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Epimedium sagittatum plants have an important medicinal value and a huge market demand, but the characteristics on dormancy and germination of their seeds are still unclear, which seriously affects its industrial seedling production and cultivation. In order to verify the type of seed dormancy and the optimal way to release and promote dormacy, using the mature seeds of E. sagittatum as experimental materials, we investigated the water uptake and the desiccation tolerance of seeds, as well as the effects of temperature, stratification and phytohormone on seed dormancy and germination. The results were as follows:(1)E. sagittatum seeds had no physical dormancy but had desiccation tolerance.(2)The germination percentage of seeds was zero at 4-25 °C and darkness, and these seeds had dormancy characteristics.(3)The embryo/seed ratio was very small, as well as embryo growth and development and seed germination rate and germination percentage were increased by stratification at 4 °C, 10 °C percentage rate and fluctuating temperature stratification.(4)Gibberellin and fluridone significantly increased the germination rate and germination percentage of seeds. In sum, all the above results indicate that the dormancy type of E. sagittatum seeds is morphophysiological dormancy, and the optimal method to release dormancy and promote germination is to stratify the seeds at 10 °C for 30 d and then transfer to the environment of 4 °C. This study provides the reference for industrial culturing seedlings of E. sagittatum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin contamination in feed has seriously restricted the high-quality development of the feed industry and animal husbandry. Under the current comprehensive ban on antibiotics in feed in China, natural plant materials are highly regarded as ideal antibiotic substitutes. Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. is a traditional medicinal and edible plant resource in China. Its extract or raw powder added to feed can effectively contain aflatoxin contamination and improve the quality of livestock and poultry, making it an ideal feed substitute for antibiotics. In this paper, the inhibitory effect of E. ulmoides extract and its active ingredients on A. flavus and its beneficial effects in animal husbandry, aiming to provide reference for its application and promotion in the animal husbandry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the chemical constituents for the seeds of Cicer arietinum Linn., and lay the foundation for clarifying the nutritional function and medicinal value of the title plants from the perspective of pharmacodynamic material basis. Methods: The 75% ethanol extract of C. arietinum was dispersed in water, and extracted extensively by petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol, respectively, to obtain different extraction. The n-butanol extract was isolated and purified by normal phase silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography. The structures of the purified compounds were elucidated by 1 H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Results: Eight compounds were identified from the seeds of C. arietinum. Their structures were identified as (+)pinitol (1), ethyl-α-D-galactopyranoside (2), L-tryptophan (3), β-sitosterol (4), β-daucosterol (5), methyl linoleate (6), linoleic acid (7), and quercetin 3-O-β -D-glucopyranoside (8). Conclusion: Methyl linoleate (6) and quercetin 3-O-β -Dglucopyranoside (8) were identified firstly from the seeds of C. arietinum. The structure of previous reported ethyl α-L-galactopyranoside in the seeds of C. arietinum was confirmed as ethyl α-D-galactopyranoside (2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of lignans and flavonoids from the Mongolian medicinal material Clematis aethusifolia Turcz., and to explore the basis of its active substances. Methods: The whole plants of C. aethusifolia was extracted by 75% ethanol. The extract was concentrated in vacuo to remove alcohol and suspended in water. And then, it was partitioned with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol, respectively. The n-butanol extract was isolated and purified by various column chromatography techniques. The structures of the purified compounds were identified by MS (Mass spectrometry), 1H and 13C NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. Results: Three lignans and three flavonoids were identified from C. aethusifolia. Their chemical structures were elucidated as (+) -syringaresinol-4'-O-茁-D-glucopyranoside (1), (+)-pinoresionol-4'-O-茁-D-glucopyranoside (2), (7R,8S,7'R,8'S,7'S,8'R)-4'-guaiacylglyceryl-medioresinol-4-O-茁-D-glucopyranoside (3), quercetin (4), quercetin 3-O-茁-D-rutinoside (5), and quercetin-7-O-茁-D-glucopyranoside (6), respectively. Conclusion: Compounds 3 and 6 were identified for the first time from C. aethusifolia, and compound 3 was discovered firstly from the genus of Clematis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antifungal and antibacterial chemical constituents in agriculture were identified from the roots of Oxytropis hirta Bunge. The 75% ethanol extract from the roots of O. hirta was further extracted by petroleum ether, ethy acetate and n-butanol, respectively. The most active ethy acetate phase was isolated and identifed for its chemcial constituents by mordern column chromatography and spectroscopy techniques, and the antimicrobial activity of the isolated compounds was evaluted. The results showed that the ethyl acetate phase had the best antimicrobial activity. It showed antifugal activities against Thanatephorus cucumeris and Botrytis cinerea with inhibitory rates of 57.2% and 55.4% at 1 × 103 mg/L, respectively. It also showed antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas solanacearum and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidae with the antibacterial circle diameter of 21.8 mm and 19.0 mm, respectively. Six compounds were isolated and identified from the ethyl acetate phase of O. hirta as β-amyrin (1), 3-oxo-azukisapogenol (2), 5α-stigmast-9(11)-en-3β-ol (3), stigmast-4- ene-3,6-dione (4), 3β,22β,24-trihydroxy-olean-12-ene (5) and azukisapogenol (6). The results of antibacterial activity showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of compound 1 against Staphylococcus aureus was 50 mg/L, and the MIC of compound 1 against P. solanacearum, P. syringae and Bacilus subtilis was 100 mg/L. The EC50 value of compound 6 against T. cucumeris and B. cinerea were 117.4 mg/L and 86.2 mg/L, respectively. The ethyl acetate phase of O. hirta showed better inhibitory activity against pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Triterpenoids are one of the main active constituents and have the potential to be further developed as fungicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]