in this paper could help airport authorities strengthen their weak connectivity on certain routes in order to reduce their dependence on neighbouring hubs.

Logistics Performance Index (LPI), published by the World Bank, is a powerful tool for countries to benchmark and assess their performance in global logistics business. Researchers have investigated relations between LPI scores and other related statistics for developing country logistics policies; however, no studies examine the strategies of countries with high or increasing LPI scores. These countries could be used as a benchmark for improving the performance of competing countries, specifically emerging economies. The aim of this study is to develop a methodological framework for recommending logistics policies to improve the LPI score of specific countries. The study implements both qualitative and quantitative methods for developing the strategic recommendations in an uncertain business environment. The sources of the required data include logistics magazines, scientific articles, newspapers, World Bank investment reports, news and Ministry of Transport publications of the countries, as well as expert opinions. The framework consists of two main steps; (i) analyzing countries’ logistics strategies and their impacts on LPI scores and (ii) providing policy recommendations for improving the LPI score of specific countries under consideration. We implemented the developed framework to provide strategic recommendations for Turkey. The developed framework is a strategic tool which can be used by countries to benchmark and implement relevant logistics policies, thus sustaining and improving their LPI scores and worldwide trade performances.

The freight transportation activities having an impact on the freight logistics process. The environmental and social sustainability-related processes are poorly managed compared to the economic process. The quality of environmental and social sustainability (EnSoS) practices ought to be enhanced by measuring current sustainability practices, and at the same time, obstacles to sustainability have to be identified. Some of the previous work try to develop a sustainability framework, but less attention is paid to develop the EnSoS assessment framework for the freight transport industry. To bridge this research gap, this study develops an EnSoS framework based on an integrated multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method, i.e., fuzzy best-worst method (FBWM) and fuzzy logic approach. The proposed framework evaluates the current sustainability performance with an index and highlights the obstacles to the sustainable freight transportation system. The proposed framework presents two sustainability enablers, nine dimensions, and sixty-three sustainability attributes, including ten new attributes. The FBWM method is used to compute the fuzzy importance weight of attributes, whereas the fuzzy logic is used to assess the performance of each attribute. The proposed framework is validated with the case of the Indian freight industry. The fuzzy transportation EnSoS index (FTEnSoSI) is computed as (3.511, 6.366, 8.418), and close to ‘very environmental and social sustainable (VESS)’ label. The fuzzy performance importance index (FPII) is computed to assess the performance of each attribute. Based on FPII value, thirty attributes are identified as obstacles to transport sustainability. The result analysis presented proposed policy measures for improving EnSoS obstacles.

The objective of this research is to aid macrologistics decision-making through the development and interpretation of national freight-flow and logistics cost measurements, i.e. macrologistics instrumentation. This provides the systemic view of the national freight logistics landscape that is required to address logistics challenges within the context of a country's socio-economic objectives. The results highlight that South Africa's macrologistics costs exceed that of trading partners, with road transport the dominant cost contributor. Investing in domestic intermodal solutions will reduce both transport and externality costs. This, in turn, will improve the competitiveness of domestic and international freight, and support economic and ecological development objectives. Rail branch line densification will improve market access for rural economies and reduce logistics costs while supporting social development objectives. These applications provide examples of data-driven policy development and infrastructure investments. The level of spatial and sectoral disaggregation in the South Africa's Freight Demand ModelTM, and the flow-level link with a logistics costs model, within the context of the national input-output model, is to the best of our knowledge unique. This link to economic aggregates in the South Africa's Freight Demand ModelTM input data bridges logistics' analytical gap to macroeconomic decision-making.

Depopulated regions face declines in traffic demand for airline service. The airline network in Hokkaido, Japan, plays an important role in the regional economy, healthcare, and sightseeing. Toward maintaining this airline network, the “bundled privatization” of airports has been discussed. Under such a system, several airports are privatized as a package for management by a single company. This study proposes a model for analyzing the behaviors of airport operators, airline companies, and passengers when bundled privatization is introduced to an airline network. Under bundled privatization, an airport management company can determine the landing fees of all airports such as to maximize the profits of all its airports, while an airline company can determine its service frequencies and aircraft sizes such as to maximize its profit. As a result of these two profit-maximization behaviors, an equilibrium state is obtained. The proposed model is applied to the airline network in Hokkaido, and the results of numerical calculations are discussed.

In the last few years there has been an increasing attempt to find solutions on how to mitigate the environmental impacts of air travel. Behavioral change has hereby been identified as the measure with the most significant impact. One way to encourage behavioral change is the use of eco-labels. Eco-labels have, to date, received scant attention in the aviation industry, and their effect on air travel behavior is still largely unknown. This study explores the effect of an eco-label on the booking decisions of passengers. We conduct a stated choice experiment with 553 air passengers. Our findings show that providing passengers with an eco-label leads to behavioral change, as the label makes them avoid the most polluting flights while it also increases their willingness to pay for less polluting flights. We find, however, that it is environmentally minded passengers who are more likely to select green-labeled flights. In addition, our results show that providing additional information on the purpose and goals of the eco-label is crucial for its adoption, because this added information increases the preference for more environmentally friendly flights significantly. Based on our results, we provide recommendations to the industry and for further research.

Our understanding of airline passengers' perception of safety and its association with their satisfaction and airline service quality measures is limited in the literature. This study aims to conduct a systematic examination of airline passengers’ perception of safety and its association with demographics attributes, service quality measures, overall satisfaction and loyalty by using Vietnam to Australia route as a case study. We conducted a questionnaire survey of 436 respondents travelling on a full-service airline flying from Vietnam to Australia. Only 53.4% of respondents feel safe while travelling in the airline while 28.9% feel neutral safe and 17.7% feel unsafe. We found that the four service quality measures of SERVQUAL model (Tangibles, Reliability, Assurance and Empathy) and airline specific measures (Flight Experience, Ground Service, Airline Employees and Flight Schedule) had significant effects on the passengers' perception of safety. Also, respondents' differences in educational qualification, frequency of travel, ticket types and the membership of frequent flyer program (FFP) had a significant effect on their perception of safety. Likewise, passengers’ overall satisfaction and loyalty to the airline also had a significant effect on the perception of safety. No effects on the perception of safety were found for differences in gender, age, nationality, income and purpose of travel. Although all airlines flying in and out of Australia must meet Australia's Safety Management System regulations and requirements, our findings emphasize the importance of understanding the relationship between passengers' perception of safety and their satisfaction. There is an opportunity for the airline operator to secure a lead in the market share of air travel by improving service quality measures that can influence passengers' perception of safety.

Transport costs are a crucial element of applied spatial models such as spatial macro-economic models or interaction models for e.g. trade, migration or commuting. However, good estimates of these costs are not available at lower levels of spatial aggregation. In applied work, the distance between two regions is often approximated by the distance between the largest city in each region. For costs within regions, researchers often resort to crude ad-hoc approximations relating internal distance to the area of the region assuming a uniform internal distribution. This paper improves on this by considering averages of transport costs calculated between extremely large random samples of centroids which are drawn from a population grid. This allows calculating distances, travel times and transport costs both between and within regions, while taking into account the unequal distribution of population within the regions. The use of a detailed road network and many auxiliary datasets allows performing policy analysis. We assess the impact on transport cost of an increase in fuel prices, and find that it has a relatively high effect on transport costs in Eastern Europe. We evaluate transport infrastructure investment of the European Cohesion Policy program 2014–2020. The largest decreases in transport costs are found in targeted regions in Eastern Europe while the effect is much smaller in targeted regions in Southern Europe, suggesting decreasing returns to further transport infrastructure in these regions. We find significant inter-regional spillovers to regions directly bordering the regions targeted by the policy in Eastern Europe, such as in Germany and Austria, but also Finland and Northern Italy. The positive spillovers to EU regions in Western Europe are quite small.

This paper analyzes whether money influences election outcomes. Using a new and more comprehensive dataset built from government sources, the paper shows that the relations between money and votes cast for major parties in elections for the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives from 1980 to 2018 are well approximated by straight lines. It then considers possible challenges to this “linear model” of money and elections on statistical grounds, resting on possible endogeneity arising from reciprocal causation between, for example, popularity and votes. The paper develops a spatial Bayesian latent instrumental variable model to tackle this much discussed problem. It checks its results by studying relations between changes in gambling odds and contributions in key elections. Both approaches suggest that reciprocal causation may happen to some degree, but that money’s independent influence on elections remains powerful.

This article shows how the behavioral asymmetry between workers and rentiers, whether in relation to the possibility of inheriting (or not) assets, or in relation to the magnitude of the inherited assets, impacts the decisions of the agents in relation to consumption, savings and capital stock. An alternative approach to the Baranzini (1991) model is presented for the continuous case, allowing technical progress and introducing behavioral differences between rentiers and workers, not only from the point of view of their initial endowments but also from their preferences. The technical-conceptual framework of the present approach extends Baranzini's original model by emphasizing how agents incorporate the assets into their constraints. A micro-based version of Kalecki's famous aphorism is also obtained.

Numerous research and developments have emerged in the last 100 years, primarily dedicated to waste management. Among the subjects they have focused on are life-cycle assessments, treatment and minimisation of waste and mitigation of waste environmental impact. These massive efforts came into effect to mitigate the detrimental impacts of waste generation from production industries. One industry that has been plagued with rising sustainability issues is the palm oil industry, which is the main engine of development in South East Asia. The oil palm is a significant flex crop. In Malaysia and Indonesia particularly, crude palm oil production has raised red flags due to its massive waste generation. To illustrate, different types of wastes are generated from 1 t of processed fresh fruit bunches – namely, palm oil mill effluent (POME) (60%), empty fruit bunches (23%), mesocarp fibres (12%), shell (5%) and gas emissions. The high nitrogen content, high chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand of POME cause severe environmental pollution. Nevertheless, the biomethane generated from POME through anaerobic digestion can be harnessed as renewable bioenergy. Hence, the sustainability of the palm oil industry could be ensured by combining both the production of renewable energy and the treatment of waste water.

Summary Our planet is an open system, subject to an energy flux that favours the emergence of some complex structures, thanks to the support of internal cycles involving energy and matter transformations. The description of their alternance can be pursued through the narrative of their evolution, starting from simple activities, and then moving towards large scale systems, more complex and more connected. The interchanges occur through deep technological transformations, whose dynamics affected the economic development and different aspects of human history. In this framework the warning on the perils of climate changes due to the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, is evidencing the necessity of limiting their use, despite the implied enormous infrastructural changements.

In this paper, we continue a topic of modeling measuring processes by perceiving them as a kind of signal sampling. And, in this respect, note that an ideal model was developed in a previous work. Whereas here, we present its nonideal version. This extended model takes into account an effect, which is called averaging of a measured signal. And, we show here that it is similar to smearing of signal samples arising in nonideal signal sampling. Furthermore, we demonstrate in this paper that signal averaging and signal smearing mean principally the same, under the conditions given. So, they can be modeled in the same way. A thorough analysis of errors related to the signal averaging in a measuring process is given and illustrated with equivalent schemes of the relationships derived. Furthermore, the results obtained are compared with the corresponding ones that were achieved analyzing amplitude quantization effects of sampled signals used in digital techniques. Also, we show here that modeling of errors related to signal averaging through the so-called quantization noise, assumed to be a uniform distributed random signal, is rather a bad choice. In this paper, an upper bound for the above error is derived. Moreover, conditions for occurrence of hidden aliasing effects in a measured signal are given.

In order to have an immediate impact on building energy-related emissions, existing buildings need to be addressed. To inform policy and technical decisions, detailed mathematical models are required which can explore numerous building retrofit solutions and their energy and emissions performance . This paper describes the adaptation of a hybrid statistical and engineering-based model for residential building stock in Canada to analyze community-scale energy retrofits . The modelling domain includes both envelope and mechanical retrofits, as well as district renewable energy systems. This model is then applied to a case study of converting a community of fifty 1980’s vintage single-detached homes to achieve net-zero energy. The case study demonstrated that deep envelope retrofits and fuel switching from natural gas to electric heat pump systems reduce community energy demand by 69%. Saturating available roof area with photovoltaics was able to achieve net-zero balance. By considering net-zero at the community-scale, individual buildings that did not achieve net-zero were offset by net-exporting neighbours. Annual community emissions of the retrofit reduced emissions by 95%. The analysis also highlights the significant impact on electrical infrastructure due to solar generation and energy demand mismatch.

The magnetic gear integrated permanent magnet brushless machine (MG-IPMBM) is a kind of compact structure with high torque density and complex electromagnetic energy transfer. In order to analyze the transient characteristics of the machine, an analysis method of field circuit coupling is proposed. Both magnetic gear and permanent magnet motor are magnetized by Halbach array. Combining the analytical model of the magnetic gear magnetic field with MATLAB motor simulation module, a joint simulation model of field circuit coupling double closed-loop control system based on the Simulink-analytical method is established. The electromechanical transient response characteristics of machine under load starting, load mutation and overload self-protection are analyzed. The simulation results show that the output speed and torque of machine can accurately follow the given value, and its unique overload self-protection ability greatly improves the safety of machine operation. In addition, a prototype is made and an experimental platform is built. The experimental results show that the output torque follows quickly, the torque ripple is small, and transient performance of the machine is good.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recognises air pollution as a serious public health concern in many developing countries due to the influx of energy-intensive industries with limited planning and exposure mitigation strategies. Due to industrial expansion and release of associated air pollutants in Oman, the US Environmental Protection Agency human health risk assessment (HHRA) model was used to determine the non-carcinogenic hazard associated with exposure to industrial emissions. Across the three industrial cities (Nizwa, Sur and Rusayl), the study found ambient average concentrations (μg/m3) of 1 h carbon monoxide (CO) (606–1974), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (7.7–43.9) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) (4.8–9.0) and 24 h PM2.5 (7.3–7.8) and PM10 (38.7–51.5) to be significantly lower than both the Ministry of Environment and Climatic Affairs (MECA) and WHO limits. The HHRA analysis showed that exposure to the air pollutants produced low non-carcinogenic adverse health effects, as the hazard quotient (HQ) was found to be

In this study, several catalysts – namely, MCM-41, copper (II) oxide (CuO), copper (II) oxide/MCM-41, nickel (Ni)/copper (II) oxide and nickel/copper (II) oxide/MCM-41 – were synthesised and characterised by way of X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller/Barrett–Joyner–Halenda techniques. The oxidation of indole (C8H7N) by these synthesised catalysts was evaluated at room temperature by using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer. It was revealed that adding nickel to copper (II) oxide/MCM-41, even at low concentrations, significantly increased the oxidation efficiency. Furthermore, to obtain the optimal operating conditions, the influences of the weight percentage of nickel, pH, the mass of catalyst and contact time, each at three levels, on indole oxidation were studied by applying the response surface methodology based on the Box–Behnken design method. The obtained results indicated that pH and nickel weight percentage were the most critical factors. Finally, although several kinetic models were applied for investigating the kinetic mechanism of indole oxidation by way of the nickel/copper (II) oxide/MCM-41 composite, the most suitable model for this purpose was the Blanchard kinetic model.

Resource and environmental management are shaping our society and economy. Virgin mining is rapidly becoming unsustainable as primary resources are in increasingly short supply and energy consumption continues to increase. Urban mining through a circular economy has emerged as a promising option for securing copper and aluminum resources. However, the sustainability and viability of this circular economy industry are heavily dependent on its profitability. Here, we demonstrate the economic benefits of urban mining for anthropogenic minerals: e-waste, end-of-life vehicles, and waste wiring and cables. The material and cost flows associated with urban mining are deeply examined. Through life cycle cost and cost-benefit analysis, the cost of obtaining one ton of copper or aluminum is found to be, on average, 3,000 US$ or 1,660 US$, which is significantly lower than the cost of virgin mining. Moreover, in terms of the costs and benefits, copper may differ tremendously from aluminum depending on the type of anthropogenic mineral. Some additional regulations or policies enactment need to reinforce the urban mining and circular economy.

Problem definition: Utility regulators are grappling to devise compensation schemes for customers who sell rooftop solar generation back to the grid, balancing environmental interests and the financial interests of utilities, solar system installers, and retail customers. This is difficult: Regulatory changes made in Nevada in 2015 to protect Nevada’s utility induced SolarCity, the market leader in solar systems, to suspend local operations. We show that the choice of utility tariff structure is crucial to achieving socially desirable objectives. Academic/practical relevance: It is important for regulators to understand how tariff structure interacts with social objectives. This has implications for consumers, regulators, and industry. Methodology: We use a sequential game to analyze the regulator’s social welfare maximization problem in a market with a regulated utility; an unregulated, price-setting, profit-maximizing solar system installer; and customers who endogenously determine whether to adopt solar or not, based on utility tariffs, solar prices, and their heterogeneous usage profiles and generation potentials. Results: We illustrate that the effectiveness of tariff structures is not governed simply by the number of free tariff parameters, but by the functions these parameters serve. In particular, an effective tariff must discriminate among customer usage tiers and between customers with and without rooftop solar to achieve socially desirable outcomes. We present a tariff structure with these two characteristics and show how it can be implemented as a simple buy-all, sell-all tariff while retaining its favorable properties. We illustrate our findings numerically using data from Nevada and New Mexico, two states grappling with this issue. Managerial implications: Many utilities in the United States operate tariff structures that are missing at least one of the two identified features. Regulators must overhaul these tariff structures to adequately safeguard all stakeholders.

Indexado en Scopus The construction industry is a driver of economic and social development in developing countries; however, it is also one of the primary sources of entropic elements such as construction and demolition waste (CDW). Since construction is expected to continue growing, it is essential to study the CDW status under these scenarios. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first academic research in Peru that deals with CDW. The information for the research is collected from primary and secondary sources, which includes 265 surveys, interviews, and visits to construction and disposal sites. The results are obtained from a cross-analysis of the influence of different aspects (experience and education level of the construction site manager, dimension, or socio-economical level of the site, building use, among others) on CDW management. Further, significant findings related to each stage of the CDW cycle are presented. The obtained findings provide information for effective decision making in terms of policies and regulations on CDW, which will help improve its management, reduce environmental impact, and provide economic benefits, especially in developing countries. La industria de la construcción es un motor del desarrollo económico y social en los países en desarrollo; sin embargo, también es una de las principales fuentes de elementos entrópicos como los desechos de construcción y demolición (RCD). Dado que se espera que la construcción continúe creciendo, es esencial estudiar el estado de los CDW en estos escenarios. A lo mejor del conocimiento del autor, esta es la primera investigación académica en Perú que se ocupa de CDW. La información para la investigación se recopila de fuentes primarias y secundarias, que incluye 265 encuestas, entrevistas y visitas a sitios de construcción y disposición. Los resultados se obtienen a partir de un análisis cruzado de la influencia de diferentes aspectos (experiencia y nivel educativo del jefe de obra, dimensión o nivel socioeconómico de la obra, uso de la edificación, entre otros) en la gestión de los CDW. Más lejos, Se presentan hallazgos significativos relacionados con cada etapa del ciclo de CDW. Los hallazgos obtenidos brindan información para la toma de decisiones efectiva en términos de políticas y regulaciones sobre RCD, lo que ayudará a mejorar su gestión, reducir el impacto ambiental y brindar beneficios económicos, especialmente en los países en desarrollo. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Revisión por pares

In line with the increase in consciousness on sustainability in today’s global world, great emphasis has been attached to food waste management. Food waste is a complex issue to manage due to uncertainties on quality, quantity, location, and time of wastes, and it involves different decisions at many stages from seed to post-consumption. These ambiguities re-quire that some decisions should be handled in a linguistic and ambiguous environment. That forces researchers to benefit from fuzzy sets mostly utilized to deal with subjectivity that causes uncertainty. In this study, as a novel approach, the spherical fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (SFAHP) was used to select the best food treatment option. In the model, four main criteria (infrastructural, governmental, economic, and environmental) and their thirteen sub-criteria are considered. A real case is conducted to show how the proposed model can be used to assess four food waste treatment options (composting, anaerobic digestion, landfilling, and incineration). Also, a sensitivity analysis is generated to check whether the evaluations on the main criteria can change the results or not. The proposed model aims to create a subsidiary tool for decision makers in relevant companies and institutions.

The prevalence use and handling of plastics have become a global menace to the environment. This menace has even led to a national discourse on banning plastics in Ghana. The plastic waste situation seems to be an oblivious less concerned by some Ghanaian sculptors, engineers and scientists on its artistic exploration and contribution to the quota of environmental sanitation in Ghana. However, having identified the artistic qualities of plastics, this article seeks to transform plastic waste into art by exploring and analysing non-biodegradable polyethylene as a viable and unconventional material for sculpture. The focus of this studio-based research employed the Praxis with arts-based recycling approach as technique and procedures to create a bust from plastic waste as a means of establishing its viability as an unconventional material for sculpture. It was established from the outcome of the research that plastics as non-biodegradable material should not be seen as an environmental menace, but a viable and unconventional material for sculptors and other professionals like engineers and scientists beyond Ghana must also expand on this research further.

The issues related to the analysis of technological methods for the formation of architectural objects are considered. The purpose of the research is to identify the scale and prospects for the use of traditional and innovative technologies. Solving problems associated with the development of technological methods and processes is accompanied by the development of general theoretical knowledge of architectural science and building materials science as ways to improve the functional quality of architectural systems and their display in the formats of buildings and structures. The real need to develop a systematic approach and the development of a methodology for integrating the technological component (more precisely, non-traditional or innovative methods and techniques) into the algorithm for the formation of architectural objects predetermined and determined the goal and objectives of this study. The theoretical base of research includes both scientifi c and philosophical works devoted to the object and subject of research in a global aspect, and scientifi c and technical literature, in relation to a specifi c area of architectural activity.

This article suggests employing the affordance concept, the role concept, and the script concept in a complementary manner as analytical tools for investigating artefact-user interaction at three different levels of stability, abstraction, and interrelatedness. It argues that the affordance concept is best suited to describing general possibilities for action constituted by common technical features in combination with common taken-for-granted knowledge of how to use them. The script concept, in contrast, is best suited to analysing the most concrete situations of interaction between artefacts and users: those situations in which the interaction is defined by one particular course of action. In between, there is a middle level characterised by artefacts and users being involved in several interrelated activities for which the role concept provides the tools for analysis.

This paper presents a field study that explores lighting qualities within higher educational classrooms in Singapore. Eight classrooms of three types—computer labs, collaborative learning spaces and lecture halls—are studied. Lighting simulation models are calibrated and validated by measurements taken onsite and utilized to generate both instantaneous and annual physical lighting data. A questionnaire survey is distributed to 333 participants to gather subjective responses to current lighting perception. The results show that electrically lit lecture halls present more uniform distributions of lighting environments, while daylit computer labs and daylit collaborative learning spaces present relatively lower daylighting conditions. For daylit computer labs, horizontal illuminance is an effective predictor in terms of controlling lighting levels; For electrically lit lecture halls, the mean luminance of the horizontal 40° band is an effective predictor in terms of subjective lighting comfort.

Material from the electric arc furnace smelting of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash was easily converted into highly porous glass-ceramics by a combination of inorganic gel casting and sinter-crystallization at 1000 &deg, C. In particular, the gelation of aqueous suspensions of fine glass powders, transformed into &ldquo, green&rdquo, foams by intensive mechanical stirring, occurred with a limited addition of alkali activator (1 M NaOH). The products coupled the stabilization of pollutants with good mechanical properties (e.g., compressive strength approaching 4 MPa). Interestingly, they could be used also as raw material for new glass-ceramic foams, obtained by the same gel casting and sintering method, with no degradation of chemical stability. Limitations in the crushing strength, derived from the limited viscous flow densification of semi-crystalline powders, were overcome by mixing powders from recycled foams with 30 wt% soda-lime glass. The new products finally featured an even higher strength-to-density ratio than the foams from the first cycle.

The present study enriches the literature on hospital performance by analysing the total factor productivity growth of Shenzhen hospitals for the period 2005–2013 during which the 2009 Reform was implemented in the hospital sector of China. Unlike most previous studies, we adopt the global metafrontier Malmquist productivity index approach which allows the relaxation of the constraint of technological heterogeneity for hospitals by ownership. The analysis showed that there was a slightly rise in productivity of 0.68% on average. The technological regression experienced by the sampled hospitals out weighted the improvement in efficiency change. By hospital ownership type, public hospitals exhibit an average productivity decline by 0.67%, while non-public hospitals enjoyed an average productivity growth of 3.28% in general. Technological change is mainly the source of productivity change. While public hospitals are found to be the technology “leaders”, non-public hospitals have been catching up with the frontier over time. High bed utilisation was found to enhance technological progression, boost productivity growth, and allow hospital to catch up with the frontier. However, 2009 Reform exerts negative impact on the productivity growth and technological regression of the sampled Chinese hospitals.

Congestion is an economic phenomenon of overinvestment that occurs when excessive inputs decrease the maximally possible outputs. Although decision-makers are unlikely to decrease outputs by increasing inputs, congestion is widespread in reality. Identifying and measuring congestion can help decision-makers detect the problem of overinvestment. This paper reviews the development of the concept of congestion in the framework of data envelopment analysis (DEA), which is a widely accepted method for identifying and measuring congestion. In this paper, six main congestion identification and measurement methods are analysed through several numerical examples. We investigate the ideas of these methods, the contributions compared with the previous methods, and the existing shortcomings. Based on our analysis, we conclude that existing congestion identification and measurement methods are still inadequate. Three problems are anticipated for further study: maintaining the consistency between congestion and overinvestment, considering joint weak disposability assumption between desirable outputs and undesirable outputs, and quantifying the degree of congestion.

Purpose The morphology of a building describes its outline and influences its architectural aesthetics and the cost directly. However, the literature on the impact of morphology on the aesthetics and cost of urban detached residential buildings is scarce. Thus, this study is significant because its aim was to identify the critical building morphology factors and the relationship that each of them maintains with the cost and aesthetics of urban detached residential buildings. Design/methodology/approach The multi-method qualitative approach was used to collect the required empirical data through interviews and case studies and to identify the effect of the morphology factors on the aesthetics and construction cost of urban residences in Sri Lanka, respectively. The collected data were analyzed using manual content analysis and descriptive statistics. Findings The study findings revealed that the morphology factors such as the roof and circulation spaces, open spaces and voids have a high impact on both the building cost and aesthetics. These findings will assist building designers in making effective design decisions on building costs and aesthetics so that a successful design outcome satisfying both the clients and design team could be obtained. Originality/value Although morphology has an impact on the cost and aesthetic of buildings, literature on the subject is scarce. Thus, this study is significant in that it aimed at identifying the significant building morphology factors in urban detached residential buildings and identifying their relationship with the cost and aesthetic of those buildings.

The main body of the utility tunnel is all kinds of pipelines, so the normal operation of the pipelines is very important for the operation benefit of the comprehensive utility tunnel; meanwhile, identifying the potential risks of the pipelines in time can reduce the losses caused by the uncertain risks to the comprehensive utility tunnel. This paper uses the Stackelberg game model to analyze the risk information sharing among utility tunnel institutions which concludes in utility tunnel company and pipeline company, which is helpful for understanding the decision-making process in the game and its equilibrium results can guide utility tunnel company’s decision-making behavior in seeking utility tunnel risk treatment. On this basis, this paper analyzes the potential disaster risk factors in the operation process of utility tunnel, and constructs the risk early warning model of integrated pipeline corridor based on Bayesian network. The results show that the potential disaster risk during the operation of utility tunnel is evaluated, and the overall risk probability level, the key path and key risk factors of the occurrence of disaster risk events are obtained.

In order to improve the accuracy of dynamic detection of wind field in the three-dimensional display space, system software is carried out on the actual scene and corresponding airborne radar observation information data, and the particle swarm algorithm fuzzy logic algorithm is introduced into the wind field dynamic simulation process in three-dimensional display space, to analyze the error of the filtering result in detail, to process the hurricane Lily Doppler radar measurement data with the optimal adaptive filtering according to the error data. The three-dimensional wind field synchronous measurement data obtained by filtering was compared with three-dimensional wind field synchronous measurement data of the GPS dropsonde in this experiment, the sea surface wind field measurement data of the multi-band microwave radiometer, and the wind field data at aircraft altitude.

“First-last mile” (FLM) is an informal composed-word, widely used to indicate the first and the last leg of each transport movement. In this paper, it is defined as a complex system characterized by three interconnected macro factors that determine the success of a transport planning system. This is a very challenging part of the transport system from a planning perspective because of the critical issues that make it not much reliable and cost-effective. This paper capitalizes on the experiences gained in different implementations/studies and provides a theoretical framework for a good assessment and planning of the first-last mile. It stems from the recognition that the literature proposes different solutions and methods, ranging from the promotion of green transport to the use of ITS technologies. For this reason, this paper aims at elaborating some guidelines on how to tackle the problem in different territorial contexts, trying to be a help to the planners to reduce the negative consequences of mobility. Five main phases are identified here: 1) First-last mile identification; 2) Schematization of the problem and cost analysis; 3) Definition of the stakeholder involvement in the process; 4) Identification of the critical aspects of the process; 5) Identification of the best strategies to reduce costs. For each phase, the indicators to be taken into account for a correct transport planning are discussed, as a first step for stakeholders and policy-makers for making themselves aware of the significant potential of this issue.

The roll of railways in rural areas is a subject of wide range of discussions. Cost benefit analysis (CBA) gives us some quantitative indicators to discuss it, while social benefits estimated through CBA are currently not comprehensive. Some studies have shown the existence of the rail bonus, which leads to people's preference of rail-based transportation to bus-based transportation. Others have made attempts to quantify option values (OV) and non-user values (NUV), which has been excluded from conventional CBA. It is difficult to apply those studies to practical issues. In this paper, using the contingent valuation method (CVM), an estimation of railways' additional relative values over buses in Austria, which are comparable and applicable to other cases, is made. The results show that premium rates obtained from the survey data from residents along two Austrian regional railways are around ten percent on average, which are similar to the results of prior researches in Japan. Those premium rates are recognized not only by frequent users but also by occasional users or non-users, which means that OV and NUV greatly contribute to the rail bonus. It is also found that the rail bonus could depend on geographical conditions, to some extent.

Transport infrastructure has often been observed to influence urbanization which is again associated with economic development and improvement in quality of life. However, the direction of causality between the two is unclear as it may depend on the particular context which is very much determined by the socio-economic conditions, political policy decisions, etc. Also, the role of different transport sectors (e.g. road, rail, port, etc.) may change over different phases of development and historic conditions. This study, thus, attempts to explore the causal direction between transport infrastructure and urbanization during the post-liberalization era in India (1991–2011). It has used eleven variables to represent various transport sectors and also categorizes the Indian states into leading, intermediate and lagging groups to find out how the role of various transport sectors changes with various phases of development. The study has used dynamic time series models such as Vector Error-Correction (VEC) and Vector Auto-Regression (VAR) for this purpose, which is absent in the present literature. Results showed support in favor of modernization theory of urbanization in most of the cases.

Electricity end-users have been increasingly generating their own electricity via rooftop solar panels. Our paper studies the implications of such “distributed renewable energy” for utility profits and social welfare under net metering that has sparked heated debates in practice. The common belief is that such type of generation significantly decreases utility profits because (i) distributed generation reduces utility’s market size, and (ii) under net metering, utilities must buy back the excess generation of their customers at a rate typically larger than their procurement cost. Based on this understanding, there have been various lobbying campaigns against the net-metered distributed solar energy. A distinctive feature of our paper is that it considers supply-side effects of distributed renewable energy on utilities by explicitly modeling the wholesale market dynamics, while also accounting for (i) and (ii). Our analysis shows that in contrast to the common belief, the presence of net-metered distributed renewable energy can strictly increase the expected profit for utilities (compared to the case with no such energy) when wholesale market dynamics are factored in. Specifically, we prove that the net-metered distributed renewable energy strictly improves the utility’s expected profit if and only if the equilibrium wholesale electricity price is sufficiently sensitive to the changes in the wholesale demand and the utility’s expected market-reliance level is above a threshold. Our numerical study uses data on distributed solar energy in California and the CAISO’s wholesale electricity market, and demonstrates that our results continue to be valid under realistic parameters.

With the enactment of the Kigali amendment regarding the phase-down of substances with Global Warming Potential (GWP), refrigerants based on HFCs are falling into disuse and low-GWP refrigerants are proposed as replacements. R1233zd(E) is a promising new working fluid for High-temperature Heat Pumps (HTHPs) with low GWP which has yet to be further developed. A proper model needs to be imperatively constructed to predict the characteristics of R1233zd(E) applied in HTHPs. This paper proposes a mathematical model of two-stage compression and vapor injection heat pump system, and analyzes the compression ratio, injection mass flow rate, power consumption, discharge temperature, heating capacity and Coefficient of Performance (COP) under variable working conditions. When recovering 50 °C waste heat and supplying 60–130 °C hot water, the heating capacity increases from 2.09 to 2.22 MW and the COP decreases from 23 to 2.93. When recovering 80 °C waste heat and supplying 90–160 °C hot water, the heating capacity increases from 4.11 to 4.23 MW and the COP decreases from 24.4 to 4.59. The detailed model of heat exchangers can demonstrate the inner heat transfer process clearly, such as refrigerant temperature and gas content ratio, which would be instructive for component optimization. The above results indicate that the studied R1233zd(E)-based HTHP has excellent performance and broad application prospects, which plays a positive role in further development of HTHPs.

Geoscientific model development : GMD 14(11), 7133-7153 (2021). doi:10.5194/gmd-14-7133-2021, Published by Copernicus, Katlenburg-Lindau

As an effective way to improve the performance of heat and mass transfer, Composite adsorbent used in adsorption refrigeration has attracted increasing research attention. The aim of the research is to reveal composite theory of silica gel composite adsorbent and to understand adsorption refrigeration system mechanism running by above composite adsorbent. Coarse porous silica gel with different particle diameters was selected as the matrix of composite adsorbent and calcium chloride was selected as additive. The results showed that composite adsorbent's thermal conductivity and adsorption capacity increased significantly compared with pure silica gel. The thermal conductivity could be increased by 58.2%, and the adsorption capacity could be increased by 4-10 times. Finally, the adsorption refrigeration system using silica gel-calcium chloride composite adsorbent was studied. A two-bed adsorption refrigeration cycle running by above composite adsorbent was adopted. The experimental results the optimal values of system cooling capacity and COP were not at the same time. The system cooling capacity reached its maximum at 1500s and the system COP reached its maximum at 1200s. The best heat recovery time was 20s. The SCP of the system was up to 288.1W kg−1, which could reduce the volume of the adsorption refrigeration system effectively.

Improving the coefficient of performance (COP) of air conditioner with air-cooled condenser is a challenge especially in areas with hot weather. A spray evaporative cooling system is coupled with the air-cooled condenser of an air conditioning unit, and influence of different outdoor temperatures, mass flow rates of nozzles and operation modes of spray system on the performance of air conditioning system under are investigated. Experimental results show that the application of spray evaporative cooling system has significant effect on the performance improvement of the unit and the improvement rate rises as outdoor temperature increases. By using the spray evaporative cooling system in hot weather conditions, the power consumption can be reduced up by 22% and the COP can be improved by around 42.6%. Even if the spray energy consumption is taken into account, the values of COP are higher than the threshold value of the secondary energy efficiency (3.2). This study demonstrates that an air-cooled air conditioning unit coupled with spray cooling system is a kind of energy-efficient technique, which has a significant potential to improve the unit performance and reduce the electricity demand.

Demand risks are critical for the involvement of private sector participants in High-Speed Rail (HSR) operations. This study examines specific cases of the organizational characteristics of HSR operators that have successfully managed demand risks. By examining the successful operational performance of vertically integrated private HSR operators in Japan and Taiwan, and the influence of government regulations in enabling such successes, the study aims to provide a discussion on the appropriate balance between the risk and control sharing by public authorities and private HSR operators. In our analysis, continuous improvement in the quality of services is identified as a rational strategy for sustaining passenger business. Crucial factors have been identified by examining the application of a continuous improvement strategy in a delay-management system utilized by one of the private HSR operators in Japan. Our study highlights the importance of actions such as integrated operations and maintenance management towards continuous service improvement. Moreover, the effectiveness of these actions is identified to be enabled by management factors such as financial management. The discussion reveals how government regulations can influence the corporate governance of a private HSR operator and potentially restrict the efficiency of service improvement strategies. The importance of institutional factors reemphasizes the need to learn from the experiences of existing HSR projects and to find applications for developing countries expecting a similar HSR operating environment. The findings suggest that the independent corporate-governance for private HSR operators should be considered thoroughly by public actors that contemplate any risk-sharing arrangement with the private sector.

With a recently concluded pilot program in the State of California, road user charge (RUC) was explored as an alternative means of transportation funding. The goal was to gather public opinion, address privacy and data security concerns. The pilot program was meant for the future implementation of RUC in the State. However, the impact of RUC on travel demand changes impacting California's industry sectors was not explored or probed. It is expected that by 2020 or later, RUC could have the potential to be implemented in the State causing some initial mode shifts or reduced number of trips made by private vehicles to minimize the cost of travel. This could have a potential impact on employment-based trips to industry sectors of California. Therefore, this paper explores the effects of RUC on the ‘attractiveness’ of four key industry sectors of the State using potential accessibility changes. The changes are evaluated from the RUC implementation for the year 2019 using the year 2013 as the base year. The four key industry sectors used in the evaluation are (i) Manufacturing, (ii) Retail Trade, (iii) Health Care and Social Assistance, and (iv) Accommodation and Food Services. In this evaluation, four vehicle fuel-types are considered, namely gasoline, compressed natural gas (CNG), diesel, and electric for California's rural and urban counties. On average, the percentage change in potential accessibility was found to be largest for counties for the Health Care and Social Assistance industry sector across all fuel types for both rural and urban counties in California. This indicates that the commuters from this industry sector would experience the most considerable benefit with RUC implementation. The lowest average percentage potential accessibility change was observed for the Accommodation and Food Services. This sector's labor force would be the least affected by the RUC implementation for the four industry sectors analyzed.

Thermoelectric refrigerating systems (TER) are environment-friendly technologies. They have several advantages such as low maintenance costs, are less cumbersome and long lifetime. However, these systems have low coefficient of performance and are limited in achieving low temperature levels. This study investigates a new configuration of TE refrigerator employing a novel arrangement of heat sinks with integrated flat and finned heat pipes. A mathematical model is firstly developed to predict transient temperatures and cooling limit time. An experimental characterization is then performed and it includes optimization of energy consumption, cooling time, temperature levels and TE refrigerator related COP. TE module coefficient of performance (COPTEC) is evaluated at 0.74 while the hot and cold sides temperature difference ΔT is equal to 32.7 °C. The coefficient of performance of the TE refrigerator (COPTER) is evaluated at 0.297 with an inside/outside temperature difference ΔTi/o = 13 °C and an energy consumption rate of 42.7 Wh. Multiple experiment's results lead to a specific characterized chart adapted for this TE refrigerator. An empirical equation for transient temperature prediction is established and presents a novel contribution in this work.

The need for sustainable development underscores the role and importance of integrating environmental concerns in non-environmental policies because it is evident that environmental regulations only are insufficient to manage all environmental issues. Law enforcement on environmental protection in Vietnam clearly demonstrates this situation. Vietnam’s legal system of environmental protection is incompatible or overlapped with other sectoral laws and in fact many environmental matters have been implemented in accordance with sectoral laws while disregarding environmental considerations due to the lack of specific and explicit environmental provisions or requirements in sectoral laws and regulations. From that situation, the paper emphasizes the need to integrate environmental protection requirements into the sectoral laws of Vietnam and proposes some fundamental criteria and procedures to integrate environmental requirements into sectoral laws.

An experimental investigation for the thermal and hydraulic characteristics of a spiral finned-tube heat exchanger was performed to understand its cooling performance for a developed novel defrosting technique. Two identical spiral finned-tube heat exchangers were manufactured; one having four rows and other having five rows. Both heat exchangers tubes were arranged inline. The heat exchangers had a tube diameter of 9.36 mm, spiral fins of 23.4 mm outer diameter, and 3.6 mm fin pitch (277 fins/m). The overall heat transfer coefficient was calculated using the measured temperatures and flow rates of each stream, and utilizing the logarithmic mean temperature difference method. The air-side heat transfer coefficient was determined using the calculated overall heat transfer coefficient and the tube-side heat transfer coefficient. The air-side pressure drop across the heat exchanger was also measured using a differential pressure digital manometer. The experimental data covered Reynolds number range of 1500 to 6000 and a Prandtl number of 0.7. Empirical correlations of Nusselt number, Colburn factor and friction factor versus Reynolds number were developed using least squares regression. The results showed that there is no significant variation in air-side heat transfer coefficient for the four and five rows spiral finned-tube heat exchanger and their Colburn factor is almost constant over the tested range of Reynolds number.