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Objective To improve the hydrophobic properties of the ordered mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (MCN) by PVP or DSPE-mPEG２０００ modification, and to compare the effect on the dispersion and cytotoxicity of MCN before and after modification. Methods MCN was synthesized by low concentration hydrothermal method. The surface was modified by PVP or DSPE-mPEG２０００. The properties of the materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM）, scanning electron microscopy (SEM）, nitrogen sorption analysis, particle size and infrared spectroscopy (IR）. The effect on the dispersion of MCN was investigated. CCK-８ method was used to investigate the cytotoxicity of the materials. Flow cytometry was used to investigate the effect of cell oxidative stress. Results The distribution of synthesized MCN was uniform, with average particle size about ９０ nm. The particle size and Zeta potential increased slightly after surface modification, while the dispersibility was significantly improved. No significant difference was observed in the toxicity of L９２９ and HeLa cells before and after modification. However, the modified MCN showed significant effect of reducing production of cellular reactive oxygen species. Conclusion Ordered mesoporous carbon nanoparticles with surface modified by PVP or DSPE-mPEG２０００ provide good bio- compatibility and can significantly reduce oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]