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Displacement has marked the individual and collective lives of Puerto Ricans in Chicago, especially those who migrated in the 1950s and 1960s. For these older persons, the arrival of the gentry and the yuppies of yesterday, the hipsters of today, and the disappearance of familiar faces in their current neighborhoods are not new phenomena, but rather parts of a profoundly familiar process. They came of age in displacement. Today some Puerto Rican older adults have achieved housing security and are able to age in place because they live in low-income senior housing. Yet a sense of displacement still looms large in their daily lives with the upscaling of and new-build gentrification in their current neighborhood. This work sheds light on the meaning of place for older adult Puerto Ricans who have experienced what psychiatrist and urban studies scholar Mindy T. Fullilove calls a history of “serial displacement.” Through life history narratives and ethnographic snapshots, this paper highlights the neglected reality of “aging in displacement,” or the experience of growing up and growing older in a context of repeated socio-spatial dislocation and how individual and collective life histories of community upheaval texture the spatial and social meanings of place.

The interrelationship between rural, rurality and social innovation still remains underexplored even though there has been considerable work within the individual discourses of social innovation and rural studies. This paper aims at broadening the scope of this interrelationship by exploring the nuanced dynamics and complexities of rural lifeworld and the experiences and knowledges of actors that shape the understanding of rural social innovation. At the core of this analysis lies two key ideas including a) an understanding that rural groups' and communities' complexities and marginalities might not be adequately understood without addressing the complex ways in which identities of caste, race, gender, ethnicity and class intersect and b) that the locally-rooted solutions resulting from these concerns are usually underrepresented in the social innovation literature and the relevance of the same needs to be recognized. This reimagining of rural social innovation is located within the theoretical perspectives of intersectionality and feminist perspective and the epistemologies of the South focusing on ‘ecologies of knowledges’ that are capable of complexifying and adding to the contemporary debates on social innovation. From an understanding of the above, the authors argue that strategies and innovations grounded on the specific groups' and communities' own knowledge and rhythm within complex rural contexts needs be recognized as social innovation.

Rural social enterprises are increasingly recognized as organisations that contribute to local development by providing goods and/or services to meet community needs and by fostering inclusive social and governance relations. The purpose of this paper is to explore how rural social enterprises engage in a plurality of socio-economic relations with different dimensions of their ‘place’ when contributing to the development of their localities. Based on three in-depth case studies of social enterprises operating in rural Ireland, our findings illustrate how rural social enterprises engage with locational, institutional, material and identity aspects of their ‘place’, which indicates their ‘placial embeddedness’. Moreover, our findings also demonstrate how these organisations engage in, and combine market, redistribution and reciprocity relations, which indicates their ‘substantive hybridity’. Based on the interrelated nature of these findings, we argue that it is through a process of placial substantive hybridity that rural social enterprises foster social innovation in order to contribute to an integrated development of their localities. They harness and (re)valorise (untapped) local resources while complementing these with other resources from extra-local sources and accommodate and/or respond to structural-exogenous forces based on the needs of their local population in line with neo-endogenous rural development.

Social innovation (SI) research tends to understand rural SI processes as collective initiatives of equally engaged, supportive, and like-minded people. However, recent research has indicated that SI projects often benefit from dedicated key players who find support in their communities but also must deal with resistance and barriers. Against this backdrop, this article explores the figure of the key player in SI research and exposes the patterns of rural SI processes with the empirical cases of two small communities in Germany that jointly created rural infrastructure systems, thus seeking emancipation from remote political and economic control and marginalization. Using the empirical cases, we tested and specified a heuristic framework of key players that combines analytical dimensions at the micro-, meso-, and macro-levels. According to our findings, the heuristic framework is appropriate for analyzing key players in rural SI processes. Notably, we show that SI processes benefit from assertive key players and strong communities capable of joint action. Both are crucial for dealing with internal opposition and overcoming external hurdles that appear when novel approaches irritate familiar solutions and routines.

The phenomenon of rural marginalisation has intensified across the European Union after the 2008 global economic crisis, since the traditional state forms have been proved unable to promote an all-inclusive governing. Beyond-the-state governance systems are socially innovative, horizontal, networked, and collaborative institutional arrangements that are committed to breaking through this rural marginalisation. Marginalised rural areas provide a favourable context for socially innovative governance, since they contain small cohesive communities, while at the same time poor governing penetrates them. Nevertheless, social innovation in rural governance remains largely unexplored. The novel contribution of this article consists in underlying this research gap and exploring the question of how socially innovative governance is fostered or impeded within marginalised rural regions. Comparative research was conducted in between the marginalised rural regions of Muhlviertel in Austria, Baixo Alentejo in Portugal, and Phthiotis in Greece. The comparative results revealed some of the parameters that foster socially innovative governance; a decentralized government structure, advanced interregional networking, a discourse dissemination among the stakeholders and the civil society, as well as an organizational stability of the involved institutions for social innovation to become embedded. This article points to socially innovative governance that has a more codified and systematized hypostasis by recommendation of unique governance qualities.

This paper furthers and updates the research on the nature of the so-called global trade slowdown. Not only do we explain and discuss the determinants of this phenomenon, but we also offer an empirical description of the recent evolution of trade and trade elasticity. With the purpose of testing whether this is a structural phenomenon or not, we build an Error Correction Model for both world and regional data on trade and income using data from the World Bank for the period 1970-2017. World, OECD and Asian countries trade elasticity figures show a remarkable reduction after the hyperglobalization period (1986-2001), opposed to those of Latin America where trade volume has not stagnated so much. This slowdown might have major consequences for any country, but especially for those which have relied more intensively on trade as an engine for growth.Keywords: Global trade, Trade-income elasticity, ECM. JEL: C22, F15.

Branding Wooden Multi-storey Construction – Real-Estate Agents as Gatekeepers for Enhancing Consumer Value in Housing

Co-production in climate change has arisen in response to improving climate knowledge. Climate service co-production provides climate knowledge for decision-making, benefiting vulnerable communities with useful and usable information such as flooding risk areas. A climate service co-production project, including mapping technologies, has been conducted in Jakarta, Indonesia. However, it has not been integrated into mainstream spatial planning. This paper investigates an enabling environment for the integration of climate service co-production and spatial planning using a collaborative governance framework. We conducted semi-structured interviews, photovoice, and focus group discussions. The results highlight factors to enable integration; (1) an institutional reform to put climate service co-production on the agenda, (2) top-down priorities aligned with local-level needs, (3) local government will and leadership to execute the tasks and actions towards climate resilience, (4) trust of the local government with the community, (5) integrated geospatial data to have an effective climate knowledge to spatial planning.

In popular thinking, debt evokes notions of vulnerability and bondage, while irregular migration for sex work conjures up the hazards of human trafficking and modern slavery 1 . These perceptions inform ‘safe migration’ policies aimed at ordering and regulating migration and combating informality to increase migrants’ safety and well-being; the assumption being that illegality puts migrants at risk of abuse. This article challenges these assumptions with an ethnographic study of brokerage practices in the quasi-family networks that facilitate the irregular and circular migration of Vietnamese sex workers to Singapore. In these networks, brokers sell a migration package on credit to their clients, the migrant sex workers, who repay it through sexual labour. This package includes all the services necessary for the women to migrate temporarily and work safely in Singapore. Most crucially, it serves as an entree into the broker’s business and social network, as a way of forming an enduring relationship. Without denying the power of debt to create inequality, obligation and exploitation, this article shows that debt can also be a profitable, non-coercive and reciprocal device for brokers and sex workers alike, a vector of ‘safety’ which limits some of the risks they encounter in a repressive and uncertain host environment. This finding stems from a novel framework in economic anthropology, the ‘socio-economy of debt’ (Guerin, 2018), which complicates moral views of debt through an empirical examination of the materiality, power dynamics and social and moral meanings of debt arrangements and relationships.

What does it mean today to study a problem from a computational point of view? We focus on parameterized complexity and on Column 16 “Graph Restrictions and Their Effect” of D.S. Johnson’s Ongoing guide, where several puzzles were proposed in a summary table with 30 graph classes as rows and 11 problems as columns. Several of the 330 entries remain unclassified into Polynomial or NP -complete after 35 years. We provide a full dichotomy for the Steiner Tree column by proving that the problem is NP -complete when restricted to Undirected Path graphs. We revise Johnson’s summary table according to the granularity provided by the parameterized complexity for NP -complete problems.

Rainbow coloring problems, of noteworthy applications in Information Security, have been receiving much attention in the last years in Combinatorics. In particular, the rainbow connection number of a connected graph G , denoted r c ( G ) , is the least k for which G admits a (not necessarily proper) k -edge-coloring such that between any pair of vertices there is a path whose edge colors are all distinct. When G is disconnected, we define r c ( G ) = ∞ . A graph G is rainbow critical if the deletion of any edge of G increases r c ( G ) . In this paper we determine the rainbow connection number for the shadow graphs of paths, some circulant graphs, and some Cartesian products involving cycles and paths. We also determine conditions for the rainbow criticality and non-criticality of wheels, fans, and some Cartesian products involving cycles, paths, pans, and complete graphs.

Let G be a connected graph of order n , A ( G ) the adjacency matrix of G and D ( G ) the diagonal matrix of the row-sums of A ( G ) . For every real α ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] , Nikiforov defined the matrix A α ( G ) as A α ( G ) = α D ( G ) + ( 1 − α ) A ( G ) . In this paper, we obtain a factorization of the A α -characteristic polynomial of the some families of graphs and determine in these families the conditions about α so that A α ( G ) is positive semidefinite.

In the context of neoliberal financialization, what is the role of debt in agrarian change? To address this question, I combine insights about debt from rural political ecology and development finance scholarship in order to analyze the relationship between changing agroecological practices and household indebtedness in a Cambodian rice- farming village. In the past two decades, Cambodians have borrowed from commercial microfinance institutions at the highest rate per capita of any country in the world. With fewer Cambodians farming, and agricultural production increasingly commodified, researchers have begun to study how the fast growth of Cambodia's microfinance industry contributes to these changes. By building upon the concept of financial landscapes, which highlights the diversity of social and material relations of debt in rural economies, I argue that agrarian change in Cambodia is entangled with rising household debts used to fund both agricultural production and social reproduction. I describe how non-monetary debt obligations underpinned labor-intensive rice agricultural practices in the 1980s and early 1990s, but have since been replaced by monetary debt used to fund household basic needs and commodified agricultural production. To make my argument, I draw upon 20 months of ethnographic research within a farming village in Kampot Province. This article contributes to rural political ecology and development finance scholarship by exploring debt in its diverse material and social forms at a time of deepening financialization, and how these debt relations in turn shape the economic and agroecological contours of contemporary agrarian change.

International audience; COVID-19 has caused unprecedented disruption to previously settled everyday routines, prompting a period of forced experimentation as people have adjusted to rapid changes in their private and working lives. For discussions regarding consumption, this period of experimentation has been interesting, as the apparent instability has disturbed the ongoing trajectory of consumption practices, and with it has created possibilities for transition toward sustainability. In this article, we examine food practices (e.g., food shopping, preparation, and eating) in seven countries (France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, UK, and Vietnam) to assess what we can learn to accelerate transitions toward sustainable consumption. Grounded in a practice theoretical approach, our empirical analysis shows how disruption of everyday routines has generated socio-materially bounded experimentation. We demonstrate commonalities across contexts in how lockdown measures have restricted the performance of previously taken-for-granted practices. We also show diversity in experimentation as food consumption is entangled in other everyday practices. Our study, on one hand, portrays how adaptation of food practices allows disruption to be managed, demonstrating creativity in working within and around restrictions to continue to provide services for everyday life. On the other hand, we reveal that the capacity of experimentation is not evenly distributed among people and this variation helps in identifying the wider socio-material conditions that constrain and enable opportunities for readjustment. Understanding disparities that affect experimentation (e.g., integration of food practices with work and caring practices) is informative when thinking about how to stimulate sustainability transformations in food practices and provides critical reflections on strategies to enable sustainable consumption.

The contribution of the paper to the geographical literatures on informalities is to expand the work on transport informalities from transport system reforms and professionalization of informal provisions such as minibus services or taxi provisions to ridehailing, including explicit discursive framings through which formalization operates. Ridehailing platforms have entered various cities around the world extra-legally, forcing public authorities to deal with them. While there is an emerging literature discussing various aspects of ridehailing and platform economies, the literature to date has not analyzed what kinds of discursive frames facilitate the legitimation of these businesses. Analyzing legitimation through frame analysis highlights the affective forcefulness of future visions configured around technology-oriented regulation, employment provision and digitalization. The article argues that the state acceptance of sharing platforms, together with the introduction of the legal framing for them, particularly gains strength from the frame promising digital future. In such policy-framing processes, sharing platforms’ extra-legal entry into the market as a form of “elite informality” becomes accepted instead of being considered illegal. This paper analyzes verbatim reports of debates regarding ridehailing legalization held at the Estonian parliament (Riigikogu) in April and September 2016. These verbatim reports represent a key event and arguably the most public part of the trajectory from Uber entering Estonia extra-legally in May 2015 to Estonia introducing the “Uber law” legalizing ridehailing in 2017.

This article reconstructs the shifting uses of local concepts of “informality“ (nǫk rabop) over the last 35 years in the streets of Bangkok, with a particular attention to the birth of the motorcycle taxi business in the 1980s, its development after the 1997 economic crisis, and its transformation since the arrival of ride-hailing apps in 2016. Based on more than 10 years of qualitative and quantitative research with motorcycle taxi drivers, state officials, city planners and everyday users in Bangkok, this archaeology of informality expand on contemporary theorizations of informality as a logic of planning, a heuristic device, and a practice. I do so by focusing on the highly relational, contingent, and ultimately contested nature of informality, the role of non-state actors in shaping it and, the performative power of informality as a categorical label. In this sense, I propose a double conceptualization of informality: on one side as an ever-shifting relationship between established and codified practices (whether regarding land, labor, property rights, or everyday actions), a governmental and legal system, and people who control and interact with these practices; on the other, as a label, often deployed tactically by actors trying to make sense and make do with the world around them. In this duality between a shifting set of relationships and an almost intuitive and referential label that allow for categorical assessments resides, I show, the central efficacy of “informality” as a concept good to think with, to govern with, and to resist with.

Informal public transport is generally understood as transport services that are provided in absence or violation of state regulations. This paper argues that attempts to define the informality of public transport through such liberal economic lenses are insufficient in explaining the processes which lead to production of informalities. Discussing the operation of Vikrams (individually-owned and privately-operated shared autorickshaws plying on fixed routes) in Dehradun, India, this paper uncovers the multifaceted role of the state in producing and sustaining informalities in public transport provisions. It offers a more nuanced view of informality in transport studies than its commonplace understanding as a spontaneous, self-regulating, entrepreneurial aggregate. The paper argues that informality in transport studies should be understood as a heterogeneous practice that is a product of wider structural contexts situated in the politico-historical understandings of public transport in evolving spatio-temporal moments. In the case presented in this paper these include imperial legal legacies and its intersections with shifting postcolonial political economies and territorial structures.

Amaphela, meaning cockroach in isiXhosa, are a form of paratransit that provide township dwellers in Cape Town, South Africa with flexible, inexpensive and relatively comfortable transportation in combination with other formalised and semi-formalised services. While this shared mobility practice has received scant attention through the lens of paratransit and transportation geographies, amaphela have completely evaded analysis through the lens of mobility studies. The flexibility and informality of amaphela services can be understood through both utopian or dystopian lenses: It can be seen as a threat to order, formality, safety and reliability in the modern South African city; or it can be celebrated for the unique and creative ways that they negotiate township space while serving the public through flexible and affordable demand-driven service. This paper concludes that amaphela services in Cape Town thrive in an intermediate zone of adaptive infrastructure and governance to fulfil their mobility role.

Most Russian cities are currently facing major transformation processes in the public transport supply. Commercial paratransit services, known as marshrutkas, have been criticised heavily for unsafe and uncomfortable facilities as well as for anti-social business behaviour, prone to tax evasion and daily penny wars on the street. Consequently, many municipalities have enforced various strategies to restrict informal marshrutka services. This article compares the distinct policy strategies of two municipalities, Rostov on Don and Volgograd, and discusses the different outcomes. When analysing the case studies, two prevailing discourses seem to have informed the locally applied transport policies: a neoliberal, free market approach that perceives the loosely regulated commercial transport operations superior to state-led services and a rather neo-modernist perception of informal transport operation, calling for a rigorous push back of marshrutka mobility. Prominent in both policy discourses is the notion of informality as an instrument to govern the transport setting. Reviewing the developing field of informal transport studies, the article argues that the governments of the respective cities have employed (simplified) notions of informality as a legitimisation argument to take action. A closer perspective on the daily operations, however, unveils a socially institutionalised transport service full of complex operation practices beyond policy-strategic divides between the formal and informal. The contribution utilises the formal/informal nexus successfully developed in urban studies and applies it to international transport studies. Thus it enables the unveiling of insufficiencies in urban transport provision without falling in the trap of superficial modernisation narratives.

Lagos is often depicted as a city of immobility and inequality. Based on a micro-sociological study in the public transit system and an ethnographic study in an urban neighborhood, this article provides a nuanced analysis of situational inequality. Given the enduring traffic congestion and prevailing social inequality in the city, moments of aggressive cutting in line on roads and disputes over light collision accidents demonstrate a spontaneous unequal power relationship that is at odds with the existing social inequality structure. These moments can impose a sense of frustration on the private car drivers who are assumed to have a higher social status while bringing delight to minibus (danfo) drivers and passengers who have lower status. This emergent situational inequality, the paper argues, provides lower-class people with affective elements which can contribute to making sense of (im)mobilities, urban lifestyle, and conceptualization of Lagos. However, the effects of situational inequality are limited to the individual level, as it cannot largely transform the spatiality and temporality of traffic congestion, the socioeconomic class structure, and the traffic governance in Lagos. This dialectical situational inequality does not become a practical living strategy but reifies their individual philosophies of living in Lagos embodied through narratives. The sociological account of situational inequality in this paper showcases an approach to interpret the meaningfulness of micro mobility experiences with regard to macro urban conditions, thereby enriching our understandings of the relationship between mobility and inequality.

The seven editions of Geography and Geographers and of Political Geography form two intimidating collections creating order in their (sub)disciplines. As successive editions engage with an exponentially growing and diversifying scholarly literature they have adopted different strategies to order ‘work in progress’. This commentary also considers their ordering and bordering of the (sub) discipline, epistemologically but also linguistically, foregrounding the predicament of their readership at the non-Anglophone borderlands of Anglo-American (political) geography.

Sierpinski triangle graphs S n have often been mistaken for Sierpinski graphs S 3 n . Whereas the latter’s metric properties are by now well understood, the former graphs were mostly just considered as a pictorial representation of approximations to the Sierpinski triangle fractal. Therefore, we present here a new labeling for them which shows the relation, but also the differences to the more famous Sierpinski graphs proper. On the base of this labeling we describe an algorithm to obtain individual distances between vertices. This type of algorithm can then be extended to base- p Sierpinski triangle graphs S p n which are related to the class of classical Sierpinski graphs S p n , p ≥ 2 . Some of the metric properties of S p n can now be investigated for S p n as well; e.g., we characterize center and periphery of S p n .

Consider a variant of the famous Tower of Hanoi problem where moves of the discs are allowed along the edges of a connected simple graph D whose vertices represent the vertical pegs of the puzzle. The task is to transfer a tower of n ∈ N discs from one peg to another according to the well-known rules of the classical game corresponding to D ≅ K 3 . Apart from its recreational appeal, the problem brings about fascinating integer sequences engendered by the respective minimum number of moves, i.e. the distance in the canonical metric of the state graph H D n . We construct an algorithm which solves the task for all cases but the exceptional instance of the Linear Tower of Hanoi (i.e. where D is a path graph) in which the transfer is between the two end vertices of D . Optimality of this algorithm is claimed in our central conjecture which is supported by large-scale computational explorations.

An {\em orientation} of an undirected graph $G$ is an assignment of exactly one direction to each edge of $G$. Converting two-way traffic networks to one-way traffic networks and bidirectional communication networks to unidirectional communication networks are practical instances of graph orientations. In these contexts minimising the diameter of the resulting oriented graph is of prime interest. The $n$-star network topology was proposed as an alternative to the hypercube network topology for multiprocessor systems by Akers and Krishnamurthy [IEEE Trans. on Computers (1989)]. The $n$-star graph $S_n$ consists of $n!$ vertices, each labelled with a distinct permutation of $[n]$. Two vertices are adjacent if their labels differ exactly in the first and one other position. $S_n$ is an $(n-1)$-regular, vertex-transitive graph with diameter $\lfloor 3(n-1)/2 \rfloor$. Orientations of $S_n$, called unidirectional star graphs and distributed routing protocols over them were studied by Day and Tripathi [Information Processing Letters (1993)] and Fujita [The First International Symposium on Computing and Networking (CANDAR 2013)]. Fujita showed that the (directed) diameter of this unidirectional star graph $\overrightarrow{S_n}$ is at most $\lceil{5n/2}\rceil + 2$. In this paper, we propose a new distributed routing algorithm for the same $\overrightarrow{S_n}$ analysed by Fujita, which routes a packet from any node $s$ to any node $t$ at an undirected distance $d$ from $s$ using at most $\min\{4d+4, 2n+4\}$ hops. This shows that the (directed) diameter of $\overrightarrow{S_n}$ is at most $2n+4$. We also show that the diameter of $\overrightarrow{S_n}$ is at least $2n$ when $n \geq 7$, thereby showing that our upper bound is tight up to an additive factor., Full version of the paper to be presented in CALDAM 2020

We present a generalization of a combinatorial result by Aggarwal et al. (1989) on a linear-time algorithm that selects a constant fraction of leaves, with pairwise disjoint neighborhoods, from a binary tree embedded in the plane. This result of Aggarwal et al. (1989) is essential to the linear-time framework, which they also introduced, that computes certain Voronoi diagrams of points with a tree structure in linear time. An example is the diagram computed while updating the Voronoi diagram of points after deletion of one site. Our generalization allows that only a fraction of the tree leaves is considered, and it is motivated by research on linear time construction algorithms for Voronoi diagrams of non-point sites. We are given a plane tree T of n leaves, m of which have been marked, and each marked leaf is associated with a neighborhood (a subtree of T ) such that any two topologically consecutive marked leaves have disjoint neighborhoods. We show how to select in linear time a constant fraction of the marked leaves having pairwise disjoint neighborhoods.

The main objective of this article is to study the Wiener index of zero-divisor graph of the ring of integer modulo n . We present a constructed method to calculate the Wiener index of zero-divisor graph of Z n for any positive integer n .

The eternal vertex cover problem is a variant of the classical vertex cover problem defined in terms of an infinite attacker–defender game played on a graph. In each round of the game, the defender reconfigures guards from one vertex cover to another in response to a move by the attacker. The minimum number of guards required in any winning strategy of the defender when this game is played on a graph G is the eternal vertex cover number of G , denoted by evc ( G ) . It is known that given a graph G and an integer k , checking whether evc ( G ) ≤ k is NP-hard. Further, it is known that for any graph G , mvc ( G ) ≤ evc ( G ) ≤ 2 mvc ( G ) , where mvc ( G ) is the vertex cover number of G . Though a characterization is known for graphs for which evc ( G ) = 2 mvc ( G ) , a characterization of graphs for which evc ( G ) = mvc ( G ) remained as an open problem, since 2009. We achieve such a characterization for a class of graphs that includes chordal graphs and internally triangulated planar graphs. For biconnected chordal graphs, our characterization leads to a polynomial time algorithm for precisely determining evc ( G ) and an algorithm for determining a safe strategy for guard movement in each round of the game using only evc ( G ) guards. Though the eternal vertex cover problem is only known to be in PSPACE in general, it follows from our new characterization that the problem is in NP for locally connected graphs, a graph class which includes all biconnected internally triangulated planar graphs. We also provide reductions establishing NP-completeness of the problem for biconnected internally triangulated planar graphs. As far as we know, this is the first NP-completeness result known for the problem for any graph class.

In communication networks, the existence of fractional factors can be characterized as the feasibility of data transmission. When some nonadjacent nodes with each other are damaged and a special channel is assigned, the possibility of data transmission in a communication network is equivalent to the existence of fractional ID-factor-critical covered graph. As a consequence, the existence of fractional ID- [ a , b ] -factor-critical covered graph plays a key role in studying data transmissions of communication networks. Neighborhood and minimum degree of a graph or a network are often used to measure the vulnerability and robustness of a graph or a network, which are two important parameters considered in network design. In this article, we mainly investigate the relationship between neighborhood of independent set, minimum degree and the fractional ID- [ a , b ] -factor-critical covered graph, and acquire a neighborhood of independent set and minimum degree condition for a graph being fractional ID- [ a , b ] -factor-critical covered, which is a generalization of the previous results.

Indicated coloring is a graph coloring game in which two players collectively color the vertices of a graph in the following way. In each round the first player (Ann) selects a vertex, and then the second player (Ben) colors it properly, using a fixed set of colors. The goal of Ann is to achieve a proper coloring of the whole graph, while Ben is trying to prevent the realization of this project. The smallest number of colors necessary for Ann to win the game on a graph $G$ (regardless of Ben's strategy) is called the indicated chromatic number of $G$, denoted by $\chi_i(G)$. In this paper, we have shown that for any graphs $G$ and $H$, $G[H]$ is $k$-indicated colorable for all $k\geq\mathrm{col}(G)\mathrm{col}(H)$. Also, we have shown that for any graph $G$ and for some classes of graphs $H$ with $\chi(H)=\chi_i(H)=\ell$, $G[H]$ is $k$-indicated colorable if and only if $G[K_\ell]$ is $k$-indicated colorable. As a consequence of this result we have shown that for some particular families of graphs $G$ and $H$, $G[H]$ is $k$-indicated colorable for every $k\geq \chi(G[H])$. This serves as a partial answer to one of the questions raised by A. Grzesik in \cite{and}. In addition, if $G$ is a Bipartite graph or a $\{P_5,K_3\}$-free graph (or) a $\{P_5,Paw\}$-free graph and if $H$ is from the same families of graphs, then we have shown that $\chi_i(G[H])=\chi(G[H])$.

A subset D ⊆ V of a graph G = ( V , E ) is called a global total k -dominating set of G if D is a total k -dominating set of both G and G ¯ , the complement of G . The Minimum Global Total k - Domination problem is to find a global total k -dominating set of minimum cardinality of the input graph G and the Decide Global Total k - Domination problem is the decision version of the Minimum Global Total k - Domination problem. The Decide Global Total k - Domination problem is known to be NP -complete for general graphs. In this paper, we study the complexity of the Minimum Global Total k - Domination problem. We show the Decide Global Total k - Domination problem remains NP -complete for bipartite graphs and chordal graphs. We also show that Minimum Global Total k - Domination cannot be approximated within a factor of ( 1 − ϵ ) ln | V | for any ϵ > 0 unless P = NP for bipartite graphs as well as for chordal graphs. Next, we show that Minimum Global Total k - Domination admits a constant approximation algorithm for bounded degree graphs. Finally, we show that Minimum Global Total k - Domination problem is APX -complete for bounded degree graphs. We also show that Decide Global Total k - Domination problem is W[2] -hard for bipartite graphs and for chordal graphs when we choose the size of the GTkD-set as the parameter.

In an undirected graph, a matching cut is a partition of vertices into two sets such that the edges across the sets induce a matching. The Matching Cut problem is the problem of deciding whether a given graph has a matching cut. Let H be a fixed undirected graph. A vertex coloring of an undirected input graph G is said to be an H - Free Coloring if none of the color classes contain H as an induced subgraph. The H - Free Chromatic Number of G is the minimum number of colors required for an H - Free Coloring of G . Both The Matching Cut problem and the H - Free Coloring problem can be expressed using a monadic second-order logic (MSOL) formula and hence is solvable in linear time for graphs with bounded tree-width. However, this approach leads to a running time of f ( | | φ | | , t ) n O ( 1 ) , where | | φ | | is the length of the MSOL formula, t is the tree-width of the graph and n is the number of vertices of the graph. The dependency of f ( | | φ | | , t ) on | | φ | | can be as bad as a tower of exponentials. In this paper, we provide explicit combinatorial FPT algorithms for Matching Cut problem and H - Free Coloring problem, parameterized by the tree-width of G . The single exponential FPT algorithm for the Matching Cut problem answers an open question posed by Kratsch and Le (2016). The techniques used in the paper are also used to provide an FPT algorithm for a variant of H -free coloring, where H is forbidden as a subgraph (not necessarily induced) in the color classes of G .

A graph G is P ≥ k -factor deleted if for every edge e ∈ E ( G ) , G contains a P ≥ k -factor that excludes e . We first define the concept of ( P ≥ k , n ) -critical deleted graph, that is, a graph G is ( P ≥ k , n ) -critical deleted if for every subset D ⊆ V ( G ) with | D | = n , the graph G − D is P ≥ k -factor deleted. Clearly, a ( P ≥ k , 0 ) -critical deleted graph is a P ≥ k -factor deleted graph. In this paper, we verify that (i) an ( n + 2 ) -connected graph G is ( P ≥ 2 , n ) -critical deleted if its binding number b i n d ( G ) > 3 + n 4 ; (ii) an ( n + 2 ) -connected graph G is ( P ≥ 3 , n ) -critical deleted if its binding number b i n d ( G ) > 3 + n 2 . Furthermore, we claim that two results above are best possible in some sense.

Given a graph G , we call a partition ( V 1 , V 2 , … , V k ) of its vertex set an induced star partition of G if each set in the partition induces a star. In this paper, we consider the problem of finding an induced star partition of a graph of minimum size and its decision versions. This problem may be viewed as an amalgamation of the well-known dominating set and coloring problems. We obtain the following main results: (1) Deciding whether a graph can be partitioned into k induced stars is NP-complete for each fixed k ≥ 3 and has a polynomial time algorithm for each k ≤ 2 . (2) It is NP-hard to approximate the minimum induced star partition size within n 1 2 − ϵ for all ϵ > 0 . (3) The decision version of the induced star partition problem is NP-complete for subcubic bipartite planar graphs, line graphs (a subclass of K 1 , r -free graphs, r ≥ 3 ), K 1 , 5 -free split graphs and co-tripartite graphs. (4) The minimum induced star partition problem has an r 2 -approximation algorithm for K 1 , r -free graphs ( r ≥ 2 ) and a 2-approximation algorithms for split graphs. We also identify some fixed parameter tractable and exact exponential time algorithms that follow from the literature.

Let G = ( V , E ) be a simple undirected graph. A set D ⊆ V is called a vertex-edge dominating set of G if for each edge e = u v ∈ E , either u or v is in D or one vertex from their neighbor is in D . Simply, a vertex v ∈ V , vertex-edge dominates every edge u v , as well as every edge adjacent to these edges. The objective of the vertex-edge domination problem is to find a minimum size vertex-edge dominating set of G . Herein, we study the vertex-edge domination problem in unit disk graphs and prove that the decision version of the problem belongs to the NP-complete class. We also show that the problem admits a simple polynomial-time 4-factor approximation algorithm and a polynomial-time approximation scheme (PTAS) in unit disk graphs.

For a given graph $G$, the metric and edge metric dimensions of $G$, $\dim(G)$ and ${\rm edim}(G)$, are the cardinalities of the smallest possible subsets of vertices in $V(G)$ such that they uniquely identify the vertices and the edges of $G$, respectively, by means of distances. It is already known that metric and edge metric dimensions are not in general comparable. Infinite families of graphs with pendant vertices in which the edge metric dimension is smaller than the metric dimension are already known. In this article, we construct a 2-connected graph $G$ such that $\dim(G)=a$ and ${\rm edim}(G)=b$ for every pair of integers $a,b$, where $4\le b, Comment: 12 pages

This paper examines the effects of the quality of entrepreneurial ecosystems on new business formation and scale-up activity in China at the city-industry level. Accounting for only large and fast-growing firms, we focus on productive entrepreneurship which creates economic wealth. Based on a newly constructed panel dataset for 29 manufacturing industries and 286 prefecture-level cities of China during the period 1998–2009, we find that entrepreneurial ecosystem components, including access to finance, knowledge, marketization, local market demand, and entrepreneurial culture, are important determinants in explaining the differences in entrepreneurial activity across city-industry clusters and over time. Analysing a dynamic period in China’s industrialization with large regional variation in economic development, we show that the relative importance of the ecosystem components in shaping entrepreneurial activity changes over time when regions develop. In addition, we show that interaction between the ecosystem components – indicating system strength – has additional power in explaining new business formation and scale-up activity.

The authors examine the problem of integrating urban sensing into engaged planning. The authors ask whether enhanced urban data and analysis can enhance resident engagement in planning and design, rather than hinder it, even when current urban planning and design practices are dysfunctional. The authors assess the outcomes of a planning and design effort in Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. Community-Centered Urban Sensing is a participatory urban sensing initiative developed by urban planners and designers, architects, landscape architects, and technologists at the University of Virginia to address the need for actionable information on the urban environment through community-engaged urban data collection and analysis. These findings address how technological urbanism moves from data to action, as well as its potential for marginalization. Finally, the authors discuss a conceptualization of smart and engaged planning that accounts for urban dysfunction. The smart cities paradigm should encompass modes and methods that function even when local urban systems are dysfunctional.

It has been suggested that more globalized cities are more polarized and segregated than other cities. However, this is mainly evidenced by advanced capitalist cities and other selected developed cities, while less developed cities are clearly under-researched. This paper draws on both developed and less developed cities in Guangdong province, and asks how socio-economic segregation levels differ among cities of varying economic development levels. We find that, contrary to expectation, less developed cities are showing higher levels of segregation than well-developed cities. We suggest that the key contributing factor is that the well-developed cities in Guangdong province are characterized by manufacturing-dominant economic structures and industrialization-based economic transformation. Correspondingly, their occupational structures are predominantly characterized by employees with a recent agricultural background; the restructuring process is therefore dominated by professionalization of the lower class. The stronger and faster industrialization and professionalization processes produce lower segregation levels in those more developed cities.

In the National Development Plan, cooperatives and agriculture development are identified as possible solutions for addressing rural poverty and unemployment, especially among the youth. However, according to most research/literature, agricultural cooperatives fail for many reasons, including but not limited to lack of capital, incompetent management and organizational deficiencies. This study applied a qualitative analysis to the qualitative data using a case study of Zanokhanyo Food Security Cooperative (ZFSC) in Ndabakazi, Butterworth. Interviews with the project members, ex-members, extension officers and youth were conducted through a semi-structured questionnaire administered in IsiXhosa. According to the results, lack of intensive production resulting in very low incomes is one of the reasons why projects such as ZFSC fail to attract young people and provide employment for rural people. Agricultural extension advisory services play a very limited role because of their generalist approach; they lack depth of knowledge about diverse agricultural subject areas. This study recommends that agricultural extension and the farmers’ support system be improved by employing or outsourcing specialists to cater to the needs of agricultural cooperatives in order to improve the productivity and income of agricultural cooperatives.

Let $\mathcal{M}$ be a $\sigma$-finite von Neumann algebra, equipped with a normal faithful state $\varphi$, and let $\mathcal{A}$ be maximal subdiagonal algebra of $\mathcal{M}$. We prove Stein-Weiss type interpolation theorem of Haagerup noncommutative $H^{p}$-spaces associated with $\A$., Comment: 16. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2209.08542

Although more and more people choose to live in (large) cities, people in the Western world generally report lower levels of subjective well-being in urban areas than in rural areas. This article examines whether these urban–rural differences in subjective well-being are (partly) driven by selective migration patterns. To this end, we utilise residential mobility data from the United Kingdom based on 12 waves of the British Household Panel Survey. We explore urban–rural differences in life satisfaction as well as changes in life satisfaction of people moving from rural areas to urban areas (or vice versa), hereby paying specific attention to selection and composition effects. The results show that selective migration can, at least partly, explain the urban–rural subjective well-being differential through the selection of less satisfied people in cities and more satisfied people in the countryside. While the average life satisfaction of urban–rural migrants is higher compared to the life satisfaction of rural–urban migrants, we do not find – on average – long-lasting life satisfaction effects of migration. At the same time, there are differences between sociodemographic groups in that we find that a move from the countryside to the city is positively associated with the life satisfaction of students while it is negatively associated with the life satisfaction of people with a non-tertiary education.

The insufficient access to housing and the commercialization of public space are most problematic aspects of urban development in Poland. As we witness the effects of neoliberalization in the urban policy sector – with an increased presence of private corporate actors combined with a withdrawal of the earlier so dominant public authorities – there is still no long-term policy in place to counteract the negative social as well as economic effects on the citizens. To the contrary, existing political order in many cities supports market solutions, while scaling down investments in public space, municipal housing or building for rent. To better explain the dynamics of urban policy, the paper uses a field theory approach (Martin, 2003), to analyse the role of developers and urban grassroots movements in planning and building of Polish cities. Data from formal and informal interviews with developers, urban activists and public authorities are used, supplemented by results of participatory observations at national conferences, government workshops and activists’ gatherings. Paper describes the ongoing ‘game of the city’ (Domaradzka and Wijkstrom, 2016) in which incumbents defend their dominant position and control over space, while a set of challengers seek to introduce new values and behaviours. It presents the wider context of Polish urban policy field and organizational practices of developers and urban activists to illustrate the field dynamics and actors’ changing strategies. The analysis also shows how the dominant narratives are shaped through re-defining the ‘right to the city’ frame and incorporating it into the developers’ agenda.

In recent years local governments in many North American cities have engaged in “land value capture,” which involves state actors exchanging greater density for condominium developers through rezoning as a way to build social housing and affordable rental units. This paper focuses on how these policies are framed and implemented by developers, planners and politicians in two large Canadian cities, Toronto and Vancouver, to address a long-standing but under-theorized question: what is the relationship between altruism and profitability for private development companies? Drawing on concepts from economic and cultural sociology, including Beckert's fictional expectations, Goffman's frame analysis, and Bourdieu's forms of capital, I challenge existing accounts of developers as either following the logic of profit maximization, or “giving back” through charitable acts. Instead, I argue that land value capture policies involve the process of “giving back to get ahead;” through acts of gift-giving developers enhance their symbolic capital, or reputational prestige, leading to new opportunities for profit-making. Thus I show how meaning and symbolism accompany the pursuit of monetary gains and mystify “giving back” as a strategy of accumulation for the private sector. This research holds implications for understanding “condo-ization” as a form of urbanism, as well as the increasing privatization of affordable housing in North America.

Artificially intelligent systems (ai) are increasingly becoming the ubiquitous, unseen arbiters of our social, civic and familial lives. Ever increasing computational power, combined with almost limitless data, has led to a turning point in the way artificial intelligence assists, judges, and cares for humans. In the wake of such power we must ask ourselves what it is that we are making inherently unknowable as the world becomes more predictable, managed, and discrete. Building on the work of black feminists Sylvia Wynter and Hortense Spillers, I perform a reading of the “flesh”. I aim to hint towards a different field of relations and a knowledge politic premised on unknowability and the radical potential of the subjugated to foster new imaginaries of the human fluid enough to weather instability. This piece troubles the boundaries inscribed between things. Settled in the flesh of blackness, we are reminded of the ways that blackness floods the landscape of productive reason while holding outlier ways of being beyond Western Man. This paper seeks to return to the pulse found within the flesh as a critical site for thinking through alternate ways of being, within the messiness, the unstable, the precarious; finding life born of transition, the pulse within discord.

The ageing of the rural population and the citizenization of the rural-urban migrated population have brought unprecedented pressure and challenges to Chinese farmers' old-age care. Socialized old-age care services are a necessity to fulfil the service needs of farmers' old-age care. This study examines the farmers' willingness to pay for socialized old-age care and its influencing factors. Based on field survey data, this paper employs the descriptive statistics method and a binary logistic model to determine and analyze the influencing factors of rural residents' willingness to pay for rural socialized old-age care. We observed the following: rural residents generally have a willingness to pay for rural socialized old-age care services but are subject to their own economic conditions, traditional concepts, and external supply conditions. The influencing factors of rural socialized old-age care include the marital status, self-care ability, enrollment in the New Old-Age Insurance System for Rural Residents, proportion of migrating children, health status, and the population living in the same household. The marital status, the enrollment of New Old-Age Insurance System for Rural Residents, and proportion of migrating children have a positive facilitating effect on willingness to pay. The self-care ability, health status, and the number of residents in the same household have a reverse effect. Considering the willingness to pay, the already-old are more affected by the traditional old-age care concept and more dependent on their children. For the not-yet-old, factors that contribute to transferring old-age care responsibilities to themselves and society have become more significant, which contributes to the existing literature.

The loess hilly and gully region of China supports a fragile ecosystem that has been subject to serious water loss and soil erosion in recent decades. In response, ongoing soil and water conservation and ecological restoration efforts have been conducted. A review of the region's development history indicates that the utilization mode of cropland in rural areas played an important role in the course of soil and water conservation and socioeconomic development. As a representative area, this study evaluated the status of the Yangjuangou catchment of Liqu Town, Baota District, Shaanxi Province. The dynamic processes, driving factors, variation characteristics, and intrinsic mechanisms of changes in cropland use since the 1980s were analyzed using remote sensing and participatory interview survey data. The results showed that changes in cropland use in Yangjuangou catchment occurred in four stages, including slope cropland utilization stage (1985–1998), the Grain for Green Project stage (1999–2007), agricultural structure adjustment stage (2008–2012), and cropland abandonment stage (2013–2017). These changes in cropland use were driven by policy, economic, socio-cultural, and environmental factors and showed certain characteristics. Specifically, cropland exhibited a “core-margin" funnel-shaped pattern in vertical space, with its changes tending to “flow” toward the core; its utilization intensity generally increased, and the area of intensive utilization and intensive elements gradually shifted. In recent years, spatial patterns gradually developed a sustainable “ecology-production" spatial pattern and abandoned cropland exhibited “contagion” spatial patterns. Finally, based on the behavior mechanisms of farmers and government, we found that the driving force for changes in cropland has changed over time. Initially, food demand on farmers and the goal of ecological safety promoted by the government were dominant. But more recently, the drivers have changed to development demand on farmers and the equal government objectives of promoting ecological safety, rural development, and food security. This study provides a microcosmic perspective on understanding the process and rules of changes in cropland use in the loess hilly and gully region. It also helps to understand the rural transition, providing a reference for developing rural development strategies and policies in this region.

Grain is not only the basic living materials of urban and rural residents, but an important strategic resource related to the national security. Therefore, grain security is an important aspect of national security. Farmers' willingness to grow grain is the key factor to guarantee food security. Based on the structural equation model, the main factors that influence the farmers' willingness to grow grain were studied in this paper by investigating 486 dispersed farmers in six counties (cities, districts) of three prefecture-level cities in Shandong Province. The study indicated that aside from the difficulty of measuring the influence of personal characteristic factors, the national grain subsidy policies, grain price, grain planting scale, other farmers' production behaviors, and promotion of agricultural technology affected the farmers' willingness to grow grain in varying degrees. Further regional multi-group analyses demonstrated that the farmers' willingness to grow grain showed an increasing trend from east to west in Shandong Province. Additionally, grain subsidy policies and family characteristic factors had obvious regional differences on the farmers' willingness to grow grain. Therefore, optimizing and improving the national grain subsidy policies, encouraging the management of a moderate scale, stabilizing prices of grain, increasing the propaganda of agricultural information and promoting agricultural technology were the key factors to increase the farmers' willingness to grow grain.

Rural China has undergone dramatic socioeconomic and spatial restructuring as a result of rapid urbanization and the implementation of a series of top-down reforms. In this paper, based on the actor-network perspective, we examine the actor translation process associated with implementation of various governmental strategies in Haoqiao, a poor village located in the northern Jiangsu Province in China. We mainly focus on interactions between participants as well as their influences on the rural restructuring process. The findings proved the crucial role of township government in implementing restructuring at village-level. Motivated by acquisition of land-related finance, the performance evaluation system of local officials, and public accountability, the town government is keen to mobilize others in the action coalition promoting rural restructuring. However, it is noteworthy that many farming households are reluctant to comply with community planning, because they have to cover large price gap between their old houses and residential land and new houses for resettlement. We also discuss the motivations for diverse human actors and the potentially negative impacts that domestic macro-economic situation plays on the circulation of rural residential land consolidation which mainly underpin the rural restructuring.

In this paper, we apply a civic perspective and social innovation theory to examine how residents of a Dutch village experiencing rural depopulation and austerity reforms evaluate a civic initiative aimed at improving liveability, and what explains their evaluation. Using multivariate statistical analysis, we found that most residents were positive about the initiative and its contribution to local liveability. We also discovered that a substantial group knew very little about the initiative and that low-income groups, in particular, lacked the interest to identify and become engaged with it. Voluntary engagement, however, did not necessarily result in a positive evaluation. Above all, tangible outputs explained citizens’ appreciation. A perceived increase in collaboration within the village and novel forms of collaboration with the local government also proved important, but only when they were accompanied by realised tangible outputs.