【Objective】To clarify the mechanism of different weed control modes on soil fertility and find out an ecological method for controlling weeds in vegetable garden, yields of green onion and the biological characteristics of rhizosphere soil under different treatments for weed control were analyzed.【Method】The green onion was used as the test object, and three treatments for weed control were designed as following: no weeding(CK), manual weeding(T1), and mulching with sawdust(T2). Based on traditional and high-throughput sequencing techniques, yield of green onion and the soil biological characteristics of rhizosphere under three treatments of weed control were analyzed.【Result】T2 Treatment significantly increased the amount of cultivable bacteria and fungi in rhizosphere soil of green onion, which increased by 20.79 % and 33.34 %, respectively. However, there was no significant effect on the amount of cultivable actinomycetes. The activities of β-glucosidase and aminopeptidase in rhizosphere soils of green onion were significantly increased by T2 treatment, but there was no significant effect on the activity of phosphatase; Meanwhile, the microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in rhizosphere soil of green onion were also significantly increased by T2 treatment, and there was no significant effect on microbial biomass phosphorus too; Under different treatments of weeds control, the bacterial abundance indexes of ACE and Chao, showed a trend with T2>T1>CK; By contrast the bacterial diversity index of Simpson showed a trend with CK>T1>T2, These results indicated that the indexes of richness and diversity with soil bacteria can be improved by T2 treatment. At the phylum level, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Bacteroidetes bacteria in rhizosphere soil of green onion could be increased by upper treatments for weeds control, which increased with 28.08 %, 7.53 % and 74.59 %, respectively; At the Genus level, Pseudomonas was significantly reduced in T1 and T2 treatments, which reduced with 486.00 % and 925.00 % in comparing with CK.【Conclusion】The method of mulching with sawdust for weeds control not only improved the yield of green onions, but also improved the fertility in rhizosphere soil of green onion. It indicates that the method of mulching with sawdust is an ecological method for weeds control and suits for large-scale application in Southern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]