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The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine organ in the human body, and nodules can develop when cells undergo abnormal proliferation. These nodules are classified as benign or malignant based on pathological results. Benign nodules include follicular adenoma, cysts, nodular goiter, etc., while malignant nodules include papillary carcinoma. follicular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma and Hurth- le cell carcinoma, among others. Early and effective differentiation between benign and malignant nodules is conducive to patient treatment and prognosis. Currently, the methods for differentiating benign and malignant thyroid nodules mainly include ultrasound. computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, single-photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and others. This article reviews the latest research progress in the application of imaging examination methods in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules in recent years, aiming to provide new ideas and theoretical foundations for clinicians to develop more effective diagnostic and treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]