[ Objective]The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of soil bacterial diversity in rape-rice rotation farmland in Erhai basin, so as to further explore the impact of water and drought rotation on soil microbial diversity. [ Method] Using microbial ribosomal RNA gene targeting sequencing technology and fluorescence quantitative PCR technology, the change characteristics of oil bacterial population abundance and carbon - nitrogen conversion function gene abundance were studied. Further, the relationship between bacterial diversity, population structure and soil carbon, nitrogen was analyzed combined with Perason correlation analysis. [Result] The results showed that soil organic matter ( OM) and total nitrogen ( TN) were negatively correlated with the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, and positively correlated with the relative abundance of Chloroflexi and Actinobacteria. For rape and rice planting seasons, the number of clean tags, the abundance of OTUs and the diversity index between different treatments were not significant ( P ⩾5) and the dominant bacterial populations at the phylum level Will not significant ( P ⩾5). The qPCR results showed that there was no significant difference between treatments of the copies of cbbl-R gene and amoA, while the copies number of niflH and amoA gene were significantly increased by applying organic carbon source materials (P < 0.05). [Conclusion]The changes of soil bacterial diversity, population structure and carbon and nitrogen conversion gene abundance were similar in rape and rice planting seasons. The effect of crop rotation on soil bacterial diversity was not significant, and its stability might be related to the soil background of higher carbon and nitrogen content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]