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卒中是重要的致死性和致残性疾病，给个人、家庭及社会带来沉重负担，是严重的公共健康问题，受到社会的高度关注。卒中组织化服务在一定程度上可以提高相关机构的卒中医疗质量，提升卒中诊疗和康复的连贯性、系统性和科学性，降低卒中死亡率和致残率，改善患者的临床预后和生活能力。英国国家卒中临床指南2023版对英国国家卒中临床指南2016版中的卒中组织化服务部分内容进行了更新，本文介绍该指南2023年更新版本中卒中的组织化服务推荐要点并进行解读。 Stroke is a major fatal and disabling disease, bringing heavy burden to individuals, families, and society, which has become a serious public health problem and attracted great attention. To a certain extent, Organisation of stroke services could improve the medical quality of stroke service institutions, enhance the coherence, systematicity, and scientificity of stroke diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation, reduce the mortality and disability of stroke, and improve the clinical prognosis and living ability of stroke patients. The National Clinical Guideline for Stroke for the United Kingdom and Ireland (2023 edition) has updated the part of Organisation of stroke services. The paper will explain the update points of this part.

目的观察G蛋白门控内向整流钾离子通道亚单位2（GIRK2）在瑞芬太尼诱导的痛觉过敏大鼠背根神经节和脊髓背角中的表达和分布的变化。方法成年雄性SD大鼠尾静脉输注瑞芬太尼4 μg/（kg·min）2 h建立痛觉过敏模型。瑞芬太尼注射后6 h、1 d、3 d和5 d，采用免疫荧光化学法观察GIRK2在瑞芬太尼诱导痛觉过敏大鼠的背根神经节（DRG）和脊髓背角中分布的变化。采用免疫印迹法检测大鼠背根神经节和脊髓背角 GIRK2总蛋白和膜蛋白的表达。最后，采用行为学评价瑞芬太尼输注后，鞘内注射GIRK2特异性激动剂ML297对痛阈的影响。结果免疫荧光结果显示，在背根神经节和脊髓背角I-II板层，GIRK2主要与IB4阳性的小神经元及其神经纤维共定位，而瑞芬太尼注射后GIRK2表达显著降低。免疫印迹结果显示，静脉输注瑞芬太尼1 d后，与对照组相比，背根神经节 GIRK2总蛋白（0.47 ± 0.10 vs. 1.01 ± 0.17，P < 0.001）和膜蛋白（0.47 ± 0.11 vs. 1.06 ± 0.12， P < 0.001）表达水平均显著减少；与背根神经节结果相一致的是，脊髓背角GIRK2总蛋白水平（0.52 ± 0.09 vs. 1.10 ± 0.08，P < 0.001）和膜蛋白表达水平（0.54 ± 0.10 vs. 1.01 ± 0.13， P < 0.001）也显著降低。行为学结果显示，与生理盐水组相比，在瑞芬太尼处理大鼠，ML297延长热撤足潜伏期的作用显著降低（P<0.001）。结论持续静脉输注瑞芬太尼可能通过诱导大鼠背根神经节和脊髓背角GIRK2表达下调诱发痛觉过敏。

深度学习在感知智能上的不断突破推动了人工智能在各领域的广泛应用。但在实际落地过程中，只有把感知智能提高到更高层的认知智能，才能更好地满足日益复杂的应用需求。神经符号学将擅长感知任务的神经网络方法和擅长推理任务的逻辑符号学有机地融合在一起，是实现高层认知智能的途径之一。基于此，提出了一套神经符号学的实用框架NSFOL，并基于NSFOL实现了机器人任务规划、自学习机器人运动规划和教育实验视频评估3个典型应用。实验结果表明，尽管NSFOL尚未完善，但是它已经能够很好地支持相关应用，在可学习、可推理、可解释和可泛化方面具备一定的优势。希望通过阐述神经符号学的阶段性研究成果，激发更多的思考和研究，共同推动神经符号学的发展。

目的探讨体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF-ET）周期中体外培养的胚胎发生污染的情况及其实验室培养和临床结局。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2020年12月中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院生殖中心IVF-ET周期中70例胚胎污染的相关资料，比较不同授精方式的污染发生率、体外培养第1~3天（D1-D3）的污染发现率、以及卵泡液、精液、培养液3种标本的污染发生率，统计污染的微生物类型，比较全污染组（42例）和部分污染组（28例）的实验室培养及临床结局相关参数。结果在29 583个周期中共出现70例胚胎污染（0.24%），所有污染均为体外受精（IVF）来源的胚胎而非卵胞浆内单精子注射（ICSI）来源的胚胎；在体外培养不同天数中，D2污染发现率最高（54.3%），其次是D1（32.9%）和D3（12.9%）；与卵泡液相比，精液是导致D1-D3污染发现的主要原因；卵泡液的主要污染源是粪肠球菌（18.0%），精液和培养液的主要污染源是大肠杆菌（59.6%， 66.7%），同时有5例污染周期的培养液中出现与卵泡液、精液均不一致的细菌类型；与全污染组相比，部分污染组的无可用胚胎周期率显著性降低（6/28 vs. 34/42， 21.4% vs. 81.0%， P < 0.001），囊胚形成周期率有升高趋势（5/12 vs. 2/7， 41.2% vs. 28.6%， P = 0.656），同时，部分污染组新鲜周期与解冻周期移植后的临床妊娠例数、活产例数均高于全污染组。结论ICSI受精方式可有效避免胚胎污染发生；胚胎污染主要在体外培养的第2天发现，污染主要来源是精液携带的大肠杆菌；当只有部分胚胎发生污染时，仍可获得较好的实验室和临床结局。

为将400 Gbit/s高速率应用于超长站距无中继光传输系统,首先对400 Gbit/s双偏振-四进制正交幅度调制（DP-16QAM）及400 Gbit/s双偏振-八进制正交幅度调制（DP-64QAM）两种高阶调制码型及其对应的光信噪比（OSNR）要求进行了研究,然后通过实验研究了两种码型背靠背OSNR的要求及入纤光功率与误码率的关系,最后搭建了具有前后向拉曼放大器的400 Gbit/s超长距光传输链路,通过实验测试了两种码型对应的最远单跨传输距离。实验结果表明,400 Gbit/s DP-16QAM在G.652光纤上利用双向拉曼光放大器最远可以传输286 km,对于电力长跨距来说基本满足了大部分的应用场合。

针对下一代动态光网络,光纤长度可能根据链路需要随时变化,以及由于光纤老化造成色散参量变化等因素可能造成链路中的色散值在接收端很难提前预知,因此要求未来光网络节点中的接收端能够自适应地估计出色散值然后补偿信号。文章在光网络节点的数字相干接收机中提出了一种基于峰均值功率比的色散估计算法,并在224 Gbit/s偏振复用（PDM）-16正交振幅调制（QAM）和336 Gbit/s PDM-64QAM的多种长距离传输（400、800、1 200、1 600和2 000 km标准单模光纤（SSMF））系统中验证了其可行性及有效性。仿真结果表明,文章所提算法具有很好的色散估计精度,色散估计标准差低于100 ps/nm。该算法对偏振模色散（PDM）和偏振相关损耗（PDL）具有较强的容忍性,例如群速度时延（DGD）低于15 ps及PDL在7 dB以内时,算法都可实现很好的估计精度。同时该算法对非线性效应也具有较强的容忍性。

The adequate assessment and management of pain remains a challenging task in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Our goal is to describe how pain is assessed and managed in PICUs around the world and to examine how human and material resources impact achievement of this goal. An international multicenter cross-sectional observational study was designed with the participation of 34 PICUs located in urban, suburban, and rural areas of 18 countries. We evaluated how PICUs around the world assessed and managed pain according to the Initiative for Pediatric Palliative Care recommendations, and how human and material resources impacted achievement of this goal. Data was collected for this study from 2016 to 2018 using questionnaires completed by medical doctors and nurses. In this paper, we focus on the indicators related to how pain is managed and assessed. The average achievement of the goal of pain relief across all centers was 72.2% (SD: 21.1). We found a statistically significant trend of more effective pain management scores, routine assessment, proper documentation, and involvement of pain management experts by increasing country income. While there are efforts being made worldwide to improve the knowledge in pain assessment and management, there is a lack of resources to do so appropriately in low-middle-income countries. There is a mismatch between the existing guidelines and policies, which are mainly designed in high income countries, and the resources available in lower resourced environments.

目的 研究社区水平的多学科综合管理对恢复期脑梗死患者的二级预防效果。 方法 将出院的172例脑梗死患者按照随机数字法分为管理组（90例）和对照组（82例）。管理组给 予多学科综合管理（由神经内科医师、康复师、精神科医师以及护士等共同参与对社区脑梗死患者 的管理），对照组执行出院医嘱。随访6个月。观察指标：主要指标为脑梗死复发率，其他指标有他汀 治疗率和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇达标率、抗血小板治疗率、高血压治疗率和血压控制率、糖尿病治疗 率和血糖达标率、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表评分和中度以上残疾率、卒中后抑郁的比例、健康 教育相关知识的知晓率。 结果 两组复发率比较，差异无统计学意义。管理组在其他观察指标方面均好于对照组，比较差 异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。 结论 这种多学科管理模式的关键是回社区的脑梗死患者将规范的二级预防、康复和护理方案带 给社区全科医生，专科和全科医生进行互动式管理。此管理虽未显著降低社区脑梗死患者的复发率， 但可以提高二级预防药物的依从性和各种危险因素的控制率，有利于提高二级预防的效果。 Abstract: Objective To study the effect of multidisciplinary management in community on secondary prevention in patients with cerebral infarction during recovery period. Methods A total of 172 discharged patients with cerebral infarction were randomly divided into management group (n =90) and control group (n =82). The neurologists, physical therapist, psychiatrists and nurses all got involved in multidisciplinary management of patients with cerebral infarction in community. The multidisciplinary management was performed in management group, and discharge instructions were performed in control group. The follow-up period was 6 months. The primary observation indictor was ischemic stroke recurrence, the secondary indictors included statin use, antiplatelet therapy, hypertension and diabetes treatment, the control rate of LDL-C, blood pressure and blood glucose, the NIHSS score and moderate-to-severity disability, post-stroke depression occurrence and the awareness rate of health education knowledge. Results Ischemic stroke recurrence had no significant difference between the two groups (P =0.196). The secondary indictors of the management group were all better than that of the control group (P

高效率、低成本的大规模储能技术是推进能源结构转型、降低弃风弃光率、实现电网削峰填谷的关键。传统的液流电池采用储液罐储存电解液，其投资成本高、占地面积大，限制了其容量的提升及在大规模储能方面的应用。盐穴电池储能技术采用盐穴储存电解液，具有安全性高、投资成本低、储量大及技术成熟等优点，容积巨大的盐穴完全可以满足大规模储能装机容量的要求。介绍了盐穴电池储能技术的工作原理，并结合盐穴储液技术的特点提出了盐穴电池储能技术发展的关键因素，最后，针对大规模储能技术发展趋势，探讨了盐穴电池储能技术的发展前景。

目的 探讨幕上高血压性脑出血（intracerebral h emorrhage，ICH）微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术1年预后及 其相关因素。 方法 收集2014年1月-2016年8月就诊的进行微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术的幕上高血压性ICH患者。记 录患者人口学特征等基本信息、临床信息、手术治疗信息及1年改良Rankin量表（modified Rankin scale， mRS）评分。主要临床结局为1年预后不良，定义为1年mRS>3分。用多因素Logistic回归分析1年预后不 良的相关因素。 结果 研究共纳入117例完成微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术的幕上高血压性I C H患者。平均年龄 （56.5±12.5）岁，基线血肿体积（59.0±28.5）ml。59例（50.4%）ICH患者1年预后不良。多因素Logistic 回归分析显示，基线血肿体积20～50 ml[比值比（odds ratio，OR）0.161，95%置信区间（confidence interval，CI）0.034～0.748，P =0.020]、年龄≤60岁（OR 0.169，95%CI 0.055～0.515，P =0.002）是1年预 后不良的保护性因素。 结论 基线血肿体积和年龄是幕上高血压性ICH微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术1年预后的独立影响因素， 该结论为选择微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术适宜人群提供依据。 Abstract: Objective To study 1-year clinical outcomes after minimally invasive catheter evacuation followed by urokinase for clot removal in patients with acute supratentorial spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and determine the factors associated with the 1-year outcome. Methods Supratentorial spontaneous ICH patients who had undergone minimally invasive catheter evacuation followed by urokinase for clot removal during January 2014 and September 2016 were collected . Patients' demographic and clinical information, surgery information and one-year modified Rankin scale (mRS) were recorded. The main clinical outcome was poor outcome, defined as mRS score >3 at 1 year. The multi-factor logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with 1-year clinical outcome after ICH. Results A total of 117 patients with supratentorial spontaneous ICH and having undergone minimally invasive surgery were enrolled in the study. The mean age was (56.5±12.5) years and the mean baseline hematoma volume was (59.0±28.5) ml. 59 (50.4%) ICH patients had 1-year poor outcome after surgery. Multi-factor Logistic regression analysis revealed that baseline hematoma volume 20-50 ml [odds ratio (OR) 0.161, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.034-0.748, P =0.020] and age≤60 years (OR 0.169, 95%CI 0.055-0.515, P =0.002) were independent protective factors of 1-year poor outcome. Conclusion Baseline hematoma volume and age were independent predictors of 1-year outcome in acute ICH patients who had undergone minimally invasive surgery, which could allow better selection of ICH patients appropriate for minimally invasive surgery.

目的 探讨超急性期血肿增长速度（ultraearly hematoma growth，UHG）与急性原发性脑出血 （intracerebral hemorrhage，ICH）血肿扩大及临床预后的关系。 方法 连续收集发病6 h内就诊的ICH患者。患者完成基线及（24±2）h颅脑计算机断层扫描（computed tomography，CT），记录临床信息及结局信息。UHG定义为基线血肿体积除以发病至头CT扫描时间。血 肿扩大定义为发病24 h血肿体积较基线血肿体积增加>33%或者>6 ml。90 d及1年预后不良定义为改 良Rankin量表评分>2分。多元Logistic回归分析UHG与血肿扩大及ICH临床预后的关系。 结果 研究共纳入148例发病6h内到院的ICH患者。所有ICH患者的UHG为5.3（2.3，12.9）ml/h。UHG在 完成头CT较早（P 4.7 ml/h是1年不良预后的独立危险因素，比值比为17.5，95%可信区间 为1.44～21.23（P =0.025）。其预测1年不良预后的灵敏度为61.5%，特异度为65.1%，阳性预测率为 68.4%，阴性预测率为58%。结论 UHG是ICH患者1年不良预后的独立危险因素。 Abstract: Objective To investigate the association of ultraearly hematoma growth (UHG) with the hematoma growth (HG) and clinical outcomes in patients with acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods Acute ICH patients who went for consultation within 6 hours after onset were enrolled into study consecutively. Patients underwent baseline and 24-hour computed tomography (CT) scans. The clinical data and outcome were recorded. UHG was defined as the relation between baseline ICH volume/onset-to-imaging time (OIT). Hematoma enlargement was defined as HG volume >33% or >6 ml at 24 hours after onset. And poor outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale score >2 at 90 days and 1 year after onset. The multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association of UHG with HG and clinical outcomes after ICH. Results A total of 148 patients with acute (4.7 ml/h was an independent risk factor for 1-year poor outcome (odds ratio 17.5; 95% confidence interval 1.44-21.23, P =0.025). For UHG to predict 1-year poor outcome, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 61.5%, 65.1%, 68.4% and 58%, respectively. Conclusion UHG was an independent risk factor for 1-year poor outcome after acute ICH.

新一代的无线通信实现了万物互联和多样化的业务需求,网络切片可以将网络在逻辑上进行隔离,每个网络服务于一类相似的业务,不同切片之间的业务差异性大,所需资源也不同。为了解决切片间的资源分配问题,为业务提供更好的服务,文章提出了基于服务质量的比例公平资源分配方案,权衡了各个切片之间的公平性和用户需求。将仿真结果与比例公平和最大载干比算法进行了对比,结果表明,新算法能在保证公平性的同时获得较高的用户频谱效率。

文章利用理论模型研究了GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs量子阱红外探测器（QWIP）中掺杂参数对探测器探测波长的影响,并借助2×2哈密顿方法计算了此模型的特征能态。通过将模拟结果与现有实验数据进行对比、分析可知,当掺杂浓度增加时,峰值归一化吸收率、吸收系数和响应度等呈非线性增大。同时还发现,在AlxGa1-xAs势垒中,Al的摩尔分数（x）增加时,子带间吸收能力增强,但吸收的峰值波长会向较短的波长方向移动,进而判定掺杂浓度是高性能QWIP设计的重要参数之一。

针对拉普拉斯噪声环境中的大幅度冲击噪声干扰导致频谱检测性能降低的问题,提出了基于绝对值负指数累加的稳健型频谱感知算法。该算法首先通过对接收信号绝对值做负指数处理来抑制大幅度的冲击噪声,然后再将其进行累加作为检验统计量,并利用中心极限定理得出判决统计量的概率密度函数,求出判决门限,进而判断频谱是否被主用户占用。理论分析和仿真结果表明,所提算法在相同虚警概率及不同信噪比下的检测概率高于目前常用的绝对值累加算法、能量检测算法和绝对值开平方累加算法的检测概率。

目的 探讨以案例为基础教学方法（case based learning，CBL）联合以授课为基础传统教学方法 （lecture based learning，LBL）在高血压性脑出血（intracerebral hemorrhage，ICH）临床教学中的作用。 方法 选择在首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院血管神经病学科轮转的7年制医学生40名，随机分为 实验组和对照组。实验组采用CBL联合LBL，对照组采用LBL，对ICH进行教学。对两组进行学习后理 论临床知识和满意调查度测试，比较测试成绩的差异。 结果 实验组与对照组比较，学习后考试成绩（[ 92.3±5.7）分 vs（86.8±6.3）分，P＜0.001]和学生 满意度调查成绩[（27.0±3.5）分 vs（21.0±4.7）分，P＜0.001)]均显著提高。 结论 CBL联合LBL有助于培养医学生在ICH学习中的临床思维和病例分析能力。 Abstract: Objective To explore the value of teaching method of lecture based learning (LBL) plus with case based learning (CBL) in clinical teaching of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods A total of 40 medical students at department of vascular neurology in Beijing Tiantan hospital were randomized into test group and control group. In the teaching course of ICH, the CBL and LBL were applied in test group, and only LBL was applied in control group. ICH related knowledge examination and teaching satisfaction questionnaire survey were made for two groups after the completion of ICH learning course. Results The average examination score of test group was higher than that of control group [(92.3±5.7) vs (86.8±6.3), P

全球暖化的議題，各國教育努力推動節能減碳教育，鼓勵依校園情境提供「節能減碳」課程，提升學生節能減碳的素養能力。本研究以臺中市一所國小校園情境，規劃反怠速方案教學計劃，透過混合研究法搜集行動方案教學的文件資料、研究團隊手札、四年級學生訪談資料、以及「節能減碳之認知、態度及行為量表」前後測驗 統計資料，揭露行動方案教學之研究過程與描述研究結果，藉以了解如何在國小校園推動節能減碳教育，提升學童節能減碳之素養。研究結果指出校園本位化方案教學有助於節能減碳教育之實施、教師參與研究團隊促進教師教育專業發展並有利行動方案教學推動、多元化的方案教學活動引起學生對節能減碳的學習興趣、及教學後學童節能減碳之素養有顯著差異，顯示該方案教學能提升學生節能減碳之素養。本研究依據取得之結論，對後續之研究提出建議。 Energy saving and carbon emission reduction education has become an important issue in education because of global warming. It is necessary that energy saving and carbon emission reduction education be situated in school context to practice into teaching and learning. This study aims to explore how implementing anti-idling project in an elementary school affects students’ knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding saving energy and carbon emission reduction education. The project was implemented in an elementary school and 107 fourth-grade students were studied. By conducting mixed methods research, teaching materials, interview data, and surveys were collected through the project. First, situated learning would have crucial influences on energy saving and carbon emission reduction teaching project. Second, research community would affect the success of this project. Third, the students’ knowledge, attitude, and behavior toward energy saving and carbon emission reduction education have changed after the anti-idling teaching project. Based on the findings, suggestions for energy saving and carbon emission reduction education in schools are provided.

在半监督网络表示学习中，节点标签对于网络在不同空间中映射关系的建立具有重要指导意义。然而在很多实际任务中，可用标签信息往往比较有限或难以获取，这导致在学习网络低维表示的过程中无法提供充分有效的监督。针对这一问题，提出了一种双通道半监督网络表示学习模型，该模型以自编码器为基本框架，由自监督和半监督两个信息传递通道构成。自监督信号与标签信息分别在两个通道中对网络表示映射关系的建立提供指导，同时二者之间形成信息互补与增强。考虑到两个通道间可能存在信息冗余，在互信息视角下设计了冗余识别与消除机制。在此基础上，构造了一体化优化模型，实现自监督学习与半监督学习的协同，使学习到的网络表示更好地捕捉和保持网络的结构和特性。在真实数据集上的实验结果表明，提出的模型学习的网络表示在节点分类、聚类和可视化等任务中能够获得优于基线方法的性能。

By searching ancient books and literature, this paper summarized the development history of Traditional Chinese Medicine hot ironing therapy and its treatment methods, therapeutic effects and application progress in spleen and stomach diseases, and to understand the research status of Traditional Chinese Medicine hot ironing therapy in the treatment of spleen and stomach diseases. Current researches findings showed that Traditional Chinese Medicine hot ironing therapy were effective in the treatment of spleen and stomach diseases, and more in-depth researches should be conducted to improve the clinical practice and ensure the therapeutic effect. (本文通过查找、检索有关热熨疗法的相关古籍及文献资料, 总结中医热熨疗法的发展历史, 以及脾胃疾病治疗方法、治疗效果和应用进展, 旨在了解中医热熨疗法在脾胃疾病中的研究现状。中医热熨疗法治疗脾胃疾病效果良好, 应不断深入研究, 使其能更好地发挥治疗效果。)

本文針對專利侵權損害賠償制度之設計及實務上所採行的計算，進行實證研究，用以檢視制度之實施，並對相關現象提供解釋。 美國、台灣與中國大陸的法律與法院，在損害賠償計算的原理上相近，但在實務運作上有相當大之落差，其關鍵在於訴訟當事人對損害舉證的要求與法院採信的程度而定。美國專利訴訟判決自1980 年至2000 年之間，以所失利益（lost profit）為主要的計算方式（83%）。然而，自2000 年以降，採用合理權利金（reasonable royalty）之案件反而成為主流（65%）。台灣現行所採的「差額說」與「利益說」，因為舉證不易，司法實務上過份倚重證據來源與客觀性，賠償數額也有偏低的情形。中國大陸的判決則幾乎都是由法官依據法定範圍酌定其賠償額度。 本文之結論為：1.專利糾紛的損害賠償，在不同管轄範圍內，由於法院的經驗、專利權利範圍與市場影響的不確定，以及產業經濟與企業財務的基礎環境差異，而有不同的判決。美國法院的經驗與財經基礎環境都較為成熟，判決較具說服力；台灣與中國大陸的法院對於當事人之舉證，通常認為未能達到足以確信的程度；2.負舉證責任的一方，對於證據被法院採信的機率難以確定，以及財務與經營資料作為證據之提出，有洩漏營業秘密之顧慮，因此縱然所失利益之計算可以期待較高之賠償金額，因而實務上傾向以市場中通常之交易情形，例如美國的合理權利金，或兩岸由法院酌定之賠償額；3.台灣與大陸以小額損害賠償為絕大多數，高額損害賠償非常少見，裁定的金額有偏低的現象；4.大陸對於發明專利損害賠償之判決數量極其有限，以國內廠商間之實用新型及設計專利侵害之案件為絕大多數。外國廠商的專利訴訟則以市場的佔有為主要考量，包括以行政查處及邊境保護防制侵權產品的內國與國際銷售，並非以取得法院酌定之賠償為其訴訟之目的。 This paper performs an empirical study on the regulatory frameworks and practical measures of the court decisions of patent damages among US, Taiwan and China. The basic principles employed in assessing patent damages seem similar among the above jurisdictions. Nevertheless, the outcomes of court decisions vary significantly due to the burden and standard of proofs of losses suffered by the patentees. Since 2000, the approach of reasonable royalty has overtaken the lost profit as the dominant measure of damage awards in the U.S. 65% of awarded damages were based on the measure of reasonable royalty, as contrast to 83% of lost profits during 1980 to 2000. It is also found that the difficulties of proving the amount of actual loss of patentees, as well as the cause-effect relationship directly caused by the infringing conducts, the damages decided by the courts of Taiwan and China are in general much lower than expected. In China, most of the compensations are determined with the statutory damages ranged from RMB 5,000 to 500,000, and more than 98% are lower than RMB 300,000. It is concluded that: (1) Court decisions indicate the differences of the legal infrastructures, the experience of judges, the enforceability of patent types and market structures among different jurisdictions. The U.S. courts are more inclined to recognize the evidences on a relatively broad and reasonable basis, nevertheless, the courts of Taiwan and China are considered less experienced in such decisions. (2) The party bearing the burden of proof finds the uncertainty of convincing evidence and also the risk of disclosing proprietary information, thus it results that the damages are primarily statutory provisions in China. Furthermore, Taiwan’s courts tend to utilize objective, though may not be proper, financial data as the base for damage measures. (3) Small damages are commonly granted in the courts of Taiwan and China. (4) In China, most of the patent lawsuits occurred among domestic companies with the new model and design patents, only very limited cases are associated with invention patents. So far as most international firms are concerned, instead of seeking monetary compensations, their litigations are mainly focused on acquiring the market shares by preventing the distribution of infringing products in China, and in the meantime, reducing the exportation of infringing products from China. It therefore leads to the frequent use of administrative enforcement, injunctions and boarder measures, in lieu of the damage claims in the judicial courts.

二十世紀1990年代末以來，中國大陸掀起了大規模的系統性課程改革。此一課程改革不僅依托於中國大陸特定的社會與文化脈絡，展示出自身的獨特性，也與世界範圍內興起的大規模課程改革運動有著密切的關聯，成爲課程改革全球化趨勢的在地回應。在今天，中國大陸關於這一次課程改革的研究論文可謂層出不窮、難以勝數，成爲當今課程乃至整個教育領域關注的焦點。然而，耐人尋味的是，真正以「課程變革」做為研究主題的專著卻寥寥無幾。之所以出現這種狀况，與大陸課程改革的决策習慣與研究傳統不無關係。首先，做為一種自上而下的指令性改革，官方部門已經設定了這次課程改革的方向和實施策略，因此，少有研究者去反思課程改革本身可能存在的問題，而是將其視爲一種既定的背景，探討如何解决由這次改革帶來的問題。其次，課程改革被研究者當作一個「實踐議題」，而非一個值得深思的「理論問題」，因此，導致了一種改革實踐與變革理論的不同步。一方面，這次課程改革借鑒了大量西方課程改革的理念和具體措施；另一方面，關於這次改革的研究卻忽視了國際課程變革研究已有的經驗和發展趨勢，多停留在對實踐議題的分析、歸納與總結。這種課程變革研究規範的缺失，使得中國大陸的課程變革研究專注於解答零散的實踐議題，而不能形成一個整體性的分析框架，由此也難以對課程變革理論發展貢獻自身的獨特性。因此，如何用一種宏觀的、整體的理論視野去關照中國大陸的課程改革實踐，就成爲溝通理論與實踐、連結本土與國際課程研究的重要橋樑。

台灣科技產業西進中國大陸尋求發展與全球布局過程中，在面臨國際商事爭議事件之際，如何運用中國涉外仲裁機制以作為替代爭議解決模式與途徑，值得國內業界加以認真對待。中國涉外仲裁機制發展迄今逾五十年，1994 年仲裁法頒布實施，明文賦予該機制法律位階地位；同時亦於市場經濟中定位為特殊法律服務。仲裁法頒布實施至今逾十年，以中國國際經濟貿易仲裁委員會為運作主力之中國涉外仲裁機制成為中國替代爭議解決機制之核心，亦成就該機制在國際商事仲裁市場之一席之地。本文藉由實證分析之角度，嘗試建構台灣科技產業運用中國涉外仲裁機制之策略，呈現中國涉外仲裁機制之特點與台灣科技產業運用策略間之關係，並進而分析中國涉外仲裁機制對於台灣科技產業之策略目標之適切性。 It is worthy and necessary for Taiwan High-Tech Industry Companies to pay close attention to China Foreign-related Arbitration mechanism to be utilized as alternative dispute resolution to resolve international commercial disputes such companies incurred when conducting global businesses and seeking developments in China. China Foreign-related Arbitration mechanism has been operating and developing for over fifty (50) years and it has been recognized and formulated of its legal status since the announcement and enforcement of Arbitration Law of People’s Republic of China (1994). From market and economic perspective, China Foreign-related Arbitration is considered as a sort of special legal service. China Foreign-related Arbitration mechanism, mainly acted by China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (“CIETAC”), has become the core of China alternative dispute resolution and has also played an important role in international commercial arbitration world after 10-years development from the enforcement of said Law. The Thesis hereby establishes, by way of the methodology of empirical legal study, the utilization strategy to China Foreign-related Arbitration by Taiwan High-Tech Industry Companies, indicates the relationships between such utilization strategy and main characters of said mechanism and also analyzes the feasibility and fitness that China Foreign-related Arbitration mechanism could be to the objects of such utilization strategy.

文章首先介绍了新型材料光子晶体的基本特点,然后探讨了含有光子晶体的光器件在光通信系统中的各种应用。

文章分析了平面光波导 Y分支的输出特性 ,通过优化 Y分支中扩模波导的长度和插入一根适当长度直波导对 Y分支的输出均匀性进行了优化 ,通过这种优化设计可以获得具有均匀输出特性的 Y分支

[目的]探讨原癌基因c-kit mRNA在自身免疫性睾丸炎中的表达及意义.[方法]建立并分析自身免疫性睾丸炎动物模型：42只BALB/c小鼠随机分为6个实验组和1个对照组.6个实验组小鼠分别给予KM小鼠睾丸混悬液皮下注射,每周1次最多者4次,在第1次给予抗原注射后1,2,3,4,6,8周各取一组小鼠的睾丸组织,用RT-PCR检测其c-kit mRNA的变化.[结果]在第1次给予抗原注射后第1周开始c-kitm RNA转录水平开始降低,第2周起明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）,至第3,4周降至最低,第6周逐渐开始恢复,至第8周其水平与对照组相比差异已经没有统计学意义（P＞0.05）.[结论]c-kit基因与生精功能密切相关,c-kit基因mRNA的低表达可能参与自身免疫性睾丸炎导致不育的发病机制.

【目的】探讨BALB／c鼠睾丸炎动物模型的建立方法，观察睾丸炎形成后到生殖功能恢复的时间间隔，以及该动物模型的稳定性。【方法】BALB／c小鼠（10周）背脊皮下注射睾丸混悬液0．1mL，浓度2×10^7／mL，1次/周，共4次。同种睾丸混悬液（组1）、同种睾丸混悬液加完全免疫佐剂（组2）、异种睾丸混悬液（组3）、异种睾丸混悬液加完全免疫佐剂（组4）、空白对照（组5）。【结果】组3建模成功率80％，第5、8、11周按Johusen评分为5．2±1．44、6．2±0．79、8．1±0．87，组1、2、5评分均在9．0以上，组3生精功能明显降低（P〈0．05）。组4小鼠于第2次注射后3～5d，全部死亡。组3第5周生精上皮细胞减少至2～3层，曲细精管管腔中有稀疏的精子，间质出现水肿，淋巴细胞浸润约10％～25％。第5周组3附睾尾精子浓度为（11．0±6．2）×10^6，精子存活率（10．73±8．14）％，精子活动率（7．3±6．1）％，明显低于组1、2、5（P〈0．05），于第11周组3恢复至正常水平。睾丸炎生精障碍持续21～28d。【结论】异种小鼠生殖细胞可诱导建立BALB／c小鼠的EAO模型．模型有一定的持续稳定性，可用于精子发育生物学研究。

【目的】探讨减量雌孕激素替代疗法(HRT)的阴道出血模式。【方法】自然绝经1 年以上妇女30 例, 连续联合 应用半量诺更宁:1 mg 17β-雌二醇(E2)+0.5 mg 醋酸炔诺酮(NETA)24 周, 观察阴道出血时间、出血量、体质量、体质量指数 (body mass index , BMI)、子宫内膜厚度、用药后症状改善的时间。【结果】用药后阴道出血10 例, 无阴道出血20 例。出血者 多数表现为点滴状出血, 随用药时间延长, 出血率明显降低, 在阴道出血的病例中, 平均年龄48 岁, 平均绝经年龄44 岁, 与无 阴道出血组比较有显著差异。使用半量HRT 24 周后, BMI 平均增加为0.7 kg/ cm2 。用药1 个月后, 严重的轰热、烦躁、多汗 有缓解, 2 个月后Kupperman 评分有显著差异。减量HRT 对关节痛的缓解效果不明显。【结论】减量HRT 能缓解低雌激素 症状, 出血率低, 安全性高, 临床上值得尝试用于年龄较大的绝经后老年妇女。

【目的】评价治疗醋酸亮丙氨酸治疗子宫内膜异位症的有效性和安全性。【方法】对 26例子宫内膜异位症患者在月经周期 1～ 5 d,予醋酸亮丙氨酸 3. 75 mg 皮下注射,每隔 4周 1 次,共 6 次。【结果】22 例患者在第 1 次用药后出现闭经,另 4 例在第 2 次用药后出现闭经, 所有患者用药后痛经缓解; 12 例不孕妇女有5 例妊娠,停药后75～ 120 d 月经恢复; 停药后大部分病人症状仍得到改善, 7 例在停药8～ 12 月内 复发。用药期间不良反应主要为潮热出汗、失眠、性欲下降等雌激素水平低下所导致的表现。【结论】醋酸亮丙氨酸是治疗子宫内膜异位症有 效而安全的药物。

【目的】研究特异性p38 分裂原激活的蛋白激酶(MAPK)抑制剂SB203580 对低钾诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的 作用。【方法】把体外培养的小脑颗粒神经元从含去极化浓度钾离子(KCl 25 mmo l·L-1)的培养基中转移至低钾培养基(KCl 5 mmol·L-1)中诱导神经元凋亡。凝胶电泳分析DNA 片段, SAPK/ JNK 分析盒测定c-Jun N-末端蛋白激酶(JNK)活性。【结 果】低钾诱导小脑颗粒神经元的具有典型形态学和生化特征的凋亡。特异性的p38 MAPK 抑制剂SB203580 通过抑制细胞凋 亡, 促进低钾环境中培养的小脑颗粒神经元存活。这种保护作用具有浓度依赖性。培养于低钾环境中的颗粒神经元, c-Jun 表 达和磷酸化水平升高了, 且激活了JNK 活性。当小脑颗粒神经元生长在含SB203580 25μmol·L-1的低钾培养基中, c-Jun 表 达、磷酸化水平和JNK 活性都明显降低。【结论】SB203580 抑制JNK 活性, 降低c-Jun 的磷酸化而对低钾培养的小脑颗粒神 经元具有保护作用。

目的: 为明确卵巢早衰者外周血 T 淋巴细胞亚群及补体的特点。方法: 运用免疫酶组化技术———碱性磷酸酶— 抗碱 性磷酸酶( APAAP)法 ,检测卵巢早衰( POF)患者( n =30)、自然绝经后妇女(n=20)及健康育龄妇女( n =30)的外周血 T 淋巴细胞亚群,同时检测其补体水平。结果:①健康育龄妇女、卵巢早衰者及自然绝经者在外周血成熟 T 淋巴细胞总体水平 是一致的。 ②POF 患者及自然绝经后妇女的 CD+ 8 、CD+ 16 T 淋巴细胞数明显升高(P

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BACKGROUND: Heart rate variability biofeedback is a respiratory training method that uses slow and deep breathing at the resonant frequency to induce rhythmic, high-amplitude oscillations in the cardiovascular system, thereby stimulating and exercising the autonomic and baroreflex. However, current studies have not systematically reviewed how heart rate variability biofeedback modulates the autonomic function and produces effects. There is a lack of public understanding of the mechanism of heart rate variability biofeedback, and its application progress and scheme are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: To review the existing experimental studies on the effects of heart rate variability biofeedback on symptoms in different populations at home and abroad and to introduce the mechanisms and advances in the application of heart rate variability biofeedback to modulate the autonomic nervous system. METHODS: “Heart rate variability biofeedback, resonance breathing, heart rate variability, autonomic nerve, breathing training, chronic diseases, mental illness, biofeedback” were used as Chinese or English keywords to search in CNKI, WanFang Database, PubMed, and Web of Science. A total of 72 core related papers were included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The body’s oscillation system and resonance system are essential for the effectiveness of heart rate variability biofeedback. Oscillations reflect the response to external stimuli and self-regulating reflex systems, while resonances involve synchronous oscillations that result in higher amplitude operations. The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves is crucial for maintaining a stable internal environment. Autonomic nervous system disorders are associated with reduced heart rate variability and are closely linked to the progression of related diseases. Heart rate variability biofeedback utilizes the resonance characteristics of the cardiovascular system, inducing rhythmic high-amplitude oscillations by employing deep slow breathing at the resonance frequency. This method improves the regulatory function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system reflexes and enhances the balance regulation between the two systems. Two major mechanisms of cardiovascular system resonance are the baroreflex closed-loop pathway and respiratory sinus arrhythmia. These mechanisms, along with the unique delay of baroreflex, result in a 0° phase angle oscillation between heart rate and respiration and a 180° phase angle oscillation between blood pressure and respiration during breathing at the resonant frequency rhythm. Periodically stimulating the human cardiovascular oscillation system through this method is an easy-to-operate and effective training approach. Currently, heart rate variability biofeedback is mainly applied in the fields of mental illness, chronic disease, and sports. However, the intervention mechanism and efficacy are unclear, the intervention content, frequency and duration are varied, and there are limited review studies on the intervention methods tailored to different types of individuals. As a non-drug and non-invasive intervention, heart rate variability biofeedback can significantly increase heart rate variability, regulate the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, and improve the stability and adaptability of the autonomic nervous system. In the future, it is suggested to investigate the mechanisms and potential applications of the pathways of the heart rate variability biofeedback that induce cardiovascular resonance. It is also recommended to incorporate long-term follow-ups to assess the sustained value of heart rate variability biofeedback in various fields. This would provide new directions and strategies for the comprehensive treatment of complex diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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[Objective] The study aims to investigate the effect of mobile ceramic thick film heat source dense oven in solving the problems of high energy consumption, high carbon emission and unstable quality of tobacco leaves after drying in ordinary coal-fired intensive oven. [Method] A mobile dense oven was developed by introducing ceramic thick film heating technology, which was compared with the ordinary coal-fired intensive oven in terms of flue-cured tobacco energy consumption, temperature control accuracy and tobacco leaf baking effect. [Result] Compared with the ordinary coal-fired intensive oven, the mobile ceramic thick film heat source intensive oven reduced the average cost by 1. 52 yuan / kg, the energy saving and efficiency increase were significant, the baking temperature control accuracy was high, and the sugar-alkali ratio of tobacco leaves after roasting was more harmonious. [Conclusion] The mobile ceramic thick film heat source dense baking room has the advantages of being mobile, time-saving, labor-saving, and pollution-free, and has a good prospect for popularization and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employed a microwave-assisted ionic liquid extraction method to extract three alkaloids (berberine, palmatine, and berbamine) from the bark of Phellodendron amurense Rupr. . Initially, the impact of the type of ionic liquid and liquid-tosolid ratio on extraction efficiency was investigated through single-factor experiments. Subsequently, the effects of ionic liquid concentration, extraction time, and temperature on extraction efficiency were further explored. The Box-Behnken response surface methodology was then applied to optimize and obtained the optimal extraction process, which was subsequently compared with traditional extraction methods. The research findings indicated that [Bmim] [Br] solution exhibited the highest extraction efficiency for the alkaloids. The optimal extraction conditions included an ionic liquid concentration of 0. 31 mol/L, a temperature of 94°C, and an extraction time of 15 minutes. Under these conditions, the yields of berberine, palmatine, and berbamine were 0. 047%±0. 003%, 0.421%± 0. 011%, and 1.150%±0. 028%, respectively. Compared to the traditional water heating reflux method, the extraction efficiencies were 9. 3%, 12. 8%, and 23. 6% higher, respectively. This study demonstrates that the use of microwave-assisted ionic liquid extraction technology can efficiently extract alkaloids from the bark of Phellodendron amurense Rupr., providing a theoretical basis and empirical support for the extraction of active components from Phellodendron amurense Rupr. . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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