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为了降低红绿蓝发光二极管（RGB-LED）可见光通信系统解复用过程中滤光造成的光能量损失,设计了一种基于分光解复用法的RGB-LED可见光通信系统。介绍了分光解复用法的原理和结构组成,对比了分光解复用法与常用的滤光解复用法在解复用过程中的光能量损失,由对比结果可知,分光解复用法可降低滤光造成的光能量损失,提高光源的利用率。利用光通信仿真软件对通信系统进行了仿真测试,仿真结果显示,在相同误码率条件下,采用分光解复用法的系统能有效延长信号的传输距离。

设计并实现了一种基于标签法的LED（发光二极管）室内可见光定位系统。在满足基本照明需求的同时,将当前的位置信息循环加载到LED光源上,通过无线光链路传输到移动终端,系统根据移动终端接收到的信息解析出其在环境中的相对位置,还可将位置映射到地图上并映射出与当前位置相关的提示指令,最终实现可见光定位。利用Stm32处理器作为系统主控制器,设计了一种适用于可见光定位的编码协议,以灵活可靠地传输位置信息。发射端测试了LED光源特性及驱动电路,可保证基本的照明与通信;接收端利用C#语言设计上位机软件以实现移动终端在地图上的映射及实时更新功能;结果表明,该系统定位效果理想。

【目的】研究奥沙利铂对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞株的生长抑制作用及对Caspase-3活性的影响。【方法】用人宫颈癌HeLa细胞株经奥沙利铂处理后,MTT法测定细胞生长抑制率,透射电镜观察细胞形态学变化,流式细胞仪和原位末端标记技术法（TUNEL）检测细胞凋亡率,比色法检测Caspase-3活性变化,,并利用AC-DEVD-CHO进行Caspase-3抑制试验。【结果】奥沙利铂（4～64μmol/L）在体外能以时间和剂量依赖的方式对宫颈癌HeLa细胞产生细胞毒作用并诱导其凋亡,奥沙利铂作用细胞株48 h后,细胞呈现典型的凋亡细胞的形态特征;并能增加HeLa细胞的Caspase-3活性,AC-DEVD-乙醛（AC-DEVD-CHO）可有效抑制奥沙利铂诱导的HeLa细胞凋亡。【结论】奥沙利铂在体外能抑制人宫颈癌HeLa细胞的增殖,诱导细胞凋亡,Caspase-3活化参与了奥沙利铂诱导HeLa细胞的凋亡过程。

Copyright of Coal Geology & Exploration is the property of Xian Research Institute of China Coal Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science Technology & Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Technology Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Applied Mathematics & Mechanics (1000-0887) is the property of Applied Mathematics & Mechanics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arid Zone Research / Ganhanqu Yanjiu is the property of Arid Zone Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to study the potential slip surface damage form, displacement characteristics and stability effects of slopes under different angle α between vegetation root system and slope freeze-thaw interface. The results show that with the increase of thawing depth, the equivalent plastic strain penetration zone of plain soil and root-soil composite slopes during spring thawing period is more obvious and prone to plane slip along the freeze-thaw interface. Compared with plain soil slopes, the maximum displacement of root-soil composite slopes during spring thawing period (March) is reduced by about 69. 65%, and the maximum displacement of root-soil composite slopes during spring thawing period (April) is reduced by about 71. 88% . The maximum displacement of the root-soil composite slope is reduced by about 69. 65% in the spring thawing period (March) and 71. 88% in the spring thawing period (April), and the reduction of the displacement of the root-soil composite slope tends to increase with the increase of α angle, which shows that the root system has strong soil consolidation ability when it reaches the freeze-thaw interface. When the angle α between the root system and the freeze-thaw interface is increased from 45° to 90°, the root-soil composite slope is more susceptible to planar sliding along the freeze-thaw interface. When the angle between the root system and the freeze-thaw interface is increased from 45° to 90°, the safety coefficient of the slope of root-soil complex tends to increase, and when the root system is perpendicular to the freeze-thaw interface of the slope, the root system has a relatively maximum effect of enhancing the soil consolidation and slope protection of the slope during the spring-thaw period, which can effectively improve the stability of the slope during the spring-thaw period. The research results have theoretical research value and practical guidance significance for the discussion of plant roots at the freeze-thaw interface on the stability of spring thaw slopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Progress in Modern Biomedicine is the property of Publishing House of Progress in Modern Biomedicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of East China Geology / Huadong dizhi is the property of Editorial Department of East China Geology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

目的　探讨缺氧环境下外源性雌激素对子宫内膜癌细胞上皮间充质转化 (EMT) 的影响及其机制。 方法　选择雌激素受体阳性的子宫内膜癌细胞 Ishikawa, 体外传代培养。取传 3代、对数生长期、生长状态良好的 Ishikawa细胞进行后续实验。取部分Ishikawa细胞, 于0. 5% O2、5% CO2、94. 5% N2环境中缺氧预处理2 h, 随机分为 siRNA-缺氧诱导因子1α (HIF-1α) 组与siRNA-NC组、HIF-1α过表达组与Control组, siRNA-HIF-1α组、siRNA-NC组、 HIF-1α过表达组分别转染siRNA-HIF-1α、siRNA-NC、HA-HIF-1α-pcDNA3, Control组不予转染; 另取部分Ishikawa细 胞, 于0. 5% O2 、5% CO2 、94. 5% N2环境中缺氧预处理2 h后加入0. 01 µmol/L β-雌二醇, 随机分为Estrogen组、Estrogen + siRNA-NC 组、Estrogen + siRNA-HIF-1α 组以及 Control 组、Estrogen + HIF-1α 过表达组, Estrogen + siRNA-NC 组、 Estrogen + siRNA-HIF-1α 组、Estrogen + HIF-1α 过表达组分别转染 siRNA-NC、siRNA-HIF-1α、HA-HIF-1α-pcDNA3。 转 染 24 h, 收 集 各 组 细 胞, 分 别 采 用 实 时 荧 光 定 量 PCR 法、Western blotting 法 检 测 HIF-1α 及 EMT 相 关 基 因 (E-cadherin、N-cadherin、β-catenin、TGF-β1 ) mRNA和蛋白表达。结果　与siRNA-NC组比较, siRNA-HIF-1α组HIF-1α、 N-cadherin、β-catenin、TGF-β1 mRNA 和蛋白相对表达量均降低, E-cadherin mRNA 和蛋白相对表达量均升高 (P 均< 0. 05) ; 与 Control组比较, HIF-1α过表达组 HIF-1α、N-cadherin、β-catenin、TGF-β1 mRNA和蛋白相对表达量均升高, E-cadherin mRNA 和 蛋 白 相 对 表 达 量 均 降 低 (P 均 <0. 05) 。 Estrogen + siRNA-HIF-1α 组 HIF-1α、N-cadherin、 β-catenin、TGF-β1 mRNA和蛋白相对表达量均低于Estrogen + siRNA-NC组和Estrogen组, E-cadherin mRNA和蛋白相 对表达量均高于Estrogen + siRNA-NC组和Estrogen组 (P均<0. 05) ; Estrogen + HIF-1α过表达组HIF-1α、N-cadherin、 β-catenin、TGF-β1 mRNA 和蛋白相对表达量均高于 Estrogen 组和 Control组, E-cadherin mRNA 和蛋白相对表达量均 低于Estrogen组和Control组 (P均<0. 05) 。结论　缺氧环境下外源性雌激素可能通过激活HIF-1α来促进子宫内膜 癌细胞EMT。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of different proportions of enteral combined with parenteral nutrition treatment on patients with severe traumatic brain injury (s TBI). Methods: The subjects of study were s TBI patients admitted to the Neurointensive Care Unit of Chongqing Emergency Medical Center from October 2020 to August 2022. 70 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group with 35 cases each. Calculate the daily caloric requirements of patients and provide nutritional support according to different proportion of enteral and parenteral nutrition programs. The experimental group was given enteral and parenteral nutrition support at a ratio of 2:1, while the control group was given enteral and parenteral nutrition support at a ratio of 1:1. The differences of nutritional status indicators (hemoglobin, albumin, prealbumin, total protein), immune function indicators [CD3, CD4, CD4/CD8, immunoglobulin (Ig)A, Ig M, Ig G], inflammatory indicators [C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin-6 (IL-6)] and complications between the two groups were statistically compared. Results: In terms of immune function, the levels of CD4, CD4/CD8 and Ig A in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group 14 d after nutritional support (P＜0. 05); There was no significant difference between the two groups in nutritional status, inflammatory indicators and complications (P＞0. 05). Conclusions: Enteral nutrition-based combined nutritional support can promote the recovery of immune function in patients with s TBI, but there is no significant difference in nutritional status, inflammatory indicators and complications between different proportions of enteral combined parenteral nutrition treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University is the property of Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics / Jisuan Lixue Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics Editorial Office, Dalian University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Progress in Modern Biomedicine is the property of Publishing House of Progress in Modern Biomedicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Railway Science & Engineering is the property of Journal of Railway Science & Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Science Technology & Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Technology Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science Technology & Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Technology Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications is the property of Beijing Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications Journal Co Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Materials Science & Engineering (1673-2812) is the property of Journal of Materials Science & Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Northwest A & F University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science Edition) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal Of Sichuan University (Natural Sciences Division) / Sichuan Daxue Xuebao-Ziran Kexueban is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Sichuan University Natural Science Edition and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal Of Sichuan University (Natural Sciences Division) / Sichuan Daxue Xuebao-Ziran Kexueban is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Sichuan University Natural Science Edition and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science Technology & Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Technology Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To explore the levels of serum osteopontin（OPN）, B cell activation factor（BAFF） and 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 [（25-（OH）D3）] in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps（CRSs NP） and its value in differentiation of polyp tissue typing. Methods: A total of 87 patients with CRSw NP who were treated in Affiliated Hospital of Yan’an University from June 2019 to June2021 were selected as the CRSw NP group, and they were divided into eosinophilic CRSw NP patients（ECRSw NP group, n=41） and non-eosinophilic CRSw NP patients（nECRSwNP group, n=46） according to the degree of eosinophilic infiltration of polyps. Patients with chronic sinusitis without nasal polyps（CRSs NP group, n=60） and healthy subjects（control group, n=60） who were treated in Affiliated Hospital of Yan’an University during the same period were selected. The levels of serum OPN, BAFF and 25-（OH）D3 in CRSw NP group,CRSs NP group and control group were compared. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of the occurrence of ECRSw NP, and receiver operating characteristic（ROC） curve was used to evaluate the differential value of each index for CRSw NP polyp tissue typing. Results: The levels of serum OPN and BAFF in CRSw NP group and CRSs NP group were higher than those in control group, and the level of 25-（OH）D3 was lower than that in control group, and the levels of serum OPN and BAFF in CRSw NP group were higher than those in CRSs NP group, and the level of 25-（OH）D3 was lower than that in CRSs NP group（P<0.05）.The proportion of patients with history of allergic rhinitis and asthma, the number and proportion of peripheral blood eosinophils, serum total Ig E concentration, levels of OPN and BAFF in ECRSw NP group were higher than those in nECRSwNP group（P<0.05）, while the level of serum 25-（OH）D3 was lower than that in nECRSwNP group（P<0.05）. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the number and proportion of peripheral blood eosinophils, serum total Ig E concentration, and serum OPN and BAFF levels increased were the risk factors for ECRSw NP（P<0.05）, while the level of 25-（OH）D3 was the protective factor for ECRSw NP（P<0.05）. The ROC area under curve（AUC） of serum OPN, BAFF and 25-（OH）D3 for CRSw NP polyp tissue typing were as follows: 0.789, 0.800, 0.817, the AUC of combined detection to identify polyp tissue typing in patients with CRSw NP was 0.900, the sensitivity and specificity were0.860, 0.827, respectively, and the combined detection had higher discrimination value（P<0.05）. Conclusion: The levels of serum OPN,BAFF and 25-（OH）D3 are different in different polyp tissue typing. Increased levels of serum OPN and BAFF are risk factors for ECRSw NP in patients with CRSw NP, and increased levels of 25-（OH）D3 are protective factors. Combined detection is of higher value in clinical identification of CRSw NP polyp tissue typing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Engineering Geology / Gongcheng Dizhi Xuebao is the property of Journal of Engineering Geology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal Of Sichuan University (Natural Sciences Division) / Sichuan Daxue Xuebao-Ziran Kexueban is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Sichuan University Natural Science Edition and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective is to establish a method for measuring the chromaticity of Coptidis Rhizoma and analyze its correlation with the content of active ingredients. Grey relational analysis（GRA）and principal component analysis（PCA） method are combined to evaluate the quality of Coptidis Rhizoma medicinal materials from 15 different producing areas. According to the CIE L*a*b* digital system，the color values of 15 batches of Coptidis Rhizoma medicinal materials are determined by spectrophotometer，andepiberberine， coptisine and Bama are determined by HPLC. The content of four alkaloids，berberine hydrochloride and berberine hydrochloride，is used to analyze the correlation between color and the alkaloid content using SPSS 23. 0 software. Taking the content of alkaloids，water content，ash content，extract content and chroma of Coptidis medicinal materials as the inspection indicators，the quality evaluation model of Coptidis Rhizoma is constructed by the GRA method，and the PCA and OPLS-DA analysis is performed by SIMCA-P 14. 1 software. The chromaticity measurement method is accurate and reliable；the correlation analysis results show that the chromaticity L*，a*，b*，Eab * of Coptidis Rhizoma and the content of related components in epiberberine， berberine，palmatine，and berberine hydrochloride all have significant correlation. The results of GRA analysis show that Coptidis Rhizoma whose origin is in Chongqing has the highest relative correlation with the optimal reference sequence and the best quality. PCA analysis results show that Coptidis Rhizoma from Tongchuan City，Shaanxi Province has a higher contribution rate to the principal components. The quality evaluation model of Coptidis Rhizoma established by GRA and chromaticity measurement can be used as a reference for the quality evaluation of Coptidis Rhizoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University is the property of Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To observe the effects of otoscopic interlay tympanic membrane repair by using tragus cartilage-perichondrium. Methods Data of 48 patients (60 ears) with moderate and large perforations who had undergone eardrum repair with tragus cartilage-perichondrium dissection under otoscopy in the Department of Otolaryngology, Haimen District People’s Hospital, Nantong city, Jiangsu Province, from December 2019 to November 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. The postoperative healing of eardrum, morphology of eardrum and hearing improvement were observed. Results The healing rate of eardrum was 98.3% one month after the operation and 100% 3 months after the operation. The shapes of the tympanic membranes were all good 6 months after the operation, basically conforming to the normal shape. The preoperative air condition hearing threshold was (45.90±3.75) dB HL, and the postoperative one was (31.38±2.52) dB HL, with an average increasing by 14 dB HL. The difference was statistically significant (P=0.001). The preoperative air-bone gap was (22.38±4.49) dB HL, and the postoperative one was (10.66±3.02) dB HL, which decreased by 11 dB HL averagely. The difference was statistically significant (P=0.001). Conclusions Eardrum repairment with cartilage-perichondrium interlayer under otoscope has certain advantages in maintaining the original shape of eardrum and improving the healing rate of eardrum. But it has high requirements for surgeons, so it is necessary to select appropriate cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Materials Science & Engineering (1673-2812) is the property of Journal of Materials Science & Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)