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Objective To investigate the clinical value and the experience of retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy in primary hospitals. Methods A retrospective analysis of 20 cases of retroperitoneal nephrectomy performed in the people's hospital of Jianshui from July 2014 to December 2017 and 23 cases of open nephrectomy in the same period as the control group, the two groups of surgery and postoperative recovery were analyzed and compared. Results The two groups of patients were operated successfully. The surgery time of the laparoscopic group was (110.14 ±15.63) min and the control group was (100.33 ±10.58) min. There was no statistical difference between the two groups(P>0.05). No complications occurred during the follow-up period between the two groups, and the difference was not statistically significant. The intraoperative blood loss in the two groups was (40.63±22.21) ml and (80.45±38.31) mL respectively, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The indwelling time of drainage tube in the two groups was (2-3) days and (6-7) days respectively. The difference was statistically significant(P< 0.05), and the hospitalization time was(3.2 ±2.2)days and(6.4 ± 3.3)days respectively, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions Laparoscopic nephrectomy has the advantages of less trauma, faster recovery and shorter hospital stay. With the improvement of operation technique, it will bring more advantages and be worth popularizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]