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Objectives: While granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has shown beneficial effects in experimental ischemic stroke (IS), these effects have not been reproduced clinically. Small-to-medium-sized observational studies have reported varying associations for G-CSF with stroke severity and post-stroke functional outcome, prompting their investigation in a larger study. Methods: Endogenous serum G-CSF (S-GCSF) was measured in the acute phase and after 3 months in patients with IS (N = 435; 36% females; mean age, 57 years) from the Sahlgrenska Academy Study on Ischemic Stroke (SAHLSIS). Stroke severity was scored according to the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) assessed functional outcomes at 3-month and 2-year post-stroke. Correlation and logistic regression analyses with confounder adjustments assessed the relationships. Results: The acute S-GCSF level was 23% higher than at 3-month post-stroke (p Discussion: Early post-stroke S-GCSF is increased in severe IS and associated with 3-month poor functional outcomes. The change in S-GCSF and the 3-month S-GCSF appear to be less-important, and S-GCSF likely reflects inflammation in large infarctions.

Additional file 1. Frequency distribution of performance scores oncognitive tests. Frequency distribution of performance scores on WAIS-IV block design, digitspan and matrix reasoning tests and D-KEFS design fluency test showing totalcorrect designs and total attempted designs subtests, among primary carepatients with anxiety disorders. The black curve represents a normalapproximation curve, for comparison.

Additional file 2. Characteristics of study participants with anxiety disorders with or without ongoing psychotropic medication. Characteristics of study participants with anxiety disorders with or without ongoing antidepressant and/or psycholeptic/anitiepilepticmedication.

Additional file 4. Performance scores on cognitive testscompared to a normed population. Performancescores on block design, digit-span and matrix reasoning tests (WAIS-IV) and design fluency (D-KEFS) for all patients with anxiety, patients with minimal/mild anxiety and patients with moderate/severe anxiety compared to a normed population.

Additional file 3. Characteristics of study participants with anxiety disorders by anxiety severity category. Characteristics of study participants with anxiety disorders by anxiety severity category.