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目的 对社区糖尿病患者发放自行设计的糖尿病自我管理能力调查问卷进行调查，了解社区糖尿病患者自我管理能力的实际水平。 方法 2012年10月至2013年10月选择广东省东莞市茶山镇社区糖尿病患者300例，发放自行设计的糖尿病自我管理能力调查问卷进行调查，收回有效问卷286份（95.3%），同时结合社区慢病健康检查的要求，同步检测空腹血糖（FBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）水平，对调查结果进行统计分析，并研究其相关性。 结果 不同性别、文化程度、个人月均收入、糖尿病病程者HbA1c水平比较，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）；在多进食纤维含量高的食物、每天进行中等强度锻炼（如快步走、游泳、爬山、骑自行车等）、定期到医院测量尿中糖含量及每天洗脚/泡脚且及时擦拭干净脚趾缝间的水渍等方面自我管理能力得分较低。 结论 社区糖尿病患者自我管理能力总体处于低下状态。如何从社区卫生服务的实际出发探索切合实际的社区健康教育方式方法，提出相应策略成为当务之急，也是下一步研究的重要任务。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A relatively high proportion of vegetable waste is ever increasing in China in recent years, with the rapid development of agriculture. A large amount of spoiled vegetable waste also continues to accumulate. There is a serious threat to environmental health, due to a huge waste of resources. It is a high demand to treat this vegetable waste. Fortunately, anaerobic fermentation has been an important technical way to treat agricultural waste for clean energy. Meanwhile, the biogas slurry and biogas residue produced by fermentation can also be used as organic fertilizer to improve soil fertility. This study aims to clarify the effect of the additives on the thermostatic anaerobic fermentation and aerobic treatment of the mixed raw materials. The process was realized for the rapid conversion of biomass to biogas and biogas fertilizer. Firstly, the ratio of Volatile Solid (VS) was selected as 1:1:1 for the cow dung, tomato stems, and leaves. Three devices were utilized in the 0.56 m3 constant-temperature fermentation, including the no-adding, adding mass concentrations of 1 g/L urea, and 1 g/L plant ash. Among them, the Total Solid (TS) was 8%. The constant temperature batch was set as a fermentation temperature of (26±2)℃ and a period of 54 days during anaerobic fermentation. Secondly, the remaining biogas slurry was treated with the (30±1)℃ and 12 L/min aerobic aeration treatment for 8h. Some parameters were measured in the biogas production, including methane production, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Oxidation-reduction Potential (ORP), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), volatile fatty acid contents (VFAs), NH+ 4 -N contents change, biogas fertilizer biotoxicity, and nutrient contents. A comparison was then made to explore the effects of the combination of anaerobic fermentation with different additives and aerobic treatment of biogas slurry on the biogas and fertilizer production performance of the device. The results show that each addition after 28d before the reaction presented a significant effect on the systematic biogas production and methane synthesis. Specifically, the best performance was achieved in the urea group during the anaerobic fermentation phase. The cumulative biogas and methane production were 4 917, and 1 746.4 L, respectively, which increased by 91% and 128.7%, compared with the blank group, whereas, 12.6% and 69.4%, compared with the plant ash group. Furthermore, the methane volume fraction of 50% in the urea group and the total system biogas yield of 80% (namely 5 346 L) were all 5d earlier than that of the blank group. However, the total biogas production and total methane production in the whole cycle blank group were higher than in the other two groups. The fastest time was 1, 4, and 1h during the aerobic treatment phase, respectively, particularly for the complete biogas slurry ripening in the blank groups, plant ash, and urea groups. In this case, the germination indexes (GI) were 98%, 124.5%, and 100.4%, respectively, and the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were 5 670, 5 350, and 7 010 mg/L, respectively, while the volumes of NH+ 4 -N were 734.4, 538.1 and 862.1 mg/L, respectively. In summary, the best biological effectiveness and production quality of the biogas slurry were achieved in the urea group system. The standard is still needed for the nutrient supplement, or concentrated treatment, compared with the mixed liquid fertilizer. This finding can provide a strong reference to improve the biogas and fertilizer production quality of anaerobic fermentation, in order to reduce the secondary environmental pollution caused by the biogas fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In rural area of China, due to low income, it has been popularly used for winter-heating with straws and coal. The heating method is so backward that it is promising for heating with solar energy. Since the heat gain from sun is limited to specific area, it is essential to improve the efficiency of solar energy utilization. Some researchers found that on-off modes of circulating pump took obvious effects on heating performance of central heating. In this paper, three different kinds of on-off modes were applied to the solar floor heating system in order to discover the influence of on-off modes. The experiment was conducted during the winter in a single-storey building in Zhangma Village, Minqing county, Gansu province, China. The total area of the building is 117 m2, the residential area of about 103 m2, whose actual heating areas is 64 m2. The heating system consists of 6 sets of vacuum tube solar collectors. Each collector consists of 40 vacuum tubes in Φ58 mm × L 1 800 mm with a 400 L water tank. The heating period was 17:00-23:30 every day in Dec 2015. The system had the same water-flowing duration of 8 min and three different intermittent durations, 5 min intermittent durations on Dec 3th, 11 min on Dec 25th, and 6 min on Dec 30th. Various parameters, such as the solar radiation intensity, the supply and return temperature of the system, the tank temperature, the ambient temperature, the flow rate and the ambient wind speed, were all measured by various sensors in the experiment. All measured parameters were acquisited and recorded automatically by the Agilent 34970A every 10 s. The variation law of difference of supply and return temperature during the heating period was analyzed, the heat supply, heat loss rates, energy consumptions, the solar fractions and average heating efficiency of the system all were calculated, the correlations between various factors with the heat supply were analyzed. The experimental results reveal the following: With the same water-flowing durations, the longer the discontinuous time, the greater the difference of supply and return temperature. Compared with the time interval of 5 min, the solar fraction of the time interval of 6 min was increased by 5.27%, heat loss rate of the system decreased by 2.79%, and the operating energy consumption decreased by 6.67%. The time interval of 6 min had the highest average heating efficiency of the system in 3th to 29th in Dec 2015. Various factors discussed were significantly correlated with the heat supply. The supply temperature and the ambient temperature had greater impact on the heat supply, but the flow rate and the ambient wind speed had less impact on it. According to the operation modes of the solar floor heating system, the water-flowing time was longer than the displacing time of water stored in the pipes under the floor. Not only the water supply displaced the hot water in the pipes completely every time, but also there was some high temperature water flowing through the return pipe. In the further operation, the water-flowing time should be reduced, so that the water-flowing time could be equal to the displacing time of water in the pipes, and the high temperature water was prevented from losing excessive heat through the return pipe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to ensure the annual gas demand of farmers in North China and explore the gas characteristics in the household biogas digester with constant temperature, the 3 m3 solar constant temperature biogas digester was developed. Stability of the biogas, biogas characteristics under different fermentation temperature and different fermenting materials, annual biogas characteristics, and operation strategy were studied with this system. The batch type experimental research showed that the system could be run steadily and continuously throughout the year. And the annual cumulative production of biogas was 398.52 m3 under the weather conditions in Lanzhou area. The system could realize constant temperature anaerobic fermentation at 26, 28 and 37 ℃ when the lowest ambient temperature exceeded -19.9, 0.7 and 6.9 ℃, respectively. In addition, the methane volume fraction was improved prominently or the production gas cycle was shortened when the pig manure was mixed with corn straw, wormwood and lotus leaves by a certain mixing proportion. Compared with pig manure fermentation, the volume fraction of methane of biogas produced by mixed material was promoted by about 8% as the volume ratio of raw material pig manure ∶ wormwood ∶ water ∶ inoculums was 1∶2∶2∶1. It could shorten the fermentation period remarkably when the wormwood, lotus and pig mature were taken as fermentation materials. At the end of the fermentation process with the mixed material at 37 ℃, the daily biogas production was difficult to meet consumers′ demand. And the daily average biogas production could keep 0.8 m3 in a week if we supplied 0.025 m3 new material with the same proportion. This experiment can provide reference for the efficient use of renewable energy. Utilizing the mixed materials can regulate the gas production and gas quality, and advices can be adopted for users to use raw materials which come from local resources according to season conditions. Three pails of new materials with same proportion(0.025 m3) are needed to replenish for anaerobic fermentation equipment every week, when the stability of gas production is unsure and the daily gas production is hard to satisfy users requirement that is to keep the daily gas production of 0.8 m3 one week. When the gas consumption increases, the measures that regulate temperature and feed to add the gas production can be adopted to satisfy the biogas utilization demand. The biogas production system with constant temperature operates steadily all the year round. Meanwhile, biogas can completely satisfy the demand of 3-5 people′s household cooking and gas in a year. And the biogas digester using pig manure as raw materials can still achieve the gas production with(26±1.5) ℃ constant temperature and the daily biogas production of over 1.3 m3, when the average environmental temperature range is between -23.8 and -5 ℃ in winter, even encountering 3 successive overcast or snowy weather. The biogas digester using pig manure and wormwood as raw materials can achieve the 37℃ gas production and the daily biogas production of over 1.7 m3. And when the year-round solar radiation range is 11.7-17.4 MJ/m2, the fermentation tank per cubic meter needs 10 glass vacuum tube solar collectors of φ58 mm×1 800 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

妇产科护理学是一门综合性、应用性较强的学科,学生不仅需要掌握妇产科专科护理理论知识与各项护理操作技能,更需要不断提高自我的心理护理、人际沟通能力及人文关怀素养精神,最终成为适应我国护理事业发展的应用型复合护理人才。在护理学教学中引入情绪调节自我效能感的概念,情绪调节的方法和措施有利于提高学生的学习自主性、同理心及综合分析解决问题的能力。此外,对培养护生自身良好的情绪也起到了一定的促进作用。将情绪调节自我效能感引入到妇产科护理学教学中旨在促进"以教师为中心"向"以学生为中心"教学理念的转变,提高护理专业学生的心理承受能力,提升学生情绪管理能力,增强学生的学习积极性和主动性,促进妇产科护理事业的健康发展。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]