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RESUMENLa necesidad de evolucionar de un modelo económico basado en las exportaciones hacia otro con mayor protagonismo del consumo doméstico es lo que ha impulsado al gobierno chino a diseñar nuevas políticas sociales para proporcionar a sus hogares más confianza y elevar los niveles de consumo. El 13er Plan Quinquenal 2016-2020 contempla medidas para ampliar la cobertura del sistema de pensiones, de los seguros médicos y del seguro de desempleo, y prevé nuevos aumentos en el salario mínimo. Sin embargo, los retos pendientes son aún notables y existe expectación sobre el desarrollo efectivo de los programas contemplados. En este artículo se analiza el impacto de las reformas ya adoptadas al tiempo que se estudia el alcance de las iniciativas del 13er Plan Quinquenal.AbstractThe need to evolve from an export-based economic model towards a different model where domestic consumption plays a larger role is what has driven the Chinese government to design new social policies to give households greater confidence and boost consumption levels. The 13th Five-Year Plan 2016-2020 includes measures to expand the coverage of the pension system, health insurance, and unemployment insurance, and also provides for a new raise to the minimum wage. However, there are still significant challenges to come and high expectations for how these programs will develop. This paper analyzes the impact of the reforms adopted up until now and examines the scope of the initiatives set forth in the 13th Five-Year Plan.

Since the 199Os, many developed countries, confronted with the globalization of their economies and aging populations, are facing big problems which require reorganization of the welfare state. These days, pension reforms have been carried out to raise the sustainability of the pension policy in European countries. Japan will become serious aging society in the near future. In Japan, a public pension reform was carried out in 2004. However, a lot of problems that have not been solved still linger. Therefore, it is important to confirm and compare the improved point of pension reform in other countries. Yet, it is also important to analyze not only the comparison but also international statistics. This paper aim is to clarify the differences of public pension systems between England, Sweden and Japan.

RESUMENLa adopción del modelo de economía abierta para reorientar la Política Económica en México provocó desequilibrios en el crecimiento y la distribución interna de la riqueza porque el control del entorno macroeconómico, rezaga los indicadores del bienestar social e incrementa la pobreza y desigualdad. Si bien la Política Social ha buscado compensar el deterioro en las condiciones de vida de la población, sus alcances son insuficientes en la medida que la misma Política Económica le impone límites que obligan a focalizar el gasto público hacia poblaciones objetivo con lo cual deja a una proporción amplia en situación de vulnerabilidad. Los datos muestran que la Política Social focalizada es incapaz de revertir los desequilibrios derivados por esta orientación de la Política Económica. No corregir los factores que rigen el modelo actual, vulnera gradualmente las condiciones de vida de la población y la seguridad nacional.AbstractMexico's adoption of an open-economy model to reorient its economic policy precipitated disparate growth and internal wealth distribution, as the control of the macroeconomic environment led to lagging social welfare indicators and increased poverty and inequality. Although Mexican social policy has sought to compensate for the deteriorating living conditions of its population, the scope of this policy is insufficient, insofar as the economic policy in place imposes limits that divert public spending towards certain target groups, leaving a broad swath of the people vulnerable. The data demonstrates that this targeted social policy has proved unable to reverse the disparities derived from the type of economic policy in effect. If we do not correct the factors that govern the current model, we risk gradually undermining the living conditions of the population and even national security.