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Purpose: This study was conducted to develop a scale to measure spiritual distress in cancer patients. Methods: A total of 69 preliminary items for the spiritaul distress assessment tool (SDAT) were compiled, based on a literature review, selection of empirically relevant items through concept analysis of hybrid models, confirmation of content validity by experts, cognitive interviews, and a pretest. Self-administered questionnaires were collected between April 1 and July 31, 2018, from 225 cancer patients at four medical institutions and one nursing home. The data were analyzed using item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, convergent and discriminant validity, and Pearson correlation for criterion validity. Reliability was tested by Cronbash's α coefficient. Results: The final version of the SDAT consisted of 20 items. Five-factors, loss of peace, burden of family, avoidance of confronting death, guilt and remorse, regret for not being able to apololgize and forgive were extracted, and showed 62.8% of total variance. The factors were confirmed through convergent and discriminant validity. Criterion validity was confirmed by functional assessment chronic illness therapy spiritual well-being scale 12 (FACIT-Sp12). The overall Cronbach's α was .91, and the coefficients of each subscale ranged from .78~.83. Conclusion: The SDAT for cancer patients is valid and reliable. It is suggested that the tool can be used to measure spiritual distress in cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a new version of Spirituality Assessment Scale (N-SAS) and verify its reliability and validity. Methods: The total of 59 preliminary items for the N-SAS were selected through a literature review, two rounds of experts' content validation, cognitive interviews, and pre-tests. Verification of its reliability and validity was divided into two phases. In Phase I, questionnaires were collected from 219 adults. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha, validity with item analysis, and exploratory factor analysis. In Phase II, questionnaires developed based on the results of Phase I were collected from 225 adults. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha, validity with confirmatory factor analysis, and criterion validity. Results: The final version of the N-SAS comprised two dimensions (vertical and horizontal), four domains (relationship with God; meaning of life and self-integration; self-transcendence; and relationship with others, neighborhoods, and nature), and 44 items were identified. Total Cronbach's α was .97; those of each subscale ranged from .79 to .98. N-SAS scores were positively correlated with the scores of Howden's Spiritual Assessment Scale (r=.81, p<.001). Conclusion: Findings suggest that the N-SAS can be used to measure spirituality in adults. The use of N-SAS is expected to facilitate perceiving patient's spiritual needs and providing spiritual care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify how self-care agency and social support influence self-care practices among spinal cord injured patients. Methods: 106 spinal cord injured patients were recruited from April 12 to May 28, 2016. Structured questionnaires used were the Korean version of the Appraisal of the Self-Care Agency Scale Revised (ASAS-R), the Social Support Scale, and the Spinal Cord Injury Lifestyle Scale (SCILS). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlations, and Stepwise multiple regression analysis with the SPSS/WIN 23.0 program. Results: Self-care practices had a significant association with self-care agency (β=.30, p=.002), social support (β=.24, p=.010), and monthly income (β=.18, p=.038). A total of 21.5% of the variance explained the self-care practice among spinal cord injured patients and was explained by self-care agency, social support, and monthly income. The self-care agency was the factor most influential on self-care practices among spinal cord injured patients explaining 15.4% of variance. Conclusion: The result suggests that developing strategies enhance spinal cord injured patients’ self-care agency and self-care practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]