Search

【目的】利用聚合酶链反应(PC R)技术对Wilson 病(WD)基因进行体外定点突变的研究。【方法】采用PCR 定点 突变技术, 首先设计两对引物, 将突变位点设计在引物上, 通过重叠延伸法两次PCR 扩增, 扩增片段上含有所需要的突变位 点, 最后将扩增片段克隆入pRc/ CMV 载体中。【结果】DNA 测序表明在预期位点已经发生突变,WD 基因第778 位密码子由 精氨酸(Arg)残基突变为亮氨酸残基(Leu), 用PCR 定点突变技术成功构建Wilso n 病基因突变体。【结论】PCR 技术诱导定点 突变准确、高效。Wilson 病基因突变体的构建成功, 为进一步研究该突变位点导致Wilson 病的发病机制和Wilson 病蛋白的结 构和功能的关系奠定了基础。

Copyright of Journal of Modern Medicine & Health is the property of Journal of Modern Medicine & Health and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to deeply understand the mechanism of basin floods under the extreme rainfall condition, taking the "23∙7" catastrophic flood occurred at the Daqinghe River as an example, a distributed modelling-based quantitative analysis approach to assess the spatiotemporal characteristics of basin flood is proposed in this study. The spatiotemporal variablesource hydrological simulation method has been taken to set up a distributed model consisted with 19 computation units covering the south and north branches of the Daqinghe River, and to run in parallel. The average flood peak error of the simulation results at 14 calibrated stations is lower than 5%, and the average Nash coefficient is 0.7. The results show that the averaged runoff coefficient of the north branch of the Daqinghe River is 0.55, which is much higher than that of the south branch by 0.27. The flow amount which causes this flood disaster mainly comes from the north branch. During the "23∙7" catastrophic flood process, the north basin exhibits a mixed pattern of Dunne and Horton runoff generation mechanism. When the accumulated rainfall in the basin reaches 107mm, the Horton surface runoff will be appeared in the catchment. When the rainfall intensity exceeds 15.3mm/h, the Dunne surface runoff will be occurred. Meanwhile, compared to the south branch of the Daqinghe River, the lack of large-scale controlling projects in the main branch of north branch is another major reason led to this catastrophic flood disaster. The approach presented in this paper can provide technical references for the construction of flood model integrated in the digital twin system of other basins in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring the mass concentration and distribution of copper ions in copper containing sludge is a necessary step for recovering copper ions. Therefore, it is very important to study the application of high- precision X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy in the determination of Cu ions in copper containing sludge. Due to the interference caused by the overlapping wavelength of X-rays generated by other elements and copper during the measurement process, the final Cu ion measurement results are biased. Therefore, high-precision X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was used to study the determination of Cu ions in copper containing sludge in the Shandonggou copper mine area in Zhongtiao, Shanxi, in order to solve the problem of measurement result deviation caused by interferen PHA range of 100~300, use high-precision X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to determine the mass concentration of Cu ions in the molten sheet and correct it. The results showed that based on X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, the range of Cu ion mass concentration in 36 sampling point samples was measured, from the lowest 8. 78 mg/kg to the highest 334. 98 mg/kg. Through the drawn Cu ion mass concentration distribution characteristic map, it was found that the Cu ion mass concentration was highest in the southeast and gradually decreased towards the northwest, indicating a wide variation in Cu ion mass concentration in copper containing sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Wildland Fire Science is the property of Journal of Wildland Fire Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Henan University of Technology Natural Science Edition is the property of Henan University of Technology Journal Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Modern Educational Technology is the property of Editorial Board of Modern Educational Technology, Tsinghua University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Test & Measurement Technology is the property of Publishing Center of North University of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the performance of a nomogram model established based on clinical indices and magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） signs in determining the traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome types of primary liver cancer. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 138 patients with primary liver cancer who were hospitalized in The Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine from September 2018 to July 2023, and the patients were divided into excess syndrome group with 84 patients and deficiency syndrome group with 54 patients. All patients underwent Gd-EOB-DTPA contrast-enhanced MRI scan before treatment. The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups, and the chi-square or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. A Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the independent predictive factors for the TCM syndrome type of primary liver cancer, and a nomogram model was established. The patients were randomly divided into training group with 110 patients and validation group with 28 patients at a ratio of 8∶2, and the calibration curve, the receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve, and the decision curve were used to evaluate the clinical performance of this model. Results There were significant differences between the excess syndrome group and the deficiency syndrome group in neutrophils, lymphocyte count （LYM）, platelet count, albumin （Alb）, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio （NLR）, prothrombin time （PT）, alpha-fetoprotein （AFP）, direct bilirubin （DBil）, indirect bilirubin, total bilirubin, presence or absence of portal vein invasion, number of tumors, hepatobiliary tumor signal, and apparent diffusion coefficient （ADC）（all P<0.05）. The Logistic regression analysis showed that AFP （odds ratio ［OR］=0.003, 95% confidence interval ［CI］：0.000—0.052, P<0.001）, PT （OR=0.032, 95%CI：0.004—0.286, P=0.002）, LYM （OR=0.032, 95%CI：0.004—0.286, P=0.002）, Alb （OR=0.009, 95%CI：0.001—0.163, P=0.001）, NLR （OR=0.040, 95%CI： 0.003—0.457, P=0.010）, DBil （OR=0.014, 95%CI：0.001—0.198, P=0.002）, portal vein cancer thrombus （OR=0.005, 95%CI： 0.000—0.115, P=0.001）, number of tumors （OR=12.740, 95%CI：1.212—133.937, P=0.034）, and ADC （OR=19.269, 95%CI： 3.163—117.387, P=0.001） were independent predictive factors for TCM syndrome types of primary liver cancer. In the training group, the model had an area under the ROC curve （AUC） of 0.962, a sensitivity of 84.1%, a specificity of 92.4%, and an accuracy of 89.1%, and in the validation group, the model had an AUC of 0.848, a sensitivity of 63.6%, a specificity of 100.0%, and an accuracy of 85.7%. The calibration curve showed that the nomogram model had good consistency between predicted syndrome types and actual syndrome types in the training group and the validation group, and the decision curve showed that the nomogram model had good net benefits within a relatively wide range of threshold probability. Conclusion The nomogram model based on clinical indices and MRI signs has good clinical efficacy and value in judging the TCM syndrome type of primary liver cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Jilin University (Science Edition) / Jilin Daxue Xuebao (Lixue Ban) is the property of Zhongguo Xue shu qi Kan (Guang Pan Ban) Dian zi Za zhi She and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences is the property of Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Greenhouse gases refer to gases that can absorb long-wave radiation in the earth's atmosphere and cause atmospheric temperature to rise, among which carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorine are the gases that have the most prominent impact on climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions from animal husbandry account for a large proportion of the total global emissions. Therefore, in order to reduce the impact of animal husbandry on climate change, it is particularly important to control greenhouse gas emissions from cowshed. At present, there are two main ways to control greenhouse gas emissions from cowshed: Improving the production mode and management mode of animal husbandry to reduce greenhouse gas generation, control greenhouse gas emissions through technical means. This paper explains the toxic effect of greenhouse gases emitted by cattle in cowshed, emphatically analyzes the related factors affecting greenhouse gas emissions and its control methods, discusses various greenhouse gas emission reduction control measures from the perspectives of feed composition and additive regulation, adsorbent placement in the cowshed environment, and environmental optimization outside of the cowshed, and analyzes the advantages and existing problems of the existing technologies, to provide references for promoting environmentally friendly, sustainable scientific livestock and poultry farming practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Atomic Energy Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Board of Atomic Energy Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Iron Steel Vanadium Titanium is the property of Iron Steel Vanadium Titanium Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Micronanoelectronic Technology is the property of Micronanoelectronic Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tianjin Medical Journal is the property of Tianjin Medical Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Economy & Management is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to solve the problem of multiple classification, based on the idea of explicit and implicit factor in factor space theory, the algorithm of sweeping class serial classification is proposed, the merging of categories is defined, and an explicit and implicit method of merging class sweep classification is proposed. The algorithm steps are given and analyzed by numerical examples. The pair wise combination is defined and the pairwise class sweep classification method with explicit and implicit factors is proposed, the algorithm steps are given and analyzed by numerical examples. During the execution of two algorithms, for the occurrence of decision categories can not be separated, the absolute value method of difference with explicit and implicit factors is proposed to solve the problem. Three examples in UCI dataset are compared with support vector machine, the results show that the proposed method of merging class sweep classification and the pairwise sweep classification method can realize factor explicit and implicit, and the accuracy of classification algorithm is better than that of the support vector machine. The conclusion of explicit and implicit study of factors in multi-classification learning expands the theoretical and applied research of factor space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forensic Science & Technology is the property of Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of South China Fisheries Science is the property of South China Fisheries Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Molecular Science is the property of Journal of Molecular Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing University of Technology is the property of Journal of Beijing University of Technology, Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to solve the problem that the rolling bearing working environment was more complex and the fault characteristic signal was easily affected by noise and difficult to be discriminated, a fault feature extraction method of bearing outer ring based on whale optimization algorithm (WOA) of variational modal decomposition (VMD) combined with multipoint optimal minimum entropy deconvolution adjusted (MOMEDA) was proposed. First of all, the simulated signal was decomposed using VMD, and the optimal number of decomposition layers and the sample entropy of each component was determined using WOA. Then the optimal component containing the fault signal was obtained with the minimum value of sample entropy as the target search. The best component obtained was reconstructed by MOMEDA, and the fault characteristic frequency of the simulated signal and its multiplier frequency were obtained from the envelope spectrum of the reconstructed signal. Finally, In order to verify the effectiveness of WOA-VMD combined with MOMEDA, data were collected on the experimental platform, and the characteristics of outer ring fault signals of rolling bearings were extracted. The experimental results show that the method can be used to efficiently decompose the signal seeking, and can more accurately obtain the fault frequency of 100 Hz of the simulated signal and the approximate fault frequency of 87.5 Hz of the extracted signal of the experimental bench using the method, which verifies the effectiveness of the method. The research results show that WOA-VMD combined with MOMEDA can effectively extract the fault characteristic signal of rolling bearing under the condition of low signal-to-noise ratio and extract the fault characteristic frequency from the reconstructed signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the current water scarcity situation, a novel multi- objective optimization framework was proposed for the management of existing engineering measures related to river multi- damming impoundment and strategies for groundwater abstraction in the Dagu River basin. The optimization framework integrates a calibrated numerical model with a conceptualized river package to simulate the interaction between the Dagu River and groundwater due to river impoundment, thus focusing on the trade- off between minimizing the extent of seawater intrusion and river seepage and maximizing allowable groundwater abstraction. Subsequently, the NSGA- Ⅱ was employed to explore Pareto-optimal solutions affected by varying climatic conditions. The results indicate that in order to mitigate the seawater intrusion, the impound river water level behind the dam located near the areas affected by prolonged insufficient precipitation should be increased by a minimum of 0. 5—1. 5 m, while lowering the river water level behind the other dams by approximately 1 m. Under the constraint of restricting groundwater abstraction, the annual groundwater abstraction in the four county- level administrative subdomains should be modified by 1. 2— 1. 5 million m ³ or more, during periods of lower precipitation compared with higher, in the float. The optimization framework and regulation strategies presented here may be implemented in other coastal aquifers subjected to severe anthropogenic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To summarize the cases of hematoma in remote site after infratentorial craniotomy for tumors, and to explore the early identification methods as well as prevention and treatment strategies. Methods The clinical data of patients who underwent infratentorial craniotomy for tumors from Dec 2019 to Nov 2021 in the skull base subspecialty group of the department of neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University were retrospectively analyzed to summarize the location and type of hematoma in remote sites and its causes，and to explore its early identification methods and prevention strategies. Results Among the 490 patients who underwent infratentorial craniotomy for tumors，18 patients （3.67%） developed hematoma in remote site, including 9 cases with supratentorial subdural hematoma，3 cases with occipital epidural hematoma，2 cases with supratentorial subdural hematoma combined with interhemispheric subdural hematoma，2 cases with intraventricular hematoma，1 cases with interhemispheric subdural hematoma, and 1 patient temporal lobe intracerebral hematoma combined with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Two cases were accurately identified during operation, and the operation was terminated. Intraoperative head CT was performed to determine the type of hematoma, and surgical treatment was performed. All the other 16 cases were identified in the early postoperative period, and head CT was performed to identify the type of hematoma. One patient was treated with surgery and 15 cases were treated conservatively. All the 18 cases were followed up for 2-21 months after operation, and there was no death case. Conclusion The hematoma in remote site after infratentorial craniotomy for tumors is a rare and serious threat to the safety of surgery, mostly manifested as supratentorial subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma, intraventricular hematoma, interhemispheric subdural hematoma and intracerebral hematoma, which can be associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Perioperative active prevention, early and accurate identification as well as timely and effective treatment can significantly improve the prognosis of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To study the genetic variation characteristics of HPV56 E6, E7 and L1 in patients with precancerous lesions infected with HPV56, and to obtain the molecular epidemiological data of HPV56 in patients with precancerous lesions of cervical cancer in Yunnan. Methods: A total of 300 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia patients were enrolled and HPV genotyping kit was used to detect the types of HPV infection in the patients. The HPV E6, E7, and L1 genes in patients infected with HPV 56 were sequenced. Finally, the lineage distribution of HPV 56 and the genetic variations of HPV 56 E6, E7, and L1 genes in the study subjects were analyzed. Results: In this study, the HPV56 virus infected by the study subjects mainly belonged to the A lineage, with more than 90% belonged to the A lineage, and about 10% belonged to the B lineage. There were 13 mutation loci in the E6, E7 and L1 genes of HPV56, including 6 in the E6 gene, 4 in the E7 gene and 3 in the L1 gene. Among the 6 mutation sites of HPV56 E6 gene, 2 were synonymous mutations (T158C (S19S), G437A (P112P)), and 4 were non-synonymous mutations (A141C (S14R), A241G (N47S), A263C (K54N), G279A (D60N)). The four mutation sites of HPV56 E7 gene were all non-synonymous mutations (C601A (D10E), G605A (V12I), G770C (E67Q), G802C (Q77H)). Among the three mutation sites of HPV56 L1 gene, two were synonymous mutations (G6454T (P321P), A6868C (I459I)), and one was non-synonymous mutation (A5867G (N126D)). Conclusion: This study obtained preliminary data on the genetic variations of HPV 56 E6, E7, and L1 genes in CIN patients in Yunnan area, and obtained the molecular epidemiological characteristics of HPV 56 E6, E7, and L1 genes. It provides necessary data for further analysis of the molecular epidemiological characteristics of HPV 56 E6, E7, and L1 genes in CIN patients in Yunnan area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Evaluation & Analysis of Drug-Use in Hospitals of China is the property of Evaluation & Analysis of Drug-Use in Hospitals of China Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Industrial Water Treatment is the property of CNOOC Tianjin Chemical Research & Design Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Inorganic Chemicals Industry is the property of Editorial Office of Inorganic Chemicals Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Clean Coal Technology is the property of Clean Coal Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)