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Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lignin is one of the major components of plant cell wall, and it can provide sufficient strength and hardness to plant cells while avoiding biological damage and water erosion. In recent years, studies on the lignification process and delignification of plant tissues have received extensive attention from scholars. A large number of studies have been carried out to determine the removal of lignin after pretreatment by conventional wet chemical analysis. The lignin content and distribution of biomass resources such as crop straw directly affect its conversion and utilization efficiency. It’s meaningful to develop multi-scale and in situ analysis to identify lignin distribution and quantification on delignified plant cell wall for bio-resource commercial utilization. In this paper, we studied an in situ analysis method to visualize changing of lignin distribution in the alkali pretreated corn straw internodal transverse section based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopic imaging, with a fast non-negativity-constrained least squares (fast NNLS) fitting. We collected the middle of the 6th node of fresh jointing stage corn straw. Corn straws were pretreated for series of times (0 , 5 , 30, 60 min) by 2% NaOH solution at 100℃. A paraffin embedding method was used to produce 18 μm-thick transverse sections for each sample. Then, the sections were transferred onto ZnS windows for FTIR microspectroscopic imaging. We acquired FTIR spectra of major components of corn straw for fast NNLS fitting. We also milled whole straws to 0.069 mm and pretreated in the same condition as sections to determine structure carbohydrate. The data of FTIR microspectroscopic images and FTIR spectra were processed by Savizky−Golay smoothing within 5 points, SNV, and automatic Whittaker filter baseline to correct baseline and offset. K-means cluster algorithm was used to distinguish various tissues including epidermis, vascular bundles and parenchyma cells. Fast NNLS fitting was carried out to calculate the lignin concentrations in pixels. For comparison between different pretreated times, lignin concentration in pixels was calibrated according to the sum of content of all components based on laboratory analysis. The lignin content by laboratory analysis decreased with the increasing of the pretreated time, and the lignin degradation rate was larger at the initial stage of the reaction. The lignin content in the epidermis, vascular bundle and parenchyma cells of the samples showed a decreasing trend with the increasing of pretreatment time, and the trends of lignin changing in the three tissues were consistent with the trend of laboratory analysis. By comparing laboratory analysis with fast NNLS fitting results, the results show that the FTIR microspectroscopic imaging combined with fast NNLS could locate and quantify the distribution of lignin in various tissues, and the trend of lignin changing calculated by fast NNLS fitting is the same as the laboratory chemical analysis results. The study demonstrated that FTIR microspectroscopic imaging combined with fast NNLS fitting could be successfully applied to in situ visualize lignin distribution within corn straw pretreatment. The characterization method provides reference for the lignin research of corn stover pretreatment and the study of lignin degradation during straw pretreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As vast agricultural byproduct and an important source of lignocellulosic biomass in China, straws of maize, cotton and wheat are now being developed as renewable energy resources to address a serious energy shortage and environmental issues related to other energy sources. It is necessary to improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of the three types of straw. Although maize (monocotyledon), cotton (dicotyledon) and wheat (monocotyledon) belong to therophyte herbage from the perspective of phytology, but their straw forms are totally different. For the sake of the difference among them, the utilization cannot be generalized without regard to the effect of chemical composition, in particular the characteristics of lignin. It is composed of phenyl propane monomers connected by the ether and carbon-carbon bonds, containing a variety of active groups. There are three types of phenylpropane, p-hydroxy phenyl, guaiacyl and syringyl, which correspond to hydroxy phenyl lignin (H-lignin), syringyl lignin (S-lignin) and guaiacyl lignin (G-lignin), respectively. Lignin within plants has different shares of the three constitutional units. The heterogeneity of linkage types among the phenyl propane monomers has different effects on the pretreatment for the utilization and removal of lignin. Previous researches have shown that the relative ratio of G-lignin/S-lignin (G/S value) is relevant to the ease or complexity of delignification. Therefore, the higher the ratio, the harder the delignification is. In this paper, three samples of each kind of straw were collected, coarse grinded, degreased, dewaxed, and fine grinded, in sequence. Then the milled wood lignin (MWL) was isolated from the straws of cotton, corn and wheat. After the all procedures above, MWL was studied with FT-IR, by potassium bromide pellet technique. Normalization was conducted with 9 spectra obtained, at the wavelength of 1 506 cm-1 (to make A1506=1) as spectral pretreatment. Then the spectra were compared in 3 aspects: the relative G/S ratio represented by A1265/A1329, the identification of lignin types based on plant taxonomy, and the differences and similarities comparing with the MWL from eucalyptus. The results indicate that there is more guaiacyl and less syringyl in the MWL isolated from the samples, the relative ratio of G/S among the three kinds of straws was not significant difference, and no evident regularity is found. Secondly, the identification results based on plant taxonomy show that the MWL from cotton straw is the type of GS1, while that from corn and wheat straw belong to the type of HGS; the content of basic units of lignin in mole percent in these straws have following laws: for H-lignin, corn straw＞ wheat straw＞＞cotton straw; for G-lignin, cotton straw＞corn straw＞wheat straw; for S-lignin, corn straw＞wheat straw＞ cotton straw. Thirdly, the MWL isolated from straw of corn and wheat share the generality of gramineous plants, while the MWL from cotton straw is closer to ligneous plants, which have distinguish peak at 1 265 and 1 226 cm-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Resources & Environment / Nongye Ziyuan yu Huanjing Xuebao is the property of Journal of Agricultural Resources & Environment Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The peeled mandarin segment with orange core (central column residue) is one kind of defective mandarin segment during the production of canned mandarin. So it is necessary to remove the defective mandarin segments according to the requirement of quality before canning. Due to the differences of physical and chemical properties between orange core and orange gizzard, the fluorescence spectra of orange core and orange gizzard are different theoretically. For the purpose of offering direct and accurate signals to the machine to identify the peeled mandarin segments with orange cores, in this study, the peeled mandarin segments were taken as the samples, and the 3D (three-dimensional) fluorescence spectra of orange core and orange gizzard were determined by Cary Eclipse fluorescent spectrophotometer (excitation wavelength in the range of 250-700 nm, 5 nm interval; emission wavelength in the range of 300-800 nm, 1 nm interval; discharge voltage of 600 V, scanning speed of 1 200 nm/min). The differences of fluorescence characteristics of orange core and orange gizzard were found according to the 3D fluorescence spectra after removing Rayleigh and Raman scatter. In order to verify the differences further, the fluorescence spectra of orange core and orange gizzard of 50 peeled mandarin segments were determined by Cary Eclipse fluorescent spectrophotometer (at an excitation wavelength of 370 nm, an emission wavelength in the range of 400-700 nm with the interval of 1 nm, a discharge voltage of 600 V, a scanning speed of 1 200 nm/min). The differences of fluorescence intensities at 440 nm for orange core and orange gizzard were evaluated by means of drawing the box-plots of the fluorescence intensity at 440 nm. The accuracy rate of the discrimination of orange core and orange gizzard was analyzed, and the average value between fluorescence intensity of orange core at the lower quartile and that of orange gizzard at the upper quartile at 440 nm was used as classification criterion. The camera obscura was taken as a platform, and 2 sets of ultraviolet light sources with center wavelength of 375 nm were selected as imaging light sources. The fluorescence images of the mandarin segments with and without orange core were taken using a monochrome fluorescence image acquisition system, which was set up by putting a band-pass filter (440±5 nm) in the front of Image soft G445 camera objective. The grayscale images were obtained by extracting B color component from RGB images, and then the binary images were generated by applying the threshold values, with the IN Vision Assistant software. The results showed that there were significant differences between orange core and orange gizzard of peeled mandarin segments at an excitation wavelength of 370-390 nm and an emission wavelength of 440 nm. According to the classification criterion the discrimination accuracy of orange core and orange gizzard was 85%. Meanwhile, using the fluorescence image acquisition system, the monochrome images of the mandarin segments with and without orange core were obtained respectively. There was significant difference between them, and thus the mandarin segments with orange core and the mandarin segments without orange core could be distinguished effectively. Overall, the study indicates that the fluorescence signal at an excitation wavelength of 370-390 nm and an emission wavelength of 440-450 nm can be the exclusive light signal of the orange core for on-line, nondestructive sorting, which is help to eliminate the peeled mandarin segments with orange core. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an agricultural country, China produces a great deal of agricultural straw every year. Agricultural crop straw feed utilization is one of the agricultural crop straw comprehensive utilization ways, which guarantees the development of save-grain animal husbandry and provides enough roughage for ruminant, such as cow, beef cattle and mutton sheep. So it is important to research on development status of agricultural crop straw feed utilization in China. In this paper, thirty-one provinces were selected as research objects, firstly, estimation of amount and demand of agricultural crop straw feed utilization of these provinces. The amount of agricultural straw feed utilization was estimated by using the six crop yield, that are corn, wheat, rice, bean, tuber and peanut, multiplied the ratio of straw to grain and productivity of collectable and usable straw. Then, adding the amount of crop straw feed together and multiplied the ratio of China's agricultural crop straw feed utilization. The crop yield data came from China Statistical Yearbook 2009－2014. The demand of agricultural crop straw feed was estimated by using the amount of cow, beef cattle and mutton sheep multiplied feeding structure, feeding amount of agricultural crop straw feed and feeding period. Then, adding the demand of agricultural straw feed together. The ruminant amount data came from China Rural Statistical Yearbook 2009－2014, China Animal Industry Yearbook 2009－2013 and China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Yearbook 2014. So divided the amount of agricultural crop straw feed utilization by the demand of agricultural crop straw feed, it got the satisfied degree of agricultural crop straw feed. The advantage degree meant that the amount and demand of agricultural crop straw feed of one province had an advantage, compared with others. The results showed that: 1) From 2008 to 2013, amount and demand of agricultural crop straw feed utilization of China showed an increasing trend. In 2013, the amount of agricultural crop straw feed utilization was 168.95 million tons and the demand of agricultural crop straw feed was 125.68 million tons. The Northeast China, Huang-Huai-Hai Region, Middle-Lower Yangtze Region, Inner Mongolia and Sichuan were the main area of amount of agricultural crop straw feed utilization. The Northwest China, Huang-Huai-Hai Region, Southwest China, Inner Mongolia, Sichuan, Tibet, Gansu and Xinjiang were the main area of demand of agricultural crop straw feed. 2) From 2008 to 2013, the satisfied degree of agricultural crop straw feed of China also showed an increasing trend. In 2013, the satisfied degree of agricultural crop straw feed of China was 134.43%, which meant the agricultural crop straw feed utilization met the demand of ruminant. The East China mainly met the demand, such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Shanghai and Heilongjiang. But the West China was not, such as Ningxia, Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai and Tibet. And the advantage degree of agricultural crop straw feed utilization of Huang-Huai-Hai Region, the Northeast China, Inner Mongolia and Sichuan were higher than others. 3) The Huang-Huai-Hai Region, the Northeast China, Inner Mongolia and Sichuan were the core region of save-grain animal husbandry. Finally, the amount, demand, satisfied degree and advantage degree of agricultural crop straw feed provided the basic information about the development status of agricultural crop straw feed utilization in the thirty-one provinces. What's more, it contributed to the development of save-grain animal husbandry in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]