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近年在国际贸易领域出现了一种新型的贸易壁垒——动物福利壁垒,并逐渐成为西方发达国家维护本国相关产业,抵制他国动物源产品的有力武器。动物福利贸易壁垒对包括中国在内的发展中国家的对外贸易造成严重影响,如何应对此类贸易壁垒尤为迫切。本文基于动物福利壁垒的特点、产生原因及影响,分析和研究野生动物饲养管理认证应对这种新型贸易壁垒的优势,以期为面对此类问题提供理论实践支持。

野生动物饲养管理认证是中国森林认证的新领域，其发展尚处于初级阶段。虽现已有多家单位通过认证，但尚没有开展野生动物饲养管理认证绩效跟踪的相关研究，对于认证效果了解甚少。基于此，本文开展野生动物饲养管理认证跟踪调研及实践研究，以期为主管部门、科研单位及认证机构开展相关工作提供参考依据和重要借鉴。研究表明，野生动物饲养管理认证能够有效解决各单位在野生动物饲养管理过程中面临的问题，饲养管理体系得到有效提升和改善。因此建议主管部门加强对野生动物饲养管理认证的采信，加强宣传推广、技术支持及能力建设等。

本文基于2008—2018年中国海关总署官方网站公布的野生动物及其制品走私的数据，分析研究了近10余年中国野生动物走私的情况，主要包括不同年份走私案件数量变化、走私物种和用途、走私途径和地区等。研究发现，近10余年我国海关野生动物走私呈现出物种和用途多样化、走私地区相对集中及网络走私递增等特点。基于此，我们提出加大非法贸易查处力度、净化网络平台和交易环境、加强法律法规宣传教育及加强野生动物人工繁育研究等建议。

野生动物饲养管理认证是开展野生动物保护及规范野生动物利用的重要手段。我国野生动物人工饲养历史悠久,种类繁多,数量巨大,涉及多个行业领域,但是针对野生动物人工饲养及经营利用的管理却较有限,致使该领域管理粗放,饱受社会争议。基于此,中国森林认证体系首次提出并建立野生动物饲养管理认证,借助第三方的审核和监管辅助或替代现行的政府独立行政监管模式,适应新《野生动物保护法》要求,提升监管效率,降低行政成本,提高社会满意度,确保野生动物饲养及经营利用单位的合法性和可持续性,建立可持续的野生动物饲养管理体系。

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This study aims to investigate the effects of different direct seeding on the yield and rice quality of early-late season double-cropping indica rice in south China. Taking the Xiangzaoxian45 (inbred indica rice) and Taiyou398 (hybrid indica rice) as the research materials in both early and late seasons, two direct seeding methods were set, including artificial seeding (AS), and precision rice hill-drop drilling machine (PHDD), to determine the yield and its components, emergence rate of seedlings, and quality of rice grain for the direct-seeded indica rice in a typical double cropping area for the early-late season. The results showed that the PHDD significantly increased the emergence rate of seedlings and grain yield of tested varieties, with the increasing rates of 7.4%-14.2% and 6.9%-8.0% in early season and late season, respectively, compared with AS. The PHDD was beneficial to increase the annual yield of tested varieties, with the range of 3.23%-21.66%. Specifically, the Xiangzaoxian45 increased significantly grain yield in the early and late season, while the Taiyou398 increased significantly in the late season. In terms of yield components, the increase in grain yield of tested varieties under the PHDD was due mainly to the relatively obvious achievement of effective panicles and grain number per panicle. Besides, the PHDD significantly increased the milled rice rate, head rice rate, and chalkiness degree in the early season of Xiangzaoxian45, while the chalkiness ratio in the late season of Taiyou398, but significantly decreased the head rice rate in the early season of Taiyou398, while the chalkiness degree, chalkiness ratio, and the protein content in the late season of Xiangzaoxian45. However, there was no significant difference in the amylose content of tested varieties. Meanwhile, the PHDD significantly increased the peak viscosity, hot paste viscosity, breakdown value, and final viscosity of Taiyou398 in late-season rice flour, whereas, significantly reduced the gelatinization temperature. The PHDD can contribute to improve the annual yield of high-quality rice varieties, which was mainly related to the coordination of panicles ratio and grain number per panicles. Nevertheless, the ways to increase production varied with the tested varieties and growing seasons. Specifically, the PHDD significantly improved the early season processing quality and late-season appearance quality of Xiangzaoxian45, while decreased the early season processing quality and late-season appearance quality of Taiyou398, but improved its cooking and eating quality in the late season. The quality of direct seeding rice in the late season was enhanced obviously under the PHDD regime. The finding can provide a theoretical basis for high yield and high-quality cultivation of double-season direct-seeding indica rice in South China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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目的探讨护理干预对老年患者术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的预防效果。方法选择2012年7月至 2014年6月在该院骨科行择期手术治疗的183例患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组(91例）和观察 组(92例）。对照组给予骨科手术围术期常规护理,观察组在常规护理的基础上给予针对POCD的预防性系统护理干预。 采用简易精神状态量表(MMSE)和韦氏智力量表(WMS)评估手术前后认知功能。结果术后7d观察组MMSE和WMS评 分[(27.14±2.32)、(82.66±8.39)分]明显高于对照组[(26.04±2.25)、(71.25±7.36)分],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组 POCD发生率[13.041(12/92)]、智力低下发生率[1.09%(1/92)]、再次住院率[2.17%(2/92)]明显低于对照组[25.271(23/91)、 8.791(8/91)、10.991(10/91)],而护理满意度[92.391(85/92)]明显高于对照组[81.321(74/91)],差异均有统计学意义(P< 0.05)。结论护理干预有助于减少老年患者POCD,提高患者满意度,促进患者心理康复。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

目的：观察脯氨酸-谷氨酸-亮氨酸富集蛋白1（PELP1）对人卵巢癌OVCAR3细胞株侵袭能力及MMP-2、MMP-9 mRNA和蛋白表达的影响。方法体外培养OVCAR3细胞，分为对照组与实验组。对照组转染Flag空载，实验组转染Flag-PELP1。转染24 h后检测转染情况；采用real-time PCR法检测OVCAR3细胞中的MMP-2、MMP-9 mRNA，Western blotting法检测其蛋白；Transwell小室侵袭实验检测OVCAR3细胞侵袭能力。结果 OVCAR3细胞中瞬时转染Flag-PELP1，PELP1蛋白表达明显增加。实验组MMP-2、MMP-9 mRNA表达量分别为2．8048、2．4666，对照组分别为1、1；实验组MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达量分别为0．5992、0．6546，对照组分别为0．2607、0．1216；实验组与对照组MMP-2、MMP-9 mRNA及蛋白表达量相比，P均＜0．05。实验组与对照组自Transwell小室上层移至下层的细胞数分别为774、1203，两组相比，P＜0．05。结论 PELP1可增强人卵巢癌OVCAR3细胞株的侵袭能力，并上调MMP-2、MMP-9 mRNA和蛋白的表达。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]