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The study of nutrient metabolism of ruminants is inseparable from the study of rumen fermentation. In recent years, the prices of corn and soybean meal are high, and often rely on imports. In order to avoid human and animal competition for food, in the environment of cost saving and efficiency, people are seeking precision nutrition. Dietary energy and protein levels are important for ruminants to maintain normal physiological requirements and ensure rumen fermentation. Volatile fatty acids are the main products of rumen fermentation and important substances of energy metabolism in ruminants, and microbial proteins in rumen provide the main protein nutrition for ruminants. Therefore, the effects of different energy nitrogen levels on rumen fermentation in ruminants were reviewed in this paper from two aspects (energy to nitrogen ratio and simultaneous release of energy to nitrogen), so as to provide reference for formulating precise diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chang-6 reservoir in the Yanchang formation in Xingzichuan area is characteristic of low oil saturation, strong oil wetting and strong heterogeneity (permeability = 0.10 – 1.0 mD). In fracturing operations in this area, it was found that the conventional fracturing fluids have weak wettability alteration ability and poor imbibition displacement effect. To efficiently develop this reservoir, it is imperative to use a fracturing fluid with the ability of production enhancement by imbibition. Using NMR T2 spectrum, chemicals of different compositions were tested for their ability to produce the crude oils stored in the micrometernanometer sized pores in the Chang-6 reservoir, and the factors affecting fracturing fluids’ in-situ displacement of crude oil as well as the imbibition mechanism of the in-situ displacement are investigated. The results of the study show that compared with other agents, AX-2, a negatively charged ionic surfactant agent, is more suitable for producing the low oil saturation Chang-6 reservoir. Using 0.10% of AX-2, the imbibition recovery of oil is greater than 30%, and the percent oil produced from the small nanometer-sized pores is 42.08%, while that from the large micrometer-sized pores is 22.62%. If AX-2 is used to formulate a 10-nanometer nanoemulsion AX-1, it has stronger anti-adsorption ability and better performance in producing the oil from the Chang-6 reservoir; the percent oil produced from the nanometer pores is increased to 58.26%, while that from the micrometer pores is increased to 29.7%. An AX-1 emulsion with surface tension of 1.5 mN/m is the best emulsion for producing the Chang-6 reservoir, since this emulsion has higher imbibition force and crude oil stripping capacity. The fracturing fluid optimized with the AX-1 emulsion is used in field fracturing operations, and good results were obtained, the average daily production rate of crude oil reached 26 tons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science / Nongyaoxue Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of China University of Petroleum is the property of China University of Petroleum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Feed Research is the property of Editorial Board of Feed Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science Technology & Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Technology Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Feed Research is the property of Editorial Board of Feed Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Systems Engineering & Electronics is the property of Journal of Systems Engineering & Electronics Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Feed Research is the property of Editorial Board of Feed Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Feed Research is the property of Editorial Board of Feed Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a new fracturing fluid system with good sand-carrying performance and imbibition displacement, nano variableviscosity slickwater has been successfully applied to shale oil volume fracturing in Changqing Oilfield. The field test results show that it has good sand-carrying performance and stimulation effect. Under the condition of 40 % sand ratio, the pressure of sand adding process is stable, and the daily oil production of a single well can reach 11.31 tons after fracturing construction, but its sandcarrying mechanism and imbibition performance are not clear. In this paper, the laboratory experimental study on the field concentration of nano variable-viscosity slickwater and the conventional EM30S crosslinkable slickwater system is carried out. Through the experimental methods of dynamic sand-carrying migration, transmission electron microscope (TEM), rheological property evaluation, and pressurized imbibition under the condition of reservoir temperature and pressure, the sand-carrying mechanism of nano variable-viscosity slickwater is revealed and its imbibition performance is evaluated. The experimental results show that the intersection value of elastic modulus and viscous modulus of slickwater reflects the sand-carrying capacity of slickwater solution. The smaller the intersection value is, the stronger the elastic sand-carrying capacity is; Under the same viscosity, the intersection value of viscoelastic modulus of nano variable-viscosity slickwater CNI system is only 0.0741 Hz, which is far lower than 0.181 Hz of field slickwater EM30S, resulting in its static and dynamic elastic sand-carrying performance much higher than EM30S; TEM results show that the strengthening association structure between nano emulsion and variable-viscosity slickwater is the main reason for the enhancement of elastic sand-carrying performance of slickwater. In addition, the results of pressure imbibition experiment show that the nano variable-viscosity slickwater has good imbibition displacement performance, and can replace the crude oil in the nano pores of shale, and the overall recovery can reach 36%. Among them, the order of recovery efficiency of different pore types is: mesopore > micropore > macropore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Systems Engineering & Electronics is the property of Journal of Systems Engineering & Electronics Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Signal Processing is the property of Journal of Signal Processing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Signal Processing is the property of Journal of Signal Processing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Preferential flow is widely considered to be a common phenomenon of water movement in soil. Currently, dye tracer can be one of the most efficient ways to characterize the preferential flow using soil-stained images. However, the general image processing software, such as Photoshop, Image Pro Plus, and Image J, cannot specifically extract the soil-stained images with inconsistent chromaticity and low contrast between dyed and non-dyed areas. A larger error occurs normally in the subsequent quantitative analysis for the preferential flow pathways. This study aimed to propose an automatic segmentation for preferential flow pathways using dyed tracer images and to further improve the accuracy and efficiency of quantification. An image processing was performed on the dyeing images of preferential flow, thereby quantitatively analyzing specific parameters. Firstly, brilliant blue dye was used to stain subsurface flow pathways in soil plots from natural secondary forest and hazelnut shrub forest during simulated rainfall events under dry conditions. The dyed tracer images were converted into the hue-saturation-value (HSV) space for the extraction of hue (H) component, in order to improve the contrast of dyed images and highlight the preferential flow path. Fuzzy C-means based on H component and morphology (HM-FCM) was selected to automatically segment the dyeing area. Morphological opening and closing arithmetics were used to fix under- and over-segmentation in the images. Secondly, mathematical statistics were selected to quantificationally analyze multiple indicators of soil preferential flow in the high-precision graphs of natural secondary forest and hazelnut shrub forest. The specific parameters included total dyeing area ratio, matrix flow depth, preferential flow ratio, and fractal dimension. The proposed segmentation well accurately identified the distribution of preferential flow pathways in forest soil and automatically segmented the dyeing area. Furthermore, multiple indicators were achieved for the subsequent evaluation of preferential flow and topological structure. Specifically, the preferential flow in the natural secondary forest occurred earlier than that in the hazelnut forest, whereas, the development degree of preferential flow in the natural secondary forest soil was higher than that in hazelnut forest soil. The dyeing areas of the two forests were generally concentrated in the soil layer of 0-50 cm, where the dyeing area ratio of hazelnut forest was higher than that of natural secondary forest. The water infiltration behaved mostly the uniform flow with less preferential flow. It was found that HM-FCM effectively segmented the soil dyeing areas of two forests. The segmentation accuracy was 87.9% for the images of natural secondary forest, and the harmonic mean was 90.5%, whereas, the segmentation accuracy was 83.3% for the images of hazelnut shrub forest, and the harmonic mean was 80.3%. There were different development degrees in the priority flow (P<0.05). The proposed automatic segmentation can be widely expected to identify the preferential flow and migration in the underground soil of various woodlands for sustainable forestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of China University of Petroleum is the property of China University of Petroleum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)