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This manual describes the theoretical methods used by the JQUIL software to perform thermodynamic equilibrium calculations and the numerical algorithms used to solve them. The equilibrium state is calculated by minimizing the Gibbs free energy of the reaction system. Lagrange multipliers called element potentials are used to minimize the Gibbs free energy while satisfying the constraints of the atomic population. In the minimization, initial values are calculated by an algorithm based on the simplex method, and the solution is obtained by solving the dual problem under the constraints of the atomic population and the mole fractions of the phase., 資料番号: AA2230013000, レポート番号: JAXA-RM-22-005E

This manual describes a Fortran90 library that provides subroutines for calculating the thermodynamic properties of reaction flows such as specific heats, enthalpies, entropies, for calculating the creation and destruction rates of chemical reactions, and for calculating transport coefficients. Before use, the library is initialized with a chemical system database and other input data, which are read from CHEMKIN format files using CGS units, and parameters that are required in thermochemical calculations are calculated and saved in an intermediate file. After initialization, the user application program subroutines that calculate physical quantities using the preprocessed data. The intermediate file may also be used to re-initialize the library. The outputs of the library are in the International System of Units (SI)., 資料番号: AA2230016000, レポート番号: JAXA-RM-22-006E

資料番号: SA6100048000

資料番号: SA6100047000

形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, 資料番号: AA2230005000, レポート番号: JAXA-SP-22-001

国連のSDGｓに象徴されるように，経済的な利益や価値だけでなく環境や社会との調和と価値の創造を十分に考慮したサステナブルな開発を目指すべきとする国際的な認識は大きな高まりをみせている．世界の港湾においても，地域社会や港湾関係者との連携のもとサステナブルな港湾づくりに向けたさまざまな取組みが始まっている．またこうした港湾の取組みを支援・促進する国際的なプラットフォームも設立され，その活動を拡大し始めている．本研究はサステナビリティの概念形成の歴史的な過程を辿るとともに，サステナブルな港湾づくりの取組みについて港湾の経営体制や政治風土の異なる北米，欧州，日本の主要港湾の比較分析を行い，港湾のサステナビリティ戦略の実態と特徴を明らかにする．さらに日本の港湾への示唆について考察する．As symbolized in the UN SGDs, the recognition of sustainable development is globally increasing, which pursues not only economic return and value but at the same time also harmony with and value creation of environment and society. Ports around the world are carrying out a range of undertakings toward sustainable port with their local communities and stakeholders as partners. Global platforms to support and promote sustainable ports are also developing their activities. This study aims to, at first, trace the historical evolution of the concept of sustainability, and then analyze the current status, characteristics and issues of sustainability strategies taken by major ports in North America, Europe and Japan, which are different from each other in terms of port management system and political environment. Lastly, implications to Japan’s ports are discussed., https://www.grips.ac.jp/list/jp/facultyinfo/inoue_satoshi/

令和4年度宇宙科学に関する室内実験シンポジウム（2023年3月6日-7日. オンライン開催), 2023 Symposium on Laboratory Experiment for Space Science (March 6-7, 2023. Online Meeting), 資料番号:SA6000187000

第5回観測ロケットシンポジウム(2023年2月28日-3月1日. オンライン開催), 5th Sounding Rocket Symposium(February 28-March 1, 2023. Online Meeting), 資料番号: SA6000185000

We use an overlapping generations model to study the challenge in developing countries with a large informal sector and aging populations. We use Thailand as a case study and incorporate its labor market structure and its public pension system into the calibrated model. Unlike developed countries, workers in developing countries commonly transit from the formal sector to the informal sector, which can be in the early stage of their working life. This labor market feature crucially limits the coverage of the contributory social security system. We find that 66% of Thai elderly (aged 60 years old or over) are ineligible for social security annuity benefits because of an insufficient number of years paying into the social security fund. In addition, we use our model to evaluate two schemes to raise the existing universal basic pension income to the poverty line; namely, uniform benefits and pension-tested benefits. We find that pension-testing effectively improves the targeting efficiency, and non-trivially lower the cost of the basic pension income program., JEL Classification Codes: J1,H55,I3, The authors thank researchers at the ARC Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research (CEPAR), and Puey Ungphakorn Institute for Economic Research (PIER) and panelists at the Bank of Thailand Symposium 2021 for useful comments. Coding and computation partly benefited from the discussion with George Kudrna. Financial supports from Australian Research Council linkage grant LP190100681 and Policy Research Center grant at GRIPS are acknowledged. Porapakarm thanks Swinburn Samuel Leyton for his excellent research assistance., https://www.grips.ac.jp/list/jp/facultyinfo/porapakkarm-ponpoje/

Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have continued to increase. The targets of GHG emissions reduction under the Paris Agreement have been far from achievement. Carbon pricing has been implemented but it is limited, covering less than a quarter of global GHG emissions. This paper presents an overview of recent developments in carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and investigates quantitatively the relative significance of the impact of carbon pricing, using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. The results of model simulations suggest that the impact of carbon pricing in the European Union (EU) member states and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries would be limited compared with that of a global initiative. Carbon tax (once introduced in a strong enough form worldwide, in particular if it included developing countries) would be effective for substantially reducing global CO₂ emissions. However, the adverse economic impact of carbon pricing would be serious and much larger than the magnitude of possible carbon tax revenue. On the other hand, the impact of a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) would be minor compared with that of a carbon tax, regardless of the coverage of countries. Trade effects of a CBAM could more or less be offset by trade liberalization. The economic and trade impact of carbon pricing would vary by region as well as by sector. Climate and trade policies would need to be well designed and based on sound quantitative analysis., JEL Classification Codes: C68,F13,Q58, https://www.grips.ac.jp/list/jp/facultyinfo/kawasaki-kenichi/

資料番号: SA6100046000

第5回ハイブリッドロケットシンポジウム(2023年2月14日. オンライン開催), 5th Hybrid Rocket Symposium(February 14, 2023. Online Meeting), 資料番号: SA6000186000

本研究は，建築物及び関連するライフラインの災害時の機能継続と復旧について，過去の大規模災害や被害想定を概観するとともに，米国において2021 年に発出されたFEMA P-2090 / NIST SP-1254 及び日本における関連施策の分析等を行った．FEMA P-2090 / NIST SP-1254 は，建築物及び関連するライフラインについて，復旧ベースの目標や設計基準等の共通のフレームワークの策定とそれに基づく対策を位置づけていること，建築物の再占有を促進するための一時的な基準を開発すること，復旧ベースの目標を様々な分野の計画に反映することなどに特徴がみられることを把握した．また，建築物及び関連するライフラインの災害時の機能継続と復旧に関する方策について，建築物やライフラインの強靱化，地区・都市のレベルにおける防災力の向上，多様な建築物における対応，多様な関係主体の連携・調整，各種災害への対応等の観点から考察した．This study provides an overview of damage to and recovery of buildings and related lifeline infrastructure in the context of past large-scale disasters and estimation of damage caused by several expected disasters. It also analyzes US FEMA P-2090 / NIST SP-1254, issued in 2021, and related measures in Japan. Characteristic aspects of the FEMA P-2090 / NIST SP-1254 include the development of a common framework and measures regarding recovery-based objectives and design standards for buildings and related lifeline infrastructure. It also describes the development of alternative standards for temporary habitability and the incorporation of recovery-based objectives into the planning of various stakeholders. In this study, the functional continuity and recovery of buildings and related lifeline infrastructure in the event of disaster are considered in relation to the enhancement of the resilience of buildings and lifeline infrastructure, improving disaster prevention capabilities at the city and district level, developing measures for diverse buildings, providing for coordination among various stakeholders, and responding to various disasters., https://www.grips.ac.jp/list/jp/facultyinfo/sugahara-masaru/

第37回宇宙環境利用シンポジウム (2023年1月17日-18日. オンライン開催), Space Utilization Research (January 17-18, 2023. Online Meeting), 資料番号: SA6000180000

令和4年度宇宙輸送シンポジウム（2023年1月12日-13日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所（JAXA)(ISAS)) , 相模原市, 神奈川県, Space Transportation Symposium FY2022 (January 12-13, 2023. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)(ISAS)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 資料番号: SA6000184000

形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, 資料番号: AA2130010000, レポート番号: JAXA-SP-21-004E

These proceedings pertain to the JSPS-ICSSR seminar entitled ‘Understanding and Addressing Systemic Risks Behind the Socio-economic Impacts of Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Japan and India: Developing a Roadmap for a Resilient and Sustainable Future’. Led by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) and the Indian Institute of Technology, Tirupati (IIT-T) in collaboration with various Indian and Japanese research institutions, the seminar discussed an overview of the systemic risks of COVID-19 in Japan and India, and the impact of COVID-19 on the domestic economy in these countries. The seminar also discussed an overview of the role of governments and institutions in addressing systemic risks. The seminar delved into the nature of systemic risks, and how to manage and mitigate them in the future based on the experiences discussed in the seminar. These proceedings provide insights into the discussions and messages that came out of the seminar.

第37回宇宙構造・材料シンポジウム（2022年12月8日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所 (JAXA)(ISAS)), 相模原市, 神奈川県, 37th Symposium on Aerospace Structure and Materials (December 8, 2022. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)(ISAS)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 資料番号: SA6000183000

資料番号: SA6100045000

Bangladesh has long been exposed to climate-induced disasters, and the literature has paid little attention to their impact on child marriage. This study empirically explores the gendered impact of extreme rainfall on child marriage in Bangladesh and provides a comprehensive yet detailed analysis using high-resolution weather data and nationally representative rural household survey. The duration analysis in this paper shows that women exposed to one standard deviation more extreme rainfall are at an increased risk of child marriage by 5.5%. However, we find no evidence that child marriages driven by extreme rainfall lead to early childbirth in women. We also report that extreme rainfall has no statistically significant impact on men’s child marriages. The main finding is consistent across several decades of cohort and robust to migration, which might threaten internal validity. We also highlight that our main findings are driven by households living in non-coastal regions, with significant heterogeneity across divisions., The study is supported by generous funding from the Policy Research Center at National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (G221RP103: Child Marriage in Bangladesh). The funding is used for necessary software purchase, proofreading, and conference attendance., https://www.grips.ac.jp/list/jp/facultyinfo/wie-dainn/

さっぽろヒグマ市民会議, 2022年2月11日, オンライン, 主催:北海道大学科学技術コミュニケーション研究室・北海道大学CoSTEP, 協力:札幌市, 本報告書は、2021 年度北海道大学CoSTEP 研修科「ヒグマ管理政策決定における新しい市民参加モデルの提案」プロジェクトの成果の⼀部である, 札幌市では近年、人の生活圏へのヒグマ出没が深刻化している。問題の解決にあたっては、同じ札幌市民でもヒグマに対する思いや価値観が多様であることを十分に考慮する必要がある。本プロジェクトでは、2021年度から2年にわたって行なわれている、札幌市のヒグマ対策の指針である「さっぽろヒグマ基本計画」の改定にあわせ、札幌市民のヒグマに対する思いや考えを明らかにするため、無作為抽出型の市民会議であるミニ・パブリックスの手法を応用し、札幌市全体の縮図となるように無作為に選んだ16歳以上の市民12名の参加を得て、現在の札幌市のヒグマ対策について話し合っていただいた。議論の論点は、札幌市でヒグマ対策を担当する行政職員やヒグマ研究および管理の専門家へのヒアリング、さっぽろヒグマ基本計画改定にあたっての協議事項などをもとに、「出没後の対応」「市街地侵入抑制策」の2点に絞った。出没後の対応は出没個体の状態と出没場所に応じた対応について、市街地侵入抑制策は現行の対策における主体、規模、自身との関わりについて話し合った。アンケートや市民会議の討論の結果から、札幌市民の大半が、人の生活圏へのヒグマ出没に対し、一定の関心や知識を有し、少なからず何らかの考えを抱いていることが示唆された。また、それらは実際にヒグマに遭遇したりヒグマによる被害にあったりした直接の経験に基づくものではなく、市民がこれまで見聞きした情報に基づくものが大半であった。札幌市民のヒグマに対する熟議を経た思いや考えを踏まえると、今回のような市民会議には、ヒグマ政策に関する現状や課題の共有と、札幌市民のヒグマをめぐる問題に対する当事者意識の向上という2つの効果があると考えられる。今後札幌市でより良いヒグマ政策が展開されるためには、行政、専門家、市民といった多様なステークホルダーを交えた対話の場が有用である。