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Objectives: Sampling inspection is a fundamental approach in quality management and controlling of surveying and mapping achievements. The matching degree between the sampling scheme and the quality level of the tested results directly affects the result of quality inspection. Methods: To evaluate the suitability and validity of sampling schemes, we construct the concept of quality uncertainty interval (QUI) for counting sampling schemes. The suitability and validity of the sampling schemes are evaluated by the length of QUI at a given probability level, so as to objectively reflect the two types of risk degrees of the sampling schemes. Results: The correctness and rationality of the method are verified by numerical calculation and analysis of four typical sampling schemes for quality inspection of surveying and mapping results and six simulated sampling schemes. Conclusions: The results show that the proposed method is not only suitable for statistical analysis of surveying and mapping data and quality inspection of results, but also for various count-based sampling scheme designs and two types of risk control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In order to make full use of the observed value information of each frequency, an undifferenced and uncombined integer ambiguity resolution method between BeiDou satellite navigation system (BDS) long-range reference stations is proposed. Methods: First, the error observation equation is established directly by using the observations of different frequencies, and the relative zenith tropospheric wet delay error and ionospheric delay error are estimated by random walk strategy to increase the constraint between epochs. Second,a linear calculation method of undifferenced integer ambiguity real-time is used to obtain the undifferenced integer ambiguity of all satellites in the current epoch of the reference network. It solves the problem that ambiguity needs to be inherited or re-superimposed on normal equations in the reference star transformation. Because the information of each frequency observation is fully utilized, the influence of linear combination amplification noise on integer ambiguity fixing is avoided, and the ambiguity fixing success rate of uncombined method is much higher than that of ionosphere-free combination method. Results and Conclusions: The results show that the average fixed speed of ambiguity of each reference station is 20 epochs (sampling interval 1 s). The integer ambiguity resolution of the carrier phase of the reference station can be realized quickly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the penetration of artificial intelligence technology into various fields the combination of artificial intelligence and art design provides a broader prospect for the intelligent design of clothing. As an active topic of deep learning of artificial intelligence style transfer starts to be used in the fields of clothing pattern design and art painting. At present there are many technical shortcomings in using style transfer technology for clothing pattern design. When style transfer based on the convolutional neural network is applied to clothing pattern design the problems of monotonous color simple texture and inability to remove redundant backgrounds arise. Therefore this study explores an integration of Gram matrix and Canny edge detector to solve the problem of multi-style fusion and background segmentation in style transfer. In this study in order to realize multi-style transfer we first input multiple style images into the VGG-19 model so that the layers designated as style output can extract the features of each style image and output them separately. We calculate the Gram matrix of each image separately and weight all the obtained Gram matrices to form a new matrix. Therefore the co-occurrence and correlation of each channel in the new matrix can represent the fusion style. In order to deal with the redundant backgrounds generated in the style transfer process and the non-rendered areas due to the features of swimsuit styles we adopt the Canny edge detector algorithm and the OpenCV image processing library to perform operations such as rendering segmentation of images using the HSV interval differences of different rendered areas of swimsuit and finally obtain the swimsuit pattern design drawings. Compared with other convolutional neural networks whose style transfer can only extract the style of one image we optimize the structure of the Gram matrix and can extract the style of multiple images to transfer at the same time. In the processing of the image generated by style transfer by analyzing the structure and design features of swimsuit a clothing image segmentation model applicable to swimsuits is established. In order to verify the effectiveness of this study in the field of clothing pattern design we compare the effect drawings generated in this study with those generated by the style transfer method of other convolutional neural networks using the three metrics of questionnaire score PSNR and SSIM and the results show that the method of this study obtains higher evaluation in all the three metrics. This study by combining the painting art style with swimsuit pattern design is able to design a large number of swimsuit patterns with multi-style fusion features at a very low cost and has great application prospects. There is still room for improvement in the accuracy of swimsuit image segmentation in this study and further research will be conducted in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to investigate the characteristics of estrogen degradation in livestock manures during composting. Natu⁃ ral estrogens containing estriol（E3）and 17β-estradiol（17β-E2）, were detected in chicken, pig, and cow manures from farms in Nanjing. The synthetic estrogen, containing ethinyloestradiol（EE2）and bisphenol A（BPA）, were also detected. Experimental composting of three livestock manures was conducted, and the concentrations of four estrogens were detected at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 days, and 32 days. Cow manure, as a representative of all manures, was composted under different turning frequencies（i.e., never turned, turned once every two days, and turned twice every day）to study the impact of turning frequency on estrogen degradation. The results showed a high concentration of native estrogens detected in all three livestock manures. Chicken and cow manures contained synthetic estrogen. The EEQ values of estrogen in chicken, pig, and cow manures were 3 595.86, 268.84 μg·kg-1, and 1 207.12 μg·kg-1, respectively. A high contamination risk existed in all three livestock manures. The residual rates of EEQ in chicken, pig, and cow manures were 10.1%, 10.6%, and 0 after 32 d of composting, which showed that composting could significantly reduce the risk of estrogen contamination. The initial concentration of estrogen had a significant impact on their degradation when various estrogens were detected in livestock manures. The estrogen with the highest concentration degraded faster than other estrogens. Furthermore, estrogen degradation changed with microbial activity in the manure piles. Microbial activity was most active during the mid-stage of composting, and the degradation rate of estrogens was higher during this period than during the early and later stages. Turning the cow manure pile increased its oxygen content, which significantly accelerated estrogen degradation. Thus, turning the manure pile during composting was effective. However, there was little difference in rate of estrogen degradation between turning once every two days and turning twice per day, and the increase in turning frequency did not significantly influence manure composting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding estrogen contamination characteristics of organic fertilizers derived from livestock manures is important for organic fertilizer production and contamination control. In the present study, 17 organic fertilizers derived from chicken, swine, and cow manures were collected from a market. Organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents of organic fertilizers were determined. The concentration of estriol（E3）, 17β-estradiol（17β-E2）, bisphenol A（BPA）, and ethinyl estradiol（EE2）were detected by SPE-HPLC/FLD. At the same time, we compared the estrogen concentrations in organic fertilizers with fresh livestock manures. Results showed that organic fertilizers with low organic matter were detected in the organic fertilizer samples derived from chicken, swine, and cow manures. The average value（dry weight）of E3, 17β-E2, and BPA in organic fertilizers derived from chicken manures were 270.22, 2.71 μg·kg-1, and 87.93 μg· kg-1, respectively. The average values of E3, 17β-E2, BPA, and EE2 in organic fertilizers derived from swine manures were 609.71, 41.84, 32.69 μg·kg-1, and 46.74 μg·kg-1, respectively. The average value of E3 in organic fertilizers derived from cow manures was 50.96 μg· kg-1. Organic fertilizers had a large risk of estrogen contamination, and the risk of E3 contamination was higher than that of the other estro⁃ gens. Additionally, the concentration and detection rates of estrogen in cow organic fertilizers were lower and safer. The detection rates of E3, 17β-E2, BPA, and EE2 in organic fertilizers were 47.06%, 11.76%, 17.65%, and 5.88%, respectively, while detection rates were 67.74%, 70.97%, 70.97%, and 58.06% in fresh livestock manures, respectively. The detection rates of estrogen in organic fertilizers were lower than that of fresh livestock manures. The conclusion is that there are estrogen residues in organic fertilizers derived from livestock manures, which needs further attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern technology of surveying, mapping and geoinformation has been widely used in resource and ecological environment investigation and spatial distribution of population, economy, society, and so on. After the establishment of the Ministry of Natural Resources, surveying, mapping and geoinformation will play an important role in natural resource management. The logical, legal and technical support of surveying, mapping and geoinformation is considered as three key parts in natural resource management. How to fully implement the technical advantages and technical support of surveying, mapping and geoinformation in natural resource management is described in this paper. The characteristics of natural resources, the connotation and application requirements of natural resource management are analyzed. Combining with the layout of tasks related to scientific and technological innovation and development of natural resources in the Outline of Scientific and Technological Innovation and Development Planning for Natural Resources, the main tasks of surveying, mapping and geoinformation technology in natural resource management are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the maintenance and development of International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), the development and applications of ITRF by combining GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite System), SLRCSatellite Laser Ranging), VLBKvery Long Baseline Interferometry), DORISCDoppler Orbitography by Radiopositioning Integrated on Satellite), the development of satellite altimetry, satellite gravity, marine surveying and mapping and indoor positioning technique, and GNSS technique are reviewed. Meanwhile, the main applications and developments of CGCS2000 and satellite navigation system are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CGCS2000 (China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000) was first released on July 1 in 2008. After that, all location-based GNSS (global navigation satellite system) applications are required to be processed and corrected to CGCS2000. As a matter of fact, big differences exist when different implementation strategies or schemes are adopted, such as reference station selection rules, area partition scheme, and different epoch correction methods et al. All of the above-mentioned factors lead to different results. Some of the differences even reach decimeter level. For instance, the coordinate differences based on plate movement correction with velocity field and the quasi-stable adjustment under CGCS2000 may reach decimeter level. The reason why there exists so big differences in coordinate solutions is the fact that the solution depends on a person's different understanding in various choices by the software. In another word, GNSS data processing is lack of detailed guidance from technical standard. In this paper, a statistic method is proposed. Firstly, supervised clustering is proposed as the rule for reference station selection, Secondly a so-called Spacing Zoning method is used for area partition which is a necessary step facing at a large network. And thirdly a plate movement correction method is applied for correcting position from current epoch to epoch 2000. The station coordinate based on the spacing partition scheme is better than that of the regional dividing scheme, and the coordinate precision of the three-dimensional direction is better than 2 mm. Through the reasonable optimization strategy, the root mean squares of the velocity derived in X, Y, Z directions are reduced from 0.92, 0.72, 0.97 mm/a to 0.19, 0.45, 0.32 mm/a respectively. All of these methods used here obviously have improved the CGCS2000 frame maintenance accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]