Search

Copyright of Progress in Modern Biomedicine is the property of Publishing House of Progress in Modern Biomedicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University is the property of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Practical Pharmacy & Clinical Remedies is the property of Editorial Department of Practical Pharmacy & Clinical Remedies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Prataculturae Sinica is the property of Acta Prataculturae Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Hainan Medical University is the property of Journal of Hainan Medical College Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of South China Agricultural University is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Modern Medicine & Health is the property of Journal of Modern Medicine & Health and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of South China Agricultural University is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AIM: To examine the potential involvement of cell division cycle protein 42（ Cdc42） in the development of right cardiac fibrosis induced by pulmonary arterial hypertension （PAH） in mice through the process of endothelialmesenchymal transition （EndMT）. METHODS: Eighteen healthy male C57BL/6 mice （5~8 weeks old） were randomly divided into 3 groups: normoxia control （NC） group, PAH model ［SU5416 （vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor）+hypoxia, SuHx］ group and SuHx+ML141（ Cdc42 inhibitor） group, with 6 mice in each group. After 4 weeks, all surviving mice were anesthetized with isoflurane for echocardiography and monitoring of right ventricular systolic pressure（ RVSP）. The morphological changes and fibrosis of mouse right ventricular myocardium were assessed using HE and Masson staining. Mouse heart endothelial cells were sorted using endothelial magnetic beads and treated under different conditions. The expression level of Cdc42 in cardiac tissues, and the expression levels of Cdc42 and EndMT-related proteins［ vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin（ α-SMA）, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1（ PECAM-1/CD31）, vascular endothelial （VE）-cadherin and zinc finger protein Snail］ in endothelial cells were detected by Western blot. The morphology of endothelial cells in different groups was observed under an inverted microscope. RESULTS: Compared with NC group, the Cdc42 level in mouse heart tissues of SuHx group, and that in cardiac endothelial cells of SuHx and hypoxia（ 72 h） groups were significantly increased. Additionally, EndMT was enhanced in cardiac endothelial cells of SuHx and hypoxia （72 h） groups, as evidenced by increased expression of vimentin and α-SMA, while the expression levels of CD31 and VE-cadherin were decreased （P<0. 05）. Subsequently, in vitro treatment with Cdc42 inhibitor ML141 （10 μmol/L） helped to restrain EndMT induced by endothelial hypoxia for 72 h. Furthermore, in vivo administration of ML141 （8 mg/kg） decreased RVSP, increased tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion（ TAPSE）, and attenuated cardiac（ especially para-vascular） fibrosis （P<0. 01）. CONCLUSION: Cdc42 may play a role in right ventricular fibrosis in PAH mice through the up-regulation of EndMT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ecological Science is the property of Ecological Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of University Chemistry is the property of Peking University, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Land subsidence is the gradual settling or rapid sinking of the land surface, due mainly to the subsurface movement caused by the high intensity of human activities, such as underground coal mining. A large area of cultivated land has suffered serious land subsidence in recent years in China. The subsided farmlands need to be recovered with the locally available unconsolidated materials in the existing reclamation strategies. In a new and effective reclamation technology, the Yellow River sediments can be used to reclaim the subsided land, further to cope with the channel sedimentation, as the sediments are removed from the river by dredging. However, the Yellow River sediment is characterized by coarse-textured material with limited soil water-holding capacity. The reclaimed soil also presents the low soil water-holding capacity, in which the soil directly spreads over a backfilled layer of Yellow River sediments during conventional soil reconstruction. Alternatively, a clay interlayer can be emplaced into the backfilled layer of Yellow River sediments for the higher water-holding capacity. The Yellow River interlayer filling reclamation can be widely expected to effectively recover the damaged cultivated land in the condition of limited soil resources, particularly on the reclamation of coal mining subsidence land. The purpose of this study was to explore the soil water movement in the reclamation soil with different sandwich structures of Yellow River sediments. An optimal interlayers filling was also proposed to enhance the water-holding capacity during soil reconstruction. A Hydrus-1D software was selected to clarify the effects of different thicknesses, locations, and quantities of interlayers on the infiltration and evaporation characteristics of reclaimed soil with the interlayer filling of Yellow River sediments under a certain total thickness of reclaimed soil. Two control (CK1 and CK2) and eight experimental treatments (T1-T8) were set, where the CK1 represented the native undisturbed farmland, and the CK2 represented a conventional reconstructed soil profile. Treatments T1-T8 consisted of various combinations of subsoil and sediment overlain by 20 cm of topsoil. The results showed that the transfer of the subsoil overlying within the sediment layers significantly improved the water movement and water retention of the reconstructed soil profile. Specifically, the water-holding capacity during infiltration improved by 12.79%, the cumulative evaporation decreased by 10.09%, and the water retention coefficient increased by 21.51%, compared with the CK2. There was the greatest effect from the thickness of the interlayer, whereas, the position of the interlayer presented the least effect. There was also the strongest interaction between the position and number of interlayers. An orthogonal test demonstrated that an optimal profile was achieved with the highest water-holding capacity, where two interlayers were added in the sediment, when the 30 cm thickness of interlayer, and the interlayer was located the filled layer at 20 cm. Overall, the numerical simulation can provide the groundwork to design the field-scale experiments for the specific quantity of native soil. The finding can greatly contribute to the interlayer filling reclamation, further moving forward the recovery of subsided farmlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study of soil bacterial community structure and functional groups in rice terraces can provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable management of terraces. Nineteen soil samples were collected at different altitudes in Longji rice terraces. Bacterial community structure was analyzed using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, and its functional group was predicted using FAPROTAX functional prediction software. The results showed that the dominant phyla were Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi with 37.40%~63.28% and 11.30%~ 40.78% abundance, respectively. The dominant genera were Sphingomonas and Rhodanobacter with 7.13%~20.87% and 2.34%~21.53% abundance, respectively. Clustering heatmap of dominance operational taxonomic units（OTUs）showed that the environmental factors significantly related to bacterial abundance were pH, carbon–nitrogen ratio（C/N）, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen（AN）, and altitude. A total of 51 functional groups were predicted based on all the OTUs. Denitrification, sulfur respiration, and hydrocarbon degradation functional groups were significantly related to pH, C/N, AN, and altitude. The above results indicated that soil pH, C/N, AN, and altitude significantly affected soil bacterial community structure and functional groups in Longji rice terraces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of National University of Defense Technology / Guofang Keji Daxue Xuebao is the property of NUDT Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells have provided new ideas and new methods for the development of regenerative medicine and the treatment of a variety of diseases. However, due to the low transplantation rate and survival rate of stem cells in the implanted bed, the mechanism of action of stem cells is inclined to involve the paracrine effect of soluble molecules released by stem cells during wound healing. The conditioned medium contains a variety of active substances secreted by stem cells. It is characterized by being easy to obtain, easy to use and safe, and may be used as a new technology for the treatment of a variety of human diseases. OBJECTIVE: To review the composition, function, acquisition and application of conditioned medium from mesenchymal stem cells, attempting to better apply it in the treatment of diseases. METHODS: The keywords were “mesenchymal stem cells AND conditioned medium” in English and Chinese, respectively. Relevant articles published were retrieved by the first author in the PubMed, CNKI, and WanFang. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, finally 46 articles were retained. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Conditioned medium obtained from mesenchymal stem cells contains growth factors, cytokines, inflammatory factors, extracellular matrix proteins, and tissue remodeling enzymes that are secreted by mesenchymal stem cells during the growth. The conditioned medium has the functions of immunomodulation, promotes angiogenesis, maintains stem cell activity, supports the growth of cells, has chemoattraction properties, and promotes cell differentiation into stem cells. The culture medium from cultured mesenchymal stem cells can be filtrated or concentrated to be an active liquid containing no cell components but higher concentrations of growth factors and cytokines, which is convenient and safe to use. This medium has been used for the basic research, a variety of animal disease models and some human clinical studies, and has achieved good results. With the in-depth research the stem cell conditioned medium will be continuously developed and exert their advantages to better benefit humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Technological progress and uncertainty of demand are important factors of problems of capacity planning in manufacturing. The majority of previous studies did only focus on technological breakthroughs rather than technical upgrades, two different ways of the technological progress, and paid more attention on capacity expansion while less attention on replacement. This paper presents for the first time an integrated capacity planning model that takes into account both technological breakthroughs and upgrades for equipment procurement and replacement. Under stochastic demand and technological progress, we use scenario-tree method describe uncertainty of two factors above, and propose an integrated model of multi-period capacity planning problem with the objective of minimum expected total cost of capacity expansion, replacement and maintenance. Faced with the nonlinear mixed integer programming model established by the problem above, the paper designs a heuristic solution method based on genetic algorithm (GA) framework for this NP complete problem, which converts the problem into an equivalent problem by performing certain translations. The equivalent problem can be solved by GA and classic optimization. In the process of population initialization, only expansion decision variables are chosen as the evolutionary population in GA, and then we use the classical optimization method to accurately solve the optimal capacity replacement problem for each individual, and use the total cost of expansion and replacement as the individual fitness for individual evaluation and population evolution. A numerical experiment illustrates that the technological upgrades can effectively reduce the cost of capacity planning under different demand scenarios, and the heuristic algorithm proposed in this paper has good convergence stability and performance stability for solving such planning problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal mining has caused large areas of arable land to collapse and accumulate water and these areas cannot be cultivated. Since these areas are located on banks of the Yellow River, using the sediment from the Yellow River as filling for mining subsidence land, which could not only dredge the Yellow River but also solve the problem of lack of filling materials. However, sediment form the Yellow River is sandy in texture with limited capacity to retain water and nutrients. Related researches showed that bulk density mainly affecting soil water characteristic. In order to study the relationship between the bulk density of sediments from the Yellow River and its water movement parameters and select the best bulk density to fill mining subsidence land, an experiment was conducted in the lab with 8 different bulk densities under identical conditions. The saturated water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity of the Yellow River sediment were measured under different bulk densities. Using the Rosetta module built-in the HYDRUS-1D software based on the model of Van Genuchtento simulatereciprocal of air entry value α and experienced parameter m, and meanwhile, generation of corresponding water characteristic curves under different bulk densities. Based on the analysis of measured values and simulated results, the empirical models between the bulk density of Yellow River sediment and saturated water content, saturated hydraulic conductivity and model parameters (α, m) were established, respectively. The correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.99(P<0.01), and the determination coefficients were all greater than 0.93, and the relative error between the measured and simulated value was lessthan 6.28%. Results showed that the matric potential was0 in saturated condition, and the sediment water characteristics of the Yellow River were mainly determined by porosity. The saturated water content and the saturated hydraulic conductivity both tended to decrease with the increase of the bulk density of the Yellow River sediments. While ρb (bulk density)≥1.5g/cm3, the decreasing trend of saturated hydraulic conductivity becomes smooth with the increase of bulk density. Water characteristics of the Yellow River sediment were not only related to porosity, but also related to soil suction under the non-saturation state. The value of the reciprocal of air entry value α was the lowest when ρb =1.5g/cm3, and water loss is the slowest, therefore, the Yellow River sediment holding capacity was the best under this bulk density. The simulation test of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity also obtained the best bulk density is 1.5g/cm3. The main mechanism of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was high as non-capillary porosity was in a higher rate, in the early stage of permeability and the sediment of the Yellow River showed rapid water loss with low soil suction. When the bulk density was greater than 1.5g/cm3, the macro-pore was difficult to continue to compress with the improvement of the compactness. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity decreases trend became slowly with the bulk density progressively increased. In conlusion, the capillary porosity was the biggest when the bulk density of Yellow River sediment was1.5g/cm3, which was more conducive to the retention of effective soil moisture. Therefore, the water retention capability of the Yellow River sediment can be improved by proper mechanical compaction control till the bulk density was 1.5g/cm3 in the practice of filling mining subsidence land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective：To explore the difference in the expression of long chain non -coding RNA (lncRNA) FAL1 between epithelial ovarian cancer cells and normal human ovarian cells and the effect of lncRNA FAL1 expression in ovarian cancer cell line SKVO3 on invasion, migration and apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells. Methods：Using real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) technique to detect the FAL1 expression level of lncRNA in tissues; the design and synthesis of FAL1-siRNA primer sequence was transfected into SKVO3, detection of ovarian cancer cell migration by cell scratch test, Transwell to detect the invasive ability of ovarian cancer cells, detect the apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells by flow cytometry (Western blotting), Western blotting detection of phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated protein kinase 1/2 (p -ERK1/2) and phosphorylation of mitogen extracellular kinase 1/2 (p -MEK1/2) protein expression level. Results：The expression of lncRNA FAL1 in epithelial ovarian cancer tissues was higher than that of normal ovarian tissue [(15.04±2.24) vs. (2.93 ±0.39), P＜0.05]. After silencing the expression of lncRNA FAL1, the apoptotic ability of ovarian cancer cells was significantly enhanced [(18.38±0.73)% vs. (2.86±0.09)%, P＜0.05], while the migration and invasion ability of ovarian cancer cells were decreased [(6.68±1.49) μm vs. (12.85±2.56) μm, (25.80±2.59) vs. (145.6±5.23), P＜0.05], and the phosphorylation level of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 protein in MEK/ERK pathway was significantly decreased (P＜0.05). Conclusions：lncRNA FAL1 can influence the invasion, migration and apoptosis of epithelial ovarian cancer cells by activating MEK/ERK pathway, and its abnormal expression may be an important molecular mechanism of occurrence and development of ovarian cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Guangdong University of Technology is the property of Journal of Guangdong University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Sciencepaper is the property of China Sciencepaper and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the predictive value of red cell volume distribution width (RDW) to platelet ratio (RPR), γ-glutamyltransferase to platelet ratio index (GPRI), S-index, fibrosis index based on the 4 factor (FIB-4) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to platelet ratio index (APRI) in the non-invasive serum models in assessing esophageal varices in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Methods Totally 126 patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis including 20 cases of patients complicated with mild and moderate esophageal varices (mild and moderate group), 67 cases of severe esophageal varices (severe group) and 39 cases of non-esophageal varices (non-varices group) were enrolled. Blood routine (RDW and PLT) and liver function (ALT, AST, GGT and ALB) were tested, and RPR, GPRI, S-index, FIB-4, APRI were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the areas under the curves (AUCs) were calculated to assess the performance of these models in predicting esophageal varices. Results RPR, GPRI, S-index, FIB-4 and APRI in the severe group were higher than those of the mild and moderate group and non-varices group (all P < 0. 05); and no significant differences were found in the above indexes between the mild and moderate group and non-varices group (all P > 0. 05). The AUCs of RPR, GPRI, S index and FIB-4 in predicting esophageal varices were respectively 0. 902, 0. 828, 0. 960, 0. 883 and 0. 799; AUCs of RPR, GPRI, S index and FIB-4 in predicting severe esophageal varices were respectively 0. 891, 0. 782, 0. 836, 0. 816 and 0. 762. Conclusion RPR, GPRI, S-index, FIB-4 and APRI in the non-invasive serum models are of clinical value in assessing the presence and severe degrees of esophageal varices in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis and can be used as the non-invasive assessment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Filling reclamation is an effective way to increase the amount of farmland.The existing reclamation technology adopts one-time filling measures,which leads to classic two-layers soil profile pattern with “soil layer+ filling material layer”.As covering soil is insufficient,the productivity of reclaimed farmland is usually low.This paper put forward a multi-layered soil profile pattern with inter-layers of filling materials.Taking filling reclamation of subsidence land with Yellow River Sediments as an example,this study analyzes the principles and methods of inter-layers reclamation.The results show that:Adding a soil layer as inter-layer in filling material layer could improve the moisture and nutrition situations of filling material,overcome the disadvantages of two-layer soil profile pattern with “soil layer+ filling material layer”,and increase the quality of reclaimed farmland.An alternate multilayered multi-filling method for soil reconstruction with reclaimed mining subsidence was proposed.The continuous construction technology of multilayered soil profile reconstruction is realized through alternate filling process,multiple filling and soil backfilling.Practices were carried out in Qiuji Mine of Shandong Province.Interlayer soil profile pattern has certain influence on wheat output.The wheat outputs of some profile patterns are higher than that of the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]