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Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors influencing the care burden faced by family caregivers of older adults with dementia who use dementia care centers. Methods: This study investigated the care burden, family caregiver factors, care-recipient factors including behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), depression levels, dementia attitudes, and resilience. Data were collected from March 15 to September 30, 2022. In total, 234 family caregivers using dementia care centers in five districts in Seoul, Korea, participated. Data were analyzed using the t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis with SPSS/Windows version 27.0. Results: The mean score for care burden was 22.97. The factors influencing the care burden were BPSD (β = .41, p < .001), depression levels (β = .26, p < .001), hours of caregiving (β = .18, p < .001), and resilience (β = -.12, p = .022). The explanatory power of the final model was 46.1% (F = 47.76, p < .001). Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the care burden faced by family caregivers. Based on these results, programs for family caregivers should be developed with consideration of BPSD in older adults with dementia. Additionally, interventions that relieve depression and strengthen the resilience of family caregivers should be prioritized. Furthermore, it is essential to extend support systems to accommodate caregivers’ time constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: 주관적 인지 저하(subjective cognitive decline, SCD)는 객관적인 중대한 저하의 증거 없이 자신의 인지 기능에 대한 자기 또는 타인의 우려를 의미하며, 이는 치매 위험의 지표이다. 현재 사용 가능한 SCD 측정 도구의 신뢰도와 타당성에 대한 합의가 부족하다. 따라서 새로운 심리측정학적으로 타당한 SCD 측정 도구를 도입하는 것이 시급하다. 새로운 SCD 측정 도구인 맥커스커 주관적 인지 장애 자가보고서(McCusker Subjective Cognitive Impairment Inventory, McSCI-S)의 심리측정학적 특성을 보고한다. Methods: 기존에 출판된 측정 도구의 검토와 SCD를 가진 사람들에 대한 임상 및 연구 데이터를 바탕으로, 기억력, 언어능력, 지남력, 주의력 및 집중력, 시공간 구성 능력 및 실행 기능의 6가지 인지 영역에 대한 우려를 평가하기 위한 46문항 자가보고 설문지를 개발했다. McSCI-S를 526명의 참가자를 대상으로 요인 분석, 문항 반응 이론(item response theory) 분석 및 의사결정 기준점(receiver operating characteristic) 곡선을 통해 검증하였다. Results: 단일차원 모델(unidimensional model)이 적합한 것으로 나타났다(comparative fit index=0.94, Tucker–Lewis index=0.94, root mean square error of approximation[90% CI]=0.052[0.049, 0.055], weighted root mean square residual=1.45). McSCI-S의 내적 일관성은 우수했다(α=0.96). SCD를 가진 참가자를 식별하기 위해 ≥24의 기준 점수(cut-off value)를 제안한다. McSCI-S 점수가 높을수록 연령, 성별 및 교육 수준을 통제한 후에도 전반적인 인지 기능, 일화적 언어 기억력, 실행 기능의 저하 및 더 큰 기억력 불만 및 우울 점수와 관련이 있었다(P

Purpose: This study aimed to identify trends in changes of cognitive function, physical function, depression, and activities of daily living (ADL) among people with dementia who had used day care centers for at least 12 months, through the analysis of data collected from day care center records. Methods: The participants in this descriptive survey were 63 older people with dementia. Data were collected from two dementia day care centers located in Incheon city. General characteristics and disease related characteristics were analyzed in terms of the frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Correlations between major variables were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient. Cognitive function, depression, physical performance, and ADL were analyzed using the mean, standard deviation, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Friedman test. Results: The mean age of the participants was 77.33±6.73 years (range, 58 to 91 years) when they began attending the centers. Cognitive function significantly increased at 3 months (18.63±5.06), 6 months (18.73±5.20), and 12 months (18.63±5.43) compared to baseline (17.41±4.77). Depression significantly decreased at 3 months(2.94±2.96), 6 months (3.13±3.14), and 12 months (2.81±3.27) compared to baseline (5.20±3.87). At 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months, the physical function score (respectively 10.19±2.90, 10.33±2.84, 10.11±2.55) increased significantly compared to baseline (9.13±3.01). ADLs decreased at 3 months (8.51±1.92), 6 months (8.67±2.12), and 12 months (8.89±2.19) compared to baseline (8.41±1.88). Conclusion: Without receiving customized day care service for dementia, cognitive function and physical function will decline and depressive feelings will increase. Therefore, delaying cognitive decline, reducing depression, and improving physical function through the use of day care services, especially at an early stage are essential to strengthen and maintain aging in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Presbycusis, or age-related hearing loss, is a prevalent condition characterized by the gradual deterioration of hearing with age. The resulting impairments in auditory function lead to reduced speech perception in noisy environments and often have a negative impact on cognitive, behavioral, and psychosocial functions in the elderly population. Current Concepts: The proposed etiological mechanisms linking presbycusis to cognitive decline or dementia include the common-cause hypothesis, cognitive load hypothesis, cascade hypothesis, and overdiagnosis or harbinger hypothesis. Moreover, the challenges posed by the rapidly aging population in several countries, including Korea, highlight the increasing social impact of hearing loss and dementia. Consequently, interventions for hearing rehabilitation, such as the use of hearing aids and implantable hearing devices, have paramount importance in mitigating the adverse effects of hearing loss on cognitive impairment and dementia. Discussion and Conclusion: The implementation of prevention and rehabilitation programs for hearing loss in the elderly is crucial for alleviating the socioeconomic burden associated with the welfare of the aging population. However, many economically vulnerable elderly individuals reportedly do not use hearing aids, even though they experience considerable inconvenience resulting from hearing loss, primarily due to inadequate financial support. Therefore, implementing a comprehensive national policy to support hearing aid usage among elderly individuals with moderate hearing loss holds significant potential for reducing their risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a mobile application on quality of life, wellness, and preventive behaviors against dementia among older adults who use senior citizen centers. Methods: Seventy-two older adults who used senior citizen centers were allocated to an intervention group (n = 36) and a control group (n = 36). The experimental treatment involved a cognitive enhancement program for preventing dementia using a mobile application for 12 sessions over 6 weeks. Data were analyzed using the t-test, chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, paired t-test, and independent t-test. Results: The cognitive enhancement program based on a mobile application was effective for wellness (t = -3.87, p < .001) and preventive behaviors against dementia (t = -3.98, p < .001) for older adults who used a senior center. Conclusion: The mobile application-based cognitive enhancement program developed in this study is recommended as an effective intervention for dementia prevention in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is a descriptive study that aimed to identify the knowledge and attitude of dementia, empathy, and social distance from elderly with dementia of social welfare students and the effect these had on their social distance from elderly with dementia. This study was conducted by collecting 191 social welfare students in three universities in C and D cities. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, ANOVA, t-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficients and multiple regression with the SPSS 23.0 program. The average social distance from elderly with dementia was 3.40 points. The social distance from elderly with dementia of the study participants showed a positive correlation between the attitude of dementia(r=.47, p=.001) and empathy(r= .27, p<.001). According to the results of multiple regression analysis, attitude of dementia(β=.21, p=.001), and empathy(β=.37, p<.001) were shown to be significant factors that affected the social distance from elderly with dementia. These variables explained 36.5%. Therefore, an education program to improve the ocial distance from elderly with dementia of social welfare students should be considered as a way to enhance positive attitude of dementia and empathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare changes in cognitive function, depression and ability to perform activity of daily living (ADL) in patients with dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and ischemic stroke (IS) and to identify factors associated with changes in instrumental ADL. A total of 86 patients (dementia=30, MCI=32, and IS=24) were included to analyse cognitive function, depression, and basic and instrumental ADL obtained at the time of diagnosis and 1 year after baseline. Repeated measures analysis of variance and multiple linear regression were used. A significant group by time interaction was found in executive function (p =.037) and instrumental ADL (p =.023) across groups. The MCI group has little change in executive function and instrumental ADL from the baseline to 1 year after diagnosis while other two groups showed changes with the dementia group showing declines and the group of IS having improvement in these factors over time. Changes in executive function(p =.030) and basic ADL (p <.001) explained 26.9% in the variance of changes in instrumental ADL. These findings showed a different changing pattern in executive function during the first year after diagnosis of dementia, MCI, and IS which have cognitive changes as their main symptoms, probably leading to a different changing pattern in instrumental ADL. Healthcare professionals should routinely assess for executive function and instrumental ADL problems and intervene to maintain and improve these functional outcomes immediately after disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning has a close relationship with cognitive psychology and brain science and is developing together. This paper analyzes the OASIS-3 dataset using machine learning techniques and proposes a model for predicting dementia. Dimensional reduction through PCA (Principal Component Analysis) is performed on the data quantifying the volume of each area among OASIS-3 data, and only important elements (features) are extracted and then various machine learning including gradient boosting and stacking Apply the models and compare the performance of each. Unlike previous studies, the proposed technique has a great differentiation because it uses not only the brain biometric data, but also basic information data such as the participant's gender and medical information data of the participant. In addition, it was shown that the proposed technique through various performance evaluations is a model that can better predict dementia by finding features that are more related to dementia among various numerical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting reversion to normal cognition and progression to dementia from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) after 2 years. Methods: We analyzed data from the 6th and 7th “Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA)”. A total of 773 participants aged 65 years and above classified as having MCI according to the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination in the 6th survey were included in the study. Data were analyzed by SPSS 26.0 software using x2 test, t-test, Mann-Whitney test and logistic regression analysis. Results: Of all the participants, 30.5% reverted to normal cognition, 48.5% remained with MCI, and 21.0% progressed to dementia. Factors such as young age (odds ratio [OR]=0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.94~0.99), the absence of diabetes (OR=1.49, 95% CI: 1.01~2.19), and frequent neighbor networks “at least once or twice a month” (OR=2.35, 95% CI: 1.26~4.37), and “at least once a week” (OR=1.63, 95% CI: 1.03~2.56) compared to “never or less than 6 times a year” significantly associated with reversion to normal cognition. Meanwhile, factors such as old age (OR=1.09, 95% CI: 1.05~1.12), low level of perceived socioeconomic status (reference. above middle) (OR=1.59, 95% CI: 1.05~2.41), low levels of instrumental activities of daily living (OR=1.17, 95% CI: 1.05~1.32), and a small number of social activities (OR=0.70, 95% CI: 0.51~0.96) significantly associated with dementia progression. Conclusion: The study indicates the necessity of follow-up research for developing interventions that could aid individuals in reverting to normal cognitive function by managing diabetes or encouraging interaction with neighbors and preventing the progression to dementia by improving Instrumental Activities of Daily Living levels or encouraging participation in social activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to synthesize and integrate the results of qualitative studies on nurses' experience caring for people with dementia. Methods: We followed Noblit and Hare's seven step of meta-ethnography to synthesize qualitative studies. Six databases (PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, RISS, National Assembly Library, KCI) were used to search for literatures that explored the nurses' experience of caring for people with dementia. Based on the criteria, nine studies were included for the synthesis. Results: Five themes and ten sub-themes were identified: "Knowing the diversity of dementia", "Building a relationship of trust", "Finding the value in life", "Willingness to overcome external obstacles", "Establishment of nursing strategy to maintain routine of people with dementia". The nurses considered their own life through the life of the people with dementia, and tried to establish a nursing strategy to maintain daily life for these people. Conclusion: This study provides a deeper understanding of nurses' caring experiences for people with dementia, and can be helpful in establishing various coping strategies so that nurses can provide efficient caring for these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at identifying the significant effects and effectiveness of patients with mild dementia when using personalized reminiscence therapy digital services using AI voice technology. In the process of interpreting the results of stakeholder interviews, the design idea of personal customization using voice AI technology was derived, and prototypes were created and usability tests were conducted in the first and second rounds. The main results are as follows: Since reminiscence therapy itself is highly influenced by personal experience and can receive customized care guides based on treatment status and results through customized treatment programs, the concept of personalization can improve the quality of treatment than existing treatment methods. However, it is expected that the usability of the service will further increase if we study micro-interactions that can prevent errors and increase usability, as issues that may arise due to the forgetting cognitive characteristics of mild dementia patients are observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of self-care on burnout experienced by primary family caregivers of persons with dementia. Methods: The subjects of the study were 156 primary family caregivers of persons with dementia at home in Korea. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and hierarchical multiple regression using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 24.0 for Windows. Results: The mean scores for self-care and burnout were 42.35 and 61.60, respectively. Self-care, subjective health status, living with a person with dementia, and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia were significant factors affecting burnout in family caregivers. Self-care was identified as the strongest factor affecting burnout, explaining 13.9% of burnout with controlling factors in caregivers and care receivers. Conclusion: To prevent burnout in primary family caregivers of persons with dementia, self-care of family caregivers should be emphasized. In nursing education, family caregivers should be recognized and approached as nursing clients who are responsible for taking care of their health. In nursing practice and research, digital self-care or self-care improvement intervention programs should be designed to help family caregivers, and further studies on self-care centered on health of family caregivers should be conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide an in-depth understanding of and effective support system for those caring for family members with dementia in long-term care hospitals. Methods: Participants included 10 family caregivers who constantly visited and cared for demented elderly for over 6 months after being admitted to long-term care hospitals. Data were collected through face-to-face, one-on-one, in-depth semistructured interviews with individual participants from October 2018 to March 2019. Data were analyzed using the Colaizzi method. Results: Three categories emerged in this study: Sharing care for the elderly with dementia with long-term care hospitals; Feeling the pain from caring; Caring for the elderly with dementia forms the center of my life. As a result, participants were able to experience reaffirming their caring difficulties as they faced unsatisfactory spaces in long-term care hospitals, conflicting roles among family members, re-examination of life, and time to reflect on themselves. Conclusion: An in-depth understanding of caregivers’ experiences will suggest developing a policy to reduce family caregivers’ burden when caring for elderly family members with dementia in long-term care hospitals and to support effective care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the study was to identify dementia knowledge, attitude, and caregiving appraisal among caregivers of older adults with dementia using a dementia care center. Methods: The participants were 113 caregivers of older adults with dementia using a dementia care center. The data were collected using the questionnaires for dementia knowledge, attitude, and caregiving appraisal. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression test using the SPSS/WIN 24.0. Results: Positive correlations were revealed between dementia knowledge and attitude (r=.36, p<.001). Dementia attitude positively correlated with caregiving satisfaction (r=.40, p<.001) and caregiving mastery (r=.31, p<.001). Dementia attitude negatively correlated with caregiving burden (r=-.47, p<.001), caregiving demand (r=-.35, p<.001), and caregiving impact (r=-.40, p<.001). The factors influencing caregiving appraisal were dementia attitude (negative component: β=-.48, p<.001, positive components: β=.41, p<.001, neutral components: β=-.42, p<.001) and caregiving duration (negative component: β=-.28, p=.004, positive components: β=.26, p=.010). These factors contributed negative components (25.2%), positive components (18.4%), and neutral components (25.5%) of the variance in caregiving appraisal. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest it is necessary to develop nursing interventions for caregivers of older adults with dementia to improve dementia attitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of a case-based dementia program for nursing staff in long-term care hospitals on their knowledge, attitude, and nursing practice towards people with dementia. Methods: A non-equivalent control-group pretest-posttest design was used. Nursing staff who attended the education program were included in an experimental group (n=30), and their knowledge, attitudes and nursing practice toward dementia were compared with nursing staff in a control group (n=30). The data were collected from July 21 to August 21, 2018. The experimental group received the case-based dementia program 4 times, scheduled once a week, with each session lasting 60 minutes. Test measures were completed before and after the 4 week intervention period for all participants. The data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test, descriptive statistics, x 2 test, independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U test with the IBM SPSS 23.0 program. Results: After the intervention, the knowledge of dementia (z=-4.86, p<.001), attitudes toward dementia (t=-3.04, p=.003), and dementia nursing practices (z=-4.55, p<.001) were significantly increased in the experimental group compared to those in the control group. Conclusion: The study findings indicate that this program could be effective on nursing staff in long-term care hospitals to increase their knowledge, attitudes and nursing practice toward patients with dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to examine whether dementia service utilization is associated with cognitive function and whether health literacy moderates the relationship between dementia service utilization and cognitive function. Data were drawn from the 2016 Dementia Literacy Survey collected by K University. The final analytic sample included 522 community-dwelling older Koreans aged 60 to 79. Results from multivariate regression analyses showed that both dementia service use and higher levels of health literacy were related to better cognitive function and that health literacy had significant moderating effects. When older adults used dementia service, those with higher levels of health literacy reported higher levels of cognitive function than those with lower levels of health literacy. Our findings suggest that health literacy plays an important role in determining the cognitive health benefits arising from dementia service utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to provide nurses with a concise review on neurodegenrative dementias. This review includes pathophysiology, clinical course, and tips on management of dementias from Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD) and lewy body dementia (LBD). Considering increasing numbers of dementia cases among older adults, nurses who are cognizant about dementia care are instrumental in maximizing daily activities and quality of life of patients with cognitive impairment and dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the relationship between dementia and complete tooth loss on both sides or one side using large demographic data. Materials and methods: A retrospective cohort study was designed using the National Health Insurance Service-Elderly Cohort Database (NHIS-ECD) which was established for people over the age of 60. The experimental group was the complete edentulous cohort, which had a history of treatment for national health insurance covered complete denture on both sides or one side from July 1, 2012 to December 31, 2013. And the control group was the dentulous cohort, which had a history of conservative dental treatment for the same period. All subjects had no history of diagnosis or treatment of dementia during this time. These cohorts were matched 1:1 by age, gender, and place of residence according to the propensity score matching method. Then the incidence of dementia was compared between these cohorts. Results: Compared with those groups, the incidence of dementia was significantly higher in the experimental group (12.13%) than in the control group (9.74%) (P<.05). No clear association between other factors has been identified. Conclusion: The analysis of large-scale demographic data shows that the incidence of dementia is high in complete edentulous patients on both sides or one side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Apathy Evaluation Scale Short Form (K AES-10) for people with dementia. Methods: Participants in this study were 198 patients with dementia resident in two hospitals in the Republic of Korea. The AES-10 was translated into Korean through the translation and adaptation of instruments process developed by the World Health Organization. This process was carried out by three bilingual nursing professionals. Validity and reliability, such as construct validity, convergent validity, Cronbach's α, inter-rater reliability, and test-retest reliability, were evaluated. IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 and AMOS 26.0 programs were used for the data analysis. Results: A uni-dimensional model was proposed in the explanatory factor analysis; a single factor accounted for 68.0% of total variances. The confirmatory factor analysis supported the validity of the Korean version of the AES-10. The scale had a Cronbach's α of .95, inter-rater reliability of .66 (p<.001), and a test-retest reliability of .81 (p<.001). Conclusion: The findings show that the Korean version of the AES-10 is both valid and reliable for measuring apathy among people diagnosed with dementia in the Republic of Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the knowledge, attitudes and needs of preventive education for dementia in adults and provide them as basic data for developing nursing intervention strategies and preventive education programs for preventing dementia in adults. It collected data from 127 adults living in Seoul who agreed to the study and data were collected through personal interviews using a questionnaire. The level of dementia knowledge was high at 8.17, while the level of dementia attitude was high at 7.14, the need for dementia education was 4.56. The need for dementia preventive education was significant difference in the level of education, and the degree of interest in dementia preventive education showed a significant difference in the participant’s occupation. The correlation of knowledge, attitudes and educational needs about dementia showed a significant amount of correlation. In this study, adults had a high level of knowledge about dementia and high attitude scores on dementia. Further studies are needed to increase the positive attitude toward dementia, education programs that increase knowledge need to be provided continuously as they are related to the increase in knowledge about dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to identify the dementia knowledge, attitudes and preventive behaviors of middle aged adults. The participants were 297 middle aged adults living in P city. Data were collected by using self-report questionnaires and data were analyzed by SPSS/WIN 25.0 program. The mean score of dementia knowledge was 9.0, attitude toward dementia was 2.98 and preventive behavior was 2.22. The dementia knowledge was positively correlated with preventive behaviors and attitude toward to dementia. The influencing factors of preventive behavior were smoking, drinking, dementia knowledge and monthly income. The explanation power was 39%. These result suggest that in order to promote dementia preventive behaviors of middle aged adults, an education program should be develop to improve dementia knowledge including no smoking and reduce alcohol drinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors related to use of restraints for older adults with dementia in long-term care settings. Methods: This study analyzed secondary data from the Nationwide Survey on Dementia Care in Korea (NaSDeCK). Demographic characteristics, disease characteristics, and functional characteristics were analyzed. Data were analyzed with x2 test, t-test, ANOVA, and logistic regression analysis. Results: Among participants, 8.2% experienced use of restraints. 'Strap' (78.3%) was the most commonly used restraint and 'Behavioral problem' (51.3%) was a major reason for the restraint. Persons who have low levels of daily activity and cognition deficits, higher levels of dependence, histories of falls within the past 3 months, and living in long-term hospitals have greater probability of restraint experience. Conclusion: Developing interventions for older adults who have a high risk of being restrained is essential to minimize unnecessary restraint use among older adults with dementia in long-term care settings. Further study exploring the interacting roles of organizational and staff factors related to use of physical restraints would provide more comprehensive perspectives in understanding this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was done to identify the caring competence and job satisfaction of dementia care workers and to analyze contents for effective operation of dementia care centers. The study setting was Seoul and Gangwon-do. Methods: One hundred fifty workers in dementia care centers participated: 80 from Seoul and 70 from Gangwon-do. Caring competences and job satisfaction were measured using questionnaires of 18 and 22 items, respectively. Results: First, there was a difference in dementia caring competence between the locations (t=2.05, p=.042). Workers in Seoul (4.09±0.51) had higher competence than those from Gangwon-do (3.91±0.55). Second, the dementia caring competence of the workers was positively correlated with their job satisfaction (r=.19, p=.023). Finally, based on content analysis, it was expected that a dementia care system supported by the government resulted in effective and systematic control, enhanced professional service, and strengthened accessibility to medical service. Conclusion: It is important to develop better work environments to provide long-term service and to establish various strategies to improve caring competence and job satisfaction of dementia care workers. In addition, operational strategies adapted to local workers where unbalanced health care resources exist should be applied continuously in the operation of nation-wide dementia centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to understand more clearly the long-term care hospital nurses' experiences of caring for elders with dementia and provide baseline data to improve the quality of nursing. Methods: Colaizzi's phenomenological method was used for data analysis. The participants were seven nurses. Face-to-face in depth interviews were used for data collection from June to October, 2018. Results: Three categories were identified. The nurses' reported experiences caring for elders with dementia were 'accepting dementia as a part of life', 'crumbling sense of identity due to the provocation of elders with dementia and their families', and 'pursuing caring beyond dementia caring'. Nine themes were shown in this study. The participants stated that they needed to understand dementia and accept dementia through relationships with elders with dementia. Conclusion: These results should be considered in planning nursing interventions for caring of elders with dementia in long-term care hospital. The findings support the need for educational strategies and programs to improve the ability of long-term care hospital nurses to adequately care for elders with dementia and for the necessity to develop related policy supports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis designed to investigate the variables related to burden of caregivers of people with dementia living at home. Methods: In total, 24 studies were identified through a systematic review and 11 studies met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. EMBASE, MEDLINE (Ovid-MEDLINE, Pubmed) and several Korean databases were searched until April 2018. 'R 3.5.1' version was used to analyze the correlated effect sizes. Results: According to the results, variables related to caregivers' burden were categorized into factors related to patients and factors related to family caregivers. The effect sizes of correlations between factors associated with patients and caregivers' burden were as follows: problematic behavior & cognition (memory) (.42), problematic behavior (.37), cognition (memory) (.35), stage of dementia (.31), and ability to perform daily life functions (-.27). Factors associated with family caregivers correlated with caregiver burden as follows: health status (-.40), relation (.33), education (.25), time of caring (.24), income (-.21), age (.20), job (-.17), duration of caring (.15), and religion (.14). Conclusion: Based on the findings, family caregiver needs to preferentialy try to manage problematic behavior & cognition (memory) of dementia and health professionals need to provide comprehensive nursing interventions to improve health for patients with dementia but also family caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to develop evidence-based nursing practice guidelines for pain management in patients with dementia and to verify their effects. Methods: Guidelines were developed according to the Clinical Practice Guideline Adaptation Manual. Additionally the quality of six guidelines was evaluated using the AGREE (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation) tool. Subsequently, the guidelines were translated into Korean and a preliminary set of guidelines was established. After a group of experts confirmed the content validity of the guidelines, the Korean version was applied to clinical settings for 4 weeks, to examine their applicability. Data was collected from April to August 2017. The dependent variables were nurses' knowledge and attitudes about pain management in patients with dementia, pain assessment frequency, use of pharmacological and nonpharmacological intervention to reduce pain, and subjective and objective pain scores of patients with dementia. Data were analyzed using an independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test, and analysis of covariance with SPSS/WIN 22.0. Results: Nurses in the experimental group had a higher degree of knowledge and more positive attitudes regarding pain management, and they reported a higher frequency of pain assessment as compared to those in the control group. As compared to patients in the control group, those in the experimental group had more days of regular treatment with analgesics and were provided with a higher analgesics dose as well as more frequently received physical and relaxation therapies. The two groups did not show significant differences in subjective and objective pain scores. Conclusion: The present findings indicates that the evidence-based guidelines for pain management developed in this study were effective in helping nurses and patients with dementia to resolve their pain for which they were currently seeking treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Communication Behavior Scale for nurses caring for people with Dementia (CBS-D). Methods: Based on communication accommodation theory, the initial items were generated through a literature review and interviews with 20 experts. Content and face validity of the initial items were assessed. Data from 486 nurses caring for people with dementia were analyzed using item analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, criterion-related validity, and internal consistency. Results: The final scale consisted of 18 items and four factors (discourse response management, interpersonal control, emotional expression, and interpretability) that explained 57.6% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the theoretical model with 18 items satisfied all goodness-of-fit parameters. Criterion-related validity was shown by the Global Interpersonal Communication Competence Scale (r=.506, p<.001). Cronbach's alpha for the total scale was .88. Conclusion: The CBS-D can be used to measure the communication behavior of nurses caring for people with dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to synthesize the caring experiences of Korean family members of patients with dementia through a qualitative meta-synthesis method. Methods: By searching through nine Korean and English databases, we compared 37 qualitative studies on caring experiences of family members of patients with dementia. The selected studies were synthesized through meta-synthesis, proposed by Sandelowski and Barroso (2007). Results: The meta-synthesis elicited four themes: tough life due to care for patients, changes in relationships, adaptation to caregiver's roles, and new perspectives of life through personal growth. Caregivers were shocked when a sudden diagnosis of dementia was made prior to any preparation on their part. They were tied to their patients all the time and their mind and body got exhausted. Their relationship with patients began to change and they looked at them differently. They experienced conflicts with the other non-caring family members and were alienated from them. They were also socially isolated. However, by building their own care strategies and utilizing social resources, they gradually adapted to their caregiver roles. Finally, they experienced personal growth and acquired a new perspective toward life by accepting their roles and finding meaning in their lives. Shifting the caregiver's centricity from themselves to the patient was the process of becoming human beings who actively constructed their realities while giving meaning to their painful lives and interacting with the environment. Conclusion: The results of the study can be useful for nurses in understanding the experiences of caregivers of the patients with dementia and in providing them with practical interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effects walking program with dance on gait, cognition, and risk of falls of elderly with dementia in a long-term care hospital. Methods: Subjects consisted of 42 elderly with dementia in a long-term care hospital (21 elderly with dementia in an experimental group and 21 elders with dementia in a control group). Data were collected from March 14 to April 30, 2016. Subjects in the experimental group performed walking program with dance (three times a week, 30-50 minutes session, 18 sessions). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, independent t-test, paired t-test, repeated measures ANOVA with the SPSS/WIN 21.0. Results: The participants in the experimental group showed significantly increased scores of cadence (F=8.36, p=.007) and improved scores of cognition (F=9.95, p=.003) compared the control group. Conclusion: The findings indicate walking program with dance is recommend a regular exercise program to enhance the cadence associated with walking speed and cognitive function elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was done to investigate levels of caring behaviors of formal caregivers (FCs) and to identify factors influencing FCs for older adults with dementia living at home. Methods: Research design was a descriptive survey design with convenience sampling. Participants were 139 FCs who cared for older adults with dementia receiving home visiting services in Incheon City, Gyeonggi-do, Gangwon-do and Jeolla-do. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: The average score for the FCs' perceived caring behaviors was 3.35±0.48. Among the FCs' caring behavior factors, 'assurance' was scored highest, followed by 'knowledge and skill', 'respectfulness' and 'connectedness'. The mean score for purpose in life was 4.63±0.86 and for good death, 3.22±0.38. Also the FCs' caring behaviors were positively correlated with purpose in life and good death. Good death (β=.53, p<.001), and purpose in life (β=.27, p<.001) significantly influenced the FCs' caring behaviors, accounting for 42.4% of the total variance. Conclusion: Findings imply that FCs' caring behaviors are improved by their having positive perceptions related to purpose in life and good death. Therefore, inclusion of purpose in life and definition of good death in FCs' caring education and management is important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to understand the experiences of family caregivers utilizing Care Support of Dementia Centers (CSDC) in the community. Methods: Colaizzi's phenomenological approach was used for this study. The participants were 10 family caregivers. Open in-depth interviews were used to collect data from January 2018 to February 2018. Results: Four categories emerged from the analysis. The experiences of family caregivers utilizing CSDC included "becoming to open the mind to dementia", "forming of good field for each other", "alterations in the patterns of family life" and "hoping for a better life". There were 8 clusters of themes and 17 themes. The experiences of family caregivers utilizing CSDC were driving force of understanding about dementia, older adults with dementia and caring. The older adults with dementia accepted their disease, they actively participated in supporting programs. So, forming of another world that provide regular activities for older adults with dementia, giving rest to the family caregivers, and rearranging the pattern of life according to the schedule of older adults with dementia. Moreover, they expressed the need for a helpful and empathetic support program. Conclusion: These results suggest that CSDC helped older adults with dementia and their family caregivers. Therefore, the importance of the role of dementia centers has been emphasized. It is necessary to provide guidance on the content and direction of the network of community support systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since dementia imposes a major burden on society, it has become an urgent and important health issue in countries across the world. The Korean government declared a 'war against dementia' and announced the first national dementia plan in 2008. Dementia counseling centers were implemented at all community health centers, and an early detection program and medical expense support services were initiated to encourage the early diagnosis of dementia. In 2012, the Dementia Management Act was enacted and the second national dementia plan was announced. The second national plan established basic infrastructure, such as a dementia management system at the national, regional, and municipal levels. The previous support system was extended and strengthened by incorporating long-term care services, family support, and early diagnosis and treatment support. The third national plan was designed to effectively reduce the burden of dementia by establishing a user-based, continuous support system with wider community coverage. The plan used the key objectives of dementia policy suggested by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development as a framework, and introduced evidence-based planning and quantification of outcomes to promote maximal effectiveness. Although this policy is still in effect and it is difficult to evaluate its final results, some areas require supplementation. A need to minimize 'false positive' dementia has emerged. Postdiagnostic support and specialized treatment for the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia are insufficient. Coordination between the health and welfare systems should be improved, and economic support for dementia patients and families should be strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Korea is becoming an aged society at an alarmingly fast rate, which suggests that dementia care may become a major public health problem in Korea. At this point in time, the new policy of national responsibility for dementia care is a well-timed strategy, but it should be assessed based on a careful consideration of several aspects. We must promote a model of dementia care in which all members of society jointly participate. We need to improve the volunteer system in dementia care, and to make various cultural spaces for patients suffering from dementia and their family members. We need to balance financial resources and benefits in cost-reduction plans for dementia treatment. We should implement a careful quality control system for dementia care and educational programs for public dementia care hospitals and nationwide regional dementia centers. These care systems should also incorporate a health policy aiming at primary prevention to reduce the prevalence of dementia in the future. Improving the new policy of national responsibility for dementia care using detailed analyses and systematic approaches will lead to a successful dementia welfare policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that affect quality of life in elderly people with dementia. Methods: The participants for this descriptive correlational study were 97 elderly patients with dementia who were attending a daycare center or were being cared for at home. Data were collected from the participants using the Mini-Mental Status Examination-Dementia Scale, the Geriatric Depression Scale (Short Form), Activity of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale. Results: There were statistically significant differences in quality of life of elders with dementia according to mobility, using dementia day-care center, and cohabitation. In multiple regression analysis, depression, activity of daily of living, using dementia day-care centers and cohabitation were significant predictors of quality of life and the four variables explained 60% of the variance in quality of life. Conclusion: Findings indicate that to enhance the quality of life for elders with dementia, depression needs to be decreased and regular use of daycare service recommended. Further, various programs enhancing physical ability need to be developed and used with these elders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We developed and tested the effects of a coping skill training program for caregivers in feeding difficulty among older adults with dementia in long-term care facilities. Methods: A non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. The subjects comprised 34 caregivers (experimental group: 17, control group: 17) and 40 older adults with dementia (experimental group: 20, control group: 20). The developed program was delivered in 4-hour sessions over 6 weeks (including 2 weeks of lectures and lab practice on feeding difficulty coping skills, and 4 weeks of field practice). Data were collected before, immediately after, and 4 weeks after the program (January 3 to April 6, 2016). The data were analyzed using t-test and repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS/WIN 20.0. Results: Compared to their counterparts in the control group, caregivers in the experimental group showed a significantly greater improvement in feeding knowledge and feeding behavior, while older adults with dementia showed greater improvements in feeding difficulty and Body Mass Index. Conclusion: The study findings indicate that this coping skill training program for caregivers in feeding difficulty is an effective intervention for older adults with dementia in long-term care facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors predicting behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in persons with dementia. Factors including the patient, caregiver, and environment based on the multi-dimensional behavioral model were tested. Methods: The subjects of the study were 139 pairs of persons with dementia and their caregivers selected from four geriatric long-term care facilities located in S city, G province, Korea. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, inverse normal transformations, Pearson correlation coefficients, Spearman's correlation coefficients and hierarchical multiple regression with the SPSS Statistics 22.0 for Windows program. Results: Mean score for BPSD was 40.16. Depression (β=.42, p<.001), exposure to noise in the evening noise (β=-.20, p=.014), and gender (β=.17, p=.042) were factors predicting BPSD in long-term care facilities, which explained 25.2% of the variance in the model. Conclusion: To decrease BPSD in persons with dementia, integrated nursing interventions should consider factors of the patient, caregiver, and environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics and side effects relevance of physically restrained elderly patients with dementia in the nursing hospitals. The data were collected from nursing care providers working at the 5 nursing hospitals with survey and analyzed 190 data using SPSS 21.0 program. The finding showed that age of ‘75 to 84’ years occupied 58.3%, ‘17-24’ hours of the total restrained time of the day 22.6%, night time 57.4% and no fall down history 54.2%. Age showed relevance with local edema and problem of joint construction(p<.05), specifically ‘85 and over’ years having 25% occurrence in the problem of joint construction. Walking ability showed relevance with pressure ulcer, but in the patients who could walk it showed more frequency than in the patients who could not walk. The total restrained time of the day showed relevance with skin redness, local edema, problem of joint construction(p<.05). Based on this finding, it would be necessary to apply differential care policies according to the characteristics of patients when we care the restrained patients with dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among dementia knowledge, empathy, attitudes toward to dementia in caregivers of older adults with dementia. Data were collected 147 caregivers who worked in long term care centers. The self-report questionnaire was used for data analysis. SPSS Win. 21.0 was used to analyze data via descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression. The mean score of dementia knowledge was 20.18±3.58 out of 30, and the means of empathy was 82.12±9.68 out of 105 and the means of dementia attitudes was 96.45±13.72 out of 140. Attitudes toward dementia in caregivers differed significantly depending on their age, motivation of job. Attitudes also had a positive correlation with dementia knowledge and empathy. The most significant preditors of attitudes were empathy, job of motivation and age. These factors explained 33.0% of the variance for attitudes toward dementia. Above results suggest that dementia education programs depending on age, job of motivation, and empathy level is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to explore family caregiver's need for online education for dementia caregiving. Participants in this study were 220 family caregivers from district dementia centers in Seoul. Family caregiver's usability and needs of online education program were assessed using self-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and t-test comparisons were conducted. About 50% of family caregivers answered they could use and have intention to use online education. The results showed that there were the highest demand for the video lectures which give information about dementia and case video about caregiving skills. There were differences in needs of online program according to the gender and age. The use of online program offers users the opportunity to participate support program at their own time and pace. In order to maximize the effects of online support programs, it is important to establish the strategies of the customized programs considering the characteristics of the caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this descriptive study was to develop a knowledge map through a social network analysis of dementia-related articles. Methods: For 276,548 keywords from 52,225 studies on dementia, co-occurrence keywords were used to analyze the node centrality in terms of degree, closeness, betweenness, and cohesion through social network analysis. Co-occurrence words were presented using word clouds. Results: The keywords Parkinson disease, amyloid, Mild Cognition Impairment (MCI), Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), depression, tau, aged, neuropsychology, memory, and neurodegeneration demonstrated high degree centrality with regard to dementia and Alzheimer disease. When central keywords such as dementia and Alzheimer disease were excluded, aged, depression, tau, memory, cognition, MCI, Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD), cognition impairment, Parkinson disease, and diagnosis showed high degree centrality. Conclusion: The findings from this study help identify research trends and topics. They also provide information regarding various fields of research by analyzing cohesion between keywords that enable research exchange or convergence, and keywords that promote or control interaction with other keywords. This analysis can help establish research topics at the initial stages and guide researchers when identifying and selecting important nursing science topics related to dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to understand and describe the caring experiences of spouses of elderly people with dementia. Methods: The hermeneutic phenomenological method was used and participants were 12 spouses aged 65 and over who were taking care of their husbands or wives with dementia at home. Data were collected from individual in-depth interviews on participants’ actual caring experiences. Additionally, novels, movies, and memoirs on elderly couples with partner who had dementia were included as data for the analysis. The qualitative data analysis software program was used to manage and process the collected qualitative data. Data were analyzed using hermeneutic phenomenological analysis based on four fundamental existentials including lived body, lived space, lived time, and lived others. Results: Five essential themes emerged from the analysis: 1) body moving like an old machine, 2) swamp of despair filling with hope, 3) sweet time after bitterness, 4) disappointed elderly couple in the empty nest, and 5) unappreciation vs. empathetic feelings. These essential themes were comprehensively summarized as “the road leading to the maturation of life with dedication and hope while bearing the weight of caring based on the couple’s relationship.” Conclusion: The findings indicate that the nature of the caring experience of spouses of elderly individuals with dementia is filled with many dynamic and paradoxical dimensions. Thus, results of the study would help with developing interventions tailored specifically for elderly spouse caregivers to support their role adaptation and ultimately improving their quality of life [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify feeding difficulties and related factors in older adults with dementia who reside in long-term care facilities. Methods: Participants were 149 older adults with dementia residing in long-term care facilities and 93 certified caregivers working in five long-term care facilities. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression by SPSS 21.0. Results: The mean score for feeding difficulty was 7.26±4.30. The highest for a feeding difficulty item was, "Does the patient require/close supervision while feeding?". The variables related to the feeding difficulty were physical function (β=0.37, p<.001) and certified caregivers' attitude towards feeding older adults with dementia (β=0.31, p<.001). These two variables explained about 44.0% of total variance (F=24.26, p<.001). Conclusion: The results suggest the need for nursing interventions to prevent aggravation of physical function related to feeding skills. In addition, systematical and practical education and training programs are needed for certified caregivers to help maintain positive attitudes. These programs should lead the certified caregivers to accept that feeding is not just a task but a relationship between certified caregivers and older adults with dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study developed a occupational therapy convergent activity program to provide dementia patients admitted to the daytime ward, and investigated the program's effect on the hand and cognitive functions and instrumental activities of daily living. A total of 34 dementia patients were divided into two groups: a convergent occupational therapy program and medication were provided for 17 patients, and medication alone was provided for a control group of 17. The intervention was performed for 24 weeks, 8 times per week, 192 times in total. A handgrip strength test was performed to examine hand function before and after the intervention, and the MMSE-K and GDS were performed to evaluate cognitive function. In addition, the K-IADL was used to assess instrumental activities of daily living. With intervention, the experimental group showed significant improvements in hand and cognitive function and instrumental activities of daily living. In contrast, the control group did not show improvements in hand and cognitive function or instrumental activities of daily living. In conclusion, the study showed that a convergent/integrated activity program for occupational therapy has a positive effect on hand and cognitive function as well as instrumental activities of daily living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate nurses' perceptions and intention to use physical restraints for geriatric hospital dementia patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used with 112 nurses recruited from 6 geriatric hospitals. Data on nurses' general characteristics as well as perceptions and intention to use physical restraints for dementia patients were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and standard multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 21.0. Results: There were significant differences in perceptions of physical restraints for dementia patients according to type of restraint (wrist, lapboard with wheelchair, or alternative methods). Significant differences in intention were found for age, position, mobility decline, alternative methods, physical restraints guideline, and complaints from family. Factors affecting nurses' intention to use physical restraints included perceptions on physical restraint use, mobility decline, being a head nurse, and no alternative method available. These factors explained 51% of total variances in the regression model. Conclusion: Findings show that nurses' perception of physical restraints for geriatric hospital dementia patients is significantly correlated with intention to use physical restraints. Therefore, provision of periodic training and education on alternatives are necessary to reduce indiscriminate use of physical restraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the study was to identify factors influencing caregiving satisfaction among family caregivers of patients with dementia living at home. Methods: Participants in this study were 355 family caregivers who were registered at the Seoul Metropolitan Center for Dementia. For the purpose of this study, data from a large community dementia survey were used for secondary analysis. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: Family caregivers showed moderate caregiving satisfaction. The main factors influencing caregiving satisfaction were family caregiver's age, informal support, relationship to patient, living arrangement, and patient's years of education. Conclusion: Findings from this study suggest that systemic strategies need to be developed to enhance family caregivers' caregiving satisfaction based on various caregiving contexts. The interactive relationship of caregiving satisfaction and burden also need to be further explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among dementia care knowledge, attitudes toward to dementia and approach to dementia care of nurses. The participants were 202 nurses in G hospital of P city. The mean score of dementia care knowledge was 11.02, attitude toward dementia was 40.15 and approach to dementia care was 7.90. The dementia care knowledge was significant difference for sex(t=-2.424, P<.05), education level(F=2.932, P<.05) and work unit(F=2.268, P<.05). The dementia care knowledge was positively correlated with attitude toward to dementia(r=.162,P<.05 ). The predictors of dementia care knowledge were Emergence Room(β=-1.568, p<.05) and Intensive Care Unit(β=-1.682, p<.05). The result suggest that it is necessary to develop convergence education program to improve dementia care knowledge and attitudes toward to dementia to give high quality nursing care for patients with dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is the descriptive survey to understand the knowledge, attitude, and education needs of the university students on the dementia and to examine their relationships. Collected data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficients with the SPSS 20.0 for Windows Program. The rate of corrective answers on dementia was shown as 79.6%, mean attitude with 3.74 points, and mean education needs with 4.02 points. Significant positive correlations were detected between the knowledge and the attitude (r=.23, p=.005), and between the attitude and education needs (r=.61, p<.001). Based on the results of this study, it is required to make an effort to enhance the correct knowledge of the university students on dementia and to establish their positive attitude. The objective education needs proven by this study are expected to be used as the fundamental data for the development of customized education program for the university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the aging society is accelerated, the population with dementia grows significantly faster. Because there is no complete cure of dementia, it is of great importance to detect the disease at a very early stage and prevent its fast aggravation through evaluation of MCI(Mild Cognitive Impairment) which happens before dementia. The current assessment of MCI conducts only in the form of hand-written data and by 1:1 face to face communication between the subjects and the examiners. Due to this, both examiners' fatigue rate and evaluation error rate increase. Further, there are some limitations in utilizing and analyzing data collected. Against the problems, therefore, there is a need to develop a computerized system by which MCI is assessed, and the results are saved and analyzed. This paper presents the development of such a system enabling MCI evaluation, its related data collection and analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to develop and test a prediction model for caregiving experiences including caregiving satisfaction and burden in dementia family caregivers. Methods: The stress process model and a two factor model were used as the conceptual frameworks. Secondary data analysis was done with 320 family caregivers who were selected from the Seoul Dementia Management Survey (2014) data set. In the hypothesis model, the exogenous variable was patient symptomatology which included cognitive impairment, behavioral problems, dependency in activity of daily living and in instrumental activity of daily living. Endogenous variables were caregiver's perception of dementia patient's unmet needs, caregiving satisfaction and caregiving burden. Data were analysed using SPSS/WINdows and AMOS program. Results: Caregiving burden was explained by patient symptomatology and caregiving satisfaction indicating significant direct effects and significant indirect effect from unmet needs. The proposed model explained 37.8% of the variance. Caregiving satisfaction was explained by patient symptomatology and unmet needs. Mediating effect of unmet needs was significant in the relationship between patient symptomatology and caregiving satisfaction. Conclusion: Results indicate that interventions focusing on relieving caregiving burden and enhancing caregiver satisfaction should be provided to caregivers with high levels of dementia patients' unmet needs and low level of caregiving satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]